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948:— as a violation of their rights, as the dual government of state and aristocracy which had functioned so far; in the understanding of the Livonian nobility the overseas provinces were linked to Sweden through a union. In the Duchy of Estonia, where land ownership was more clearly determined and there were more manors passed on according to an ancient inheritance law, the 1680 reduction went quite peacefully.
396:
795:
561:-speaking population generally used that expression or whether it considered the time of Swedish rule to be significantly better than that of earlier foreign rulers. Especially during the later part of the Swedish rule of Estonia, Swedish authorities, however, enact a number of reforms, which were aimed at lessening the influence of the local
849:(1611–1632) consequently only partly restored the privileges of the Livonian aristocracy, lost during the Polish years. Led by the governor-general, a strong central authority was developed and Swedish laws instituted. Much of the local aristocracy had also fled during the war, and instead members of the
939:
declared the so-called Great
Reduction. While former reductions had not spread to Estonia and Livonia, this decision extended to these areas as well. All holdings which had gone into private possession since the beginning of Swedish rule were to be reduced. This requirement met with fierce opposition
876:
However, the successors to
Gustavus Adolphus ceded more rights to the Livonian aristocracy. This was partly caused by the fact that the state had surrendered its economic and political power by transferring most crown properties to private hands (mostly Swedish high aristocracy for their merits). The
856:
The
Swedish authorities exercised a strict control over religious and intellectual life, arranging regular inspections, the so-called visitations, from the end of the 16th century and throughout the 17th century. The higher clergy — bishops or superintendents — visited congregation after congregation
785:
For that reason most of
Estonian lands were in private ownership by the end of the 16th century, and the owners were mostly Baltic Germans. The Baltic German nobility gained extensive power in both the economic and political spheres, and later attempts of the crown to curb this power met with strong
951:
The reduction was also followed by other reforms. The tenants of manors were no longer allowed to beat farmers; peasants could sue the tenants, even appeal to the king himself. It was forbidden to sell peasants without land, to send them away from their lands or to take over their lands. The status
756:
Sweden started to reorganise the government in the new duchy only after the conclusion of the peace treaty with Russia in 1583. Like the
Livonian estates, Estonian aristocracy and towns had surrendered on condition that their privileges be retained. Unlike in Livonia, where Poland soon violated the
533:
The reasons for
Swedish involvement in Estonia were economic as well as political and military. The Swedish Crown was not least interested in getting a share of the profits from the rich trade with Russia. At the same time, assertions in Estonia can also be seen as a way of preventing
924:(1672–1697) brought drastic changes to Sweden's policy in its overseas provinces. As a result of the continuous warfare and the transfer of the crown properties into private possession, the revenues of the Swedish state had diminished. To increase its revenues, the so-called
981:
in
September 1710. As Russia considered the support of the local nobility to be essential in consolidating its power, the towns and the aristocrats achieved favourable terms of capitulation. The incorporation of Estonia and Livonia into Russia was stated in the
752:
south
Estonia and Latvia; while "Estonia" began to denote the Swedish controlled areas of north and west Estonia. It was not until the early 20th century that the term "Estonia" began to be used to signify all the lands where Estonian-speaking people lived.
964:
The reforms carried out in
Estonia under Charles XI did not have a long-lasting effect; in reality only Swedish church law was put into practice. In 1697 Charles XI died of cancer and his son Charles XII acceded to the throne and in 1700 the
1645:
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
2456:
685:, in the 13th century, Swedish crusaders made a failed attempt to conquer Estonia. Instead, as a result of the crusades, Denmark conquered north Estonia, whereas the crusading knights from Germany established the
778:, monasteries and bishops, and deserted manorial estates; part of the lands that had been deserted in the war came under the control of the local aristocracy. For administration, these lands were divided into
1680:
952:
of
Estonian peasants on crown manors was not yet comparable to free peasants in Sweden, but it was much better than the status of peasants on private lands. Charles XI announced his intention to abolish
1482:
885:. The Landtag was convened every three years and the policies discussed with the central authority. The aristocracy of Estonia, Livonia and Ösel (Saaremaa) had no representation in the Swedish Diet
1657:
969:
broke out. By 1699 an anti-Swedish alliance had been formed by Poland, Denmark and Russia. The war, which lasted to 1721 and in which one of the major Swedish victories was fought in Estonia, the
1251:"Estonia, Sweden, and the Post-Post-Cold War Era. Remarks by Toomas Hendrik Ilves, Estonian Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, January 9, 1997"
565:
to the benefit of the local Estonian-speaking peasantry. In the light of that, some evidence suggests that the Estonian-speaking population considered Swedish rule as characterised by the
1542:
1309:
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1003:
1002:
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resistance. That central authority complied for such a long time was due to the continuous wars, which made it important to preserve the loyalty of the local aristocracy.
977:, the centre of Livonia; after the capture of Riga in 1710 the Livonian and Estonian cities surrendered one after another. The war on Estonian territory ended with the
932:
under Charles XI, which sought to strengthen central authority in all parts of the empire and promoted strong links between the mainland and the overseas provinces.
1846:
315:
1692:
1013:
782:, subdivided into crown manors headed by bailiffs. The Swedish kings generously gave lands into private possession — in reward both for merit and for service.
1494:
424:
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The landlords of north and west Estonia who formed the Estonian nobility were represented by its general assembly, convened regularly every third year (
733:). For Sweden, it resulted in Sweden keeping the territory that had in 1561 sought Swedish protection, and additionally in the capture of the city of
1740:
79:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
87:
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834:, including the southern parts of present-day Estonia, was conquered by Swedish forces, and in 1645 the island of Saaremaa (Ösel) was ceded by
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of the possessions of the nobility was carried out. The reduction of manorial lands was linked to another radical change — the formation of
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had already as Grand Duke of Finland in the 1550s ambitions to establish Swedish rule in Estonia, but was held back by his father,
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was the starting point of a policy of expansion for Sweden, which would lead to a period in Swedish history referred to as the
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While the surrender of northern Estonia to Sweden was seen as voluntary, Livonia was regarded as an occupied territory. King
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which covered most parts of Latvia and southern Estonia (and after 1346, northern Estonia as well). With the decline of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Estonian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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440:(1561–1710) signifies the period of time when large parts of the country, and after 1645, entire present-day
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Upton, A. F. (April 1987). "The Riksdag of 1680 and the Establishment of Royal Absolutism in Sweden".
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in Estonian crown manors when the reduction started, as serfdom was peculiar to the Baltic provinces.
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in Sweden commemorates a man who was killed in Estonia during the 11th century. There has been a
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The time of Swedish rule is sometimes colloquially referred to as the "good old Swedish times" (
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19:"Swedish Estonia" redirects here. For the historically Swedish cultural area in Estonia, see
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The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity
973:, ultimately proved disastrous to Sweden. In 1709, Russian forces had begun to lay siege to
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agreement, Swedish kings kept their promises to the city of Tallinn and the local nobility.
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1646:"Estonia during the reign of the absolutist King Charles XI. The Great Reduction of manors"
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Livonian nobility had won recognition by 1647: it too was now represented in a regional
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Swedish reforms, some with lasting influence, also included the establishment of the
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in 1721, ending the warfare which had continued for ten more years outside Estonia.
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645:. The war ended with the confirmation of Swedish sovereignty over northern Estonia.
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from the local nobility. The local upper classes saw this decision by the Swedish
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and its state, Swedish political ambitions returned to Estonia. The future King
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to inspect the religious beliefs of peasants and to root out the remnants of
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This article includes content derived from the Estonica.org, which is under
729:, in which Sweden now became involved, would last to 1583 (concluded by the
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from gaining potentially dangerous footholds close to Swedish-controlled
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The time of Swedish rule came to an effective end in 1710, when all the
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873:, instituted the court of appeal in Tartu and the University of Tartu.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1625:
770:). The Swedish monarchy was represented by the lord lieutenant, later
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650:
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between the Swedish and invading Russian troops during the 1558–1583
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492:
445:
1718:
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900:
826:. During the 17th century, Sweden attained large areas around the
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The era of Swedish rule in Estonia started under the rule of King
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585:
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was created from this territory. Following renewed wars between
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Countries and territories where Swedish is an official language
1722:
1447:. Estonian War Museum – General Laidoner Museum. Archived from
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and the first attested records of these contacts date from the
998:
29:
475:)) asked for and were granted protection by the Swedish king
1368:. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 606.
905:
The manor of Palms was built during the reign of Charles XI.
1581:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1518:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1421:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1201:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1110:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
1082:
Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
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Provinsen bortom havet. Estlands svenska historia 1561–1710
853:
moved to seize possession of many of the Livonian estates.
557:). However, it remains unclear whether the contemporaneous
515:, and were thus in control of all of present-day Estonia.
960:
Great Northern War and the end of Swedish rule in Estonia
649:
Repeated contacts between the inhabitants of present-day
1681:"The Great Northern War. End of Swedish rule in Estonia"
1392:
The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520
1280:(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 191–193.
916:
initiated several reforms in Swedish-controlled Estonia.
766:), and its executive body — the college of magistrates (
576:(as well as other educational institutions such as the
1715:
Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike licence license.
1253:. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from
869:. Gustavus Adolphus also, through the aid of governor
865:. The first large scale visitation was carried out by
1483:"Estonia divided between Sweden, Poland and Denmark"
69:
2245:
2183:
2112:
2009:
1943:
1760:
744:, formerly denoting all of present-day Estonia and
507:
in 1629. Sweden also conquered the island of Ösel (
1332:
499:, the southern parts of present-day Estonia (then
1574:
1572:
1414:
1412:
1278:Det Medeltida Uppland. En arkeologisk guidebok
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
1734:
1194:
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1103:
1101:
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1071:
418:
8:
1639:
1637:
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1474:
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1466:
1579:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1516:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1419:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1395:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
1364:Hunyadi, Zsolt; József Laszlovszky (2001).
1199:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1108:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1080:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
1050:Tarkiainen, Kari; Tarkiainen, Ülle (2013).
530:. Russian hegemony was formalized in 1721.
471:) in June 1561 (and somewhat later Jerwen (
2189:
2118:
2015:
1949:
1741:
1727:
1719:
944:— taken without the approval of the local
425:
411:
131:
1612:(403). Oxford University Press: 281–308.
1583:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 91–105.
1139:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
1136:The Swedish Imperial Experience 1560–1718
1520:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 82–83.
1423:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 29–39.
1112:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 20–29.
908:
629:
598:
479:, leading to Swedish involvement in the
448:rule. In the wake of the breakup of the
1203:(in Swedish). Atlantis. pp. 9–16.
1042:
503:) were incorporated into Sweden by the
145:
134:
23:. For the former Swedish province, see
1543:"Church and religion. Spiritual world"
1276:Qviström, Linda; Anund, Johan (2012).
603:Coat of arms of Swedish Estonia (1660)
7:
1054:(in Swedish). Atlantis. p. 38.
526:troops during the end-stages of the
520:Swedish Baltic provinces capitulated
16:Period of Estonian history 1561–1710
725:in exchange for overlord-ship. The
1167:Kelertas, Violeta (24 June 2006).
584:and providing translations of the
14:
1339:. London: Penguin Books. p.
1308:. NGO Eesti Elava Ajaloo Keskus.
1175:from the original on 24 June 2022
802:in the 17th century. Present-day
701:. It was not until 1561 that the
467:), as well as the city of Reval (
1312:from the original on 31 May 2020
1226:Historical Dictionary of Estonia
394:
156:
34:
1445:"Livonian War and Swedish Rule"
1302:"The Swedish venture in Lihula"
1228:. Scarecrow Press. p. 67.
993:
709:, to intervene in the ongoing
677:in Estonia at least since the
104:You may also add the template
1:
1606:The English Historical Review
588:into Estonian and creating a
614:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
268:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
106:{{Translated|et|Rootsi aeg}}
25:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
1935:Restoration of independence
1852:Declaration of Independence
1331:Christiansen, Erik (1997).
838:to Sweden as a part of the
687:State of the Teutonic Order
578:Gustav Adolf Grammar School
563:German-speaking aristocracy
450:State of the Teutonic Order
369:Restoration of independence
334:Declaration of Independence
117:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2473:
1930:Declaration of sovereignty
611:
438:Estonia under Swedish rule
68:Machine translation, like
18:
2393:
2192:
2121:
2018:
1952:
1183:– via Google Books.
1133:Roberts, Michael (1984).
840:Peace Treaty of Brömsebro
832:Polish-controlled Livonia
713:and protect the lands of
657:began already during the
459:in the areas of Harrien (
49:the corresponding article
2023:Administrative divisions
1169:"Baltic Postcolonialism"
1084:(in Swedish). Atlantis.
798:Baltic provinces of the
2447:17th century in Estonia
2442:16th century in Estonia
1618:10.1093/ehr/cii.403.281
1249:Ilves, Toomas Hendrik.
979:capitulation of Tallinn
637:, the site of the 1573
580:), staunchly promoting
115:For more guidance, see
1224:Miljan, Toivo (2004).
917:
906:
815:
646:
627:
604:
554:
1879:Occupation of Estonia
1335:The Northern Crusades
935:In 1680, the Swedish
912:
904:
797:
748:, was now applied to
633:
621:
602:
195:Baltic Finnic peoples
88:copyright attribution
1389:Knut, Helle (2003).
818:The conquest of the
705:asked the new king,
374:Contemporary Estonia
1920:Government-in-exile
1857:War of Independence
1695:on 8 September 2019
930:absolutist monarchy
867:Johannes Rudbeckius
574:University of Tartu
555:vana hea Rootsi aeg
339:War of Independence
2161:Telecommunications
1925:Singing Revolution
1906:Estonian partisans
1827:Great Northern War
1689:Estonian Institute
1660:on 22 October 2019
1654:Estonian Institute
1557:on 22 October 2019
1551:Estonian Institute
1497:on 22 October 2019
1491:Estonian Institute
1027:History of Estonia
967:Great Northern War
920:The reign of King
918:
907:
816:
671:Roslags-Bro Church
647:
628:
605:
528:Great Northern War
401:Estonia portal
364:Singing Revolution
311:National awakening
283:Great Northern War
96:interlanguage link
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2217:Estonian language
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2075:Political parties
2038:Foreign relations
2005:
2004:
1847:German occupation
1797:German Bishoprics
1590:978-91-7353-652-3
1527:978-91-7353-652-3
1430:978-91-7353-652-3
1287:978-91-85873-74-6
1210:978-91-7353-652-3
1119:978-91-7353-652-3
1091:978-91-7353-652-3
1061:978-91-7353-652-3
1032:History of Sweden
1018:
1017:
990:Timeline overview
897:During Charles XI
883:Landratscollegium
881:and an executive
847:Gustavus Adolphus
768:Landratscollegium
750:Polish-controlled
683:Northern Crusades
665:: For example, a
659:Nordic Bronze Age
505:Treaty of Altmark
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316:German occupation
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1787:Livonian Crusade
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1713:Creative Commons
1705:
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1700:
1691:. Archived from
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851:Swedish nobility
820:Duchy of Estonia
808:Duchy of Estonia
806:consists of the
731:Treaty of Plussa
721:and the city of
675:Swedish minority
489:Duchy of Estonia
463:) and Wierland (
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228:Livonian Crusade
212:Medieval Estonia
200:Ancient counties
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74:Google Translate
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2065:Law enforcement
2001:
1987:Protected areas
1939:
1869:Interwar period
1862:Battle of Võnnu
1837:Russian Livonia
1832:Russian Estonia
1822:Swedish Estonia
1782:Ancient Estonia
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2275:Coat of arms
2260:Architecture
2202:Demographics
2131:Central bank
2094:(parliament)
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2048:Human rights
2028:Constitution
1913:Deportations
1891:World War II
1884:Estonian SSR
1821:
1812:Livonian War
1775:list of wars
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1685:Estonica.org
1684:
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1662:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1650:Estonica.org
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1547:Estonica.org
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1487:Estonica.org
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1314:. Retrieved
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1255:the original
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711:Livonian War
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481:Livonian War
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354:World War II
263:Livonian War
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92:edit summary
83:
54:
46:
2136:e-Residency
2126:Agriculture
1679:Kõiv, Lea.
1644:Kõiv, Lea.
1541:Kõiv, Lea.
1481:Kõiv, Lea.
1306:Histrodamus
863:Catholicism
830:. In 1629,
699:Gustav Vasa
679:Middle Ages
582:Lutheranism
567:rule of law
238:Old Livonia
147:History of
56:(July 2024)
51:in Estonian
2436:Categories
2376:Television
2356:Newspapers
2323:Kalevipoeg
2310:Literature
2227:Healthcare
2043:Government
1179:25 October
1171:. Rodopi.
1038:References
922:Charles XI
914:Charles XI
828:Baltic Sea
663:Viking Age
612:See also:
386:Chronology
223:Viking Age
2341:Mythology
2305:Languages
2212:Estonians
2207:Education
2171:Transport
2146:Oil shale
2091:Riigikogu
2080:President
2033:Elections
1945:Geography
926:reduction
790:Expansion
667:runestone
218:Oeselians
110:talk page
2416:Category
2300:Internet
2295:Folklore
2232:Religion
2156:Taxation
2070:Military
2011:Politics
1770:Timeline
1754:articles
1310:Archived
1173:Archived
1021:See also
946:Landtags
859:paganism
780:fiefdoms
772:governor
715:Harjumaa
707:Eric XIV
695:John III
624:Eric XIV
559:Estonian
551:Estonian
509:Saaremaa
477:Eric XIV
473:Järvamaa
461:Harjumaa
138:a series
136:Part of
86:provide
21:Aiboland
2400:Outline
2381:Theatre
2351:Symbols
2280:Cuisine
2247:Culture
2185:Society
2166:Tourism
2114:Economy
1972:Islands
1957:Climate
1762:History
1750:Estonia
1699:7 March
1664:7 March
1561:7 March
1501:7 March
1455:8 March
1316:8 March
1261:9 March
1152:9 March
954:serfdom
942:Riksdag
937:Riksdag
889:Riksdag
879:Landtag
836:Denmark
804:Estonia
763:Landtag
742:Livonia
723:Tallinn
719:Virumaa
655:Estonia
544:Finland
540:Denmark
524:Russian
513:Denmark
511:) from
501:Livonia
485:Hiiumaa
469:Tallinn
465:Virumaa
446:Swedish
442:Estonia
149:Estonia
108:to the
90:in the
53:.
2421:Portal
2270:Cinema
2255:Anthem
2141:Energy
1992:Rivers
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746:Latvia
651:Sweden
536:Russia
497:Sweden
493:Poland
452:, the
190:Chudes
140:on the
2407:Index
2371:Sport
2366:Radio
2336:Music
2331:Media
2290:Flags
2237:Women
2197:Crime
1997:Towns
1977:Lakes
1967:Fauna
1622:JSTOR
735:Narva
594:Tartu
586:Bible
185:Aesti
70:DeepL
2346:Name
2265:Beer
2053:LGBT
1701:2014
1666:2014
1585:ISBN
1563:2014
1522:ISBN
1503:2014
1457:2014
1425:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1318:2014
1282:ISBN
1263:2014
1230:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1181:2015
1154:2014
1141:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1056:ISBN
975:Riga
653:and
538:and
495:and
84:must
82:You
2316:ABD
2060:Law
1614:doi
1610:102
1341:287
861:or
669:in
592:in
522:to
72:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
