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139:
was expressed through a campaign of non-compliance co-ordinated by the underground movement and a clandestine press, was favoured by the geographical proximity to Sweden and
Finland where the organised political resistance in Tartu and Tallinn were able to maintain contact with London and Stockholm via the Estonian Envoy to Finland and a fortnightly fast motorboat connection between Tallinn and Stockholm.
105:
as
Reichkommissar. After it became clear that the Germans were against the restoration of independence of the Estonian state, this negative relationship between the new occupiers and the occupied was sealed. Public resentment began to grow against Germany from 1942 with the imposition of conscription
138:
An underground resistance movement, whose members looked to the western Allies for support, developed that reflected the political divisions that existed before 1940, ranging from Päts loyalists to the opposition groups such as the
National Centre and Socialist Workers parties. The resistance, which
170:
In June 1942 political leaders of
Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held a hidden meeting from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed. On January 6, 1943, a meeting
129:
and were repelled by the implementation of the German race laws and the insouciant exploitation of the country's natural resources. One Dutch Nazi visiting
Estonia in June 1942 commented upon the "chauvinist national consciousness" of the Estonian people and no genuine Germanophile could be found.
203:
as deputy prime minister. On 18 September 1944 Uluots, suffering from cancer, named Otto Tief the Acting Prime
Minister and appointed a Government which consisted of 11 members. Tief assumed office in accordance with the constitution and took the opportunity with the departure of the Germans to
92:
While there was a general mood of gratitude towards
Germany as the liberator of Estonia from Soviet occupation, this reservoir of goodwill dissipated within the first months of the war and was transformed into a mood ranging from resigned indifference to active hostility. Former Prime Minister
198:
on 2 February 1944. By April 1944 a large number of the committee members were arrested by the German security agencies. While some 200 people were arrested, the leaders of the resistance movement escaped arrest however their activities were severely curtailed until mid June. In June 1944 the
142:
Initially a number of underground organisations existed such as the Free
Estonia Front (Vaba Eesti Võitlusrinne, VEVR) which was established in August 1942 and headed by Juhan Reigo and Endel Inglist. The VEVR published an anti-Nazi newspaper
224:, the Germans overran the headquarters of Admiral Pitka in Tallinn and it is presumed he was subsequently killed in the ensuing battle. Most of the members and officials were caught, jailed, deported, or executed by the advancing Soviets.
199:
elector's assembly of the
Republic of Estonia gathered in secrecy from the occupying powers in Tallinn and appointed Jüri Uluots as the prime minister with the responsibilities of the President. On 21 June 1944 Jüri Uluots appointed
216:, the flag tower of the seat of the Government. Tief's government failed to keep control, attempting to organise the defence of the capital city against the advancing Red Army making use of the men who had fought in the
194:, the last constitutional pre-war Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia and his supporters. The Committee aimed to establish a provisional government during expected German withdrawal as the Red Army had
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declare the legitimate
Estonian government restored. The Estonian national government was proclaimed in Estonia, the Estonian military units seized the government buildings in
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118:. He had been imprisoned by Päts' regime in 1935 for taking part of an alleged coup. Germans offered his position several times to
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was held at the Estonian foreign delegation in Stockholm. It was decided that, in order to preserve the legal continuity of the
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97:' request to the German occupation authorities for the establishment of an independent Estonian Government was rejected and
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69:(1940–1941), the movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in other occupied countries.
175:, the last constitutional prime minister, Jüri Uluots, must continue to fulfill his responsibilities as prime minister.
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for men into the police battalions, the introduction of the labour draft and the reduction of food rations, while the
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Estonia, 1940-1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law
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Estonia since 1944: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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in 1943 and it was through his efforts that the various groups were merged into a unified opposition to Nazi rule.
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155:. In the autumn of 1941, the precursor to the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia was founded by
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481:. Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. pp. 377–378.
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151:(Fighting Estonian) was published by a group within the editorial staff of the newspaper
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The Estonian people regarded German occupation with greater bitterness than the previous
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645:. Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. p. 1099.
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and ordered the German forces to leave. The flag of Germany was replaced with the
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By Royal Institute of International Affairs. Information Dept. Published 1945
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147:(Free Estonia), issuing 14 editions. Another underground newspaper titled
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690:"Suure võitluse algus", compiled by Karl Mang & August Pähklimägi,
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was held in contempt for attempting to enforce this conscription.
716:""Ich habe den Anzug seit der Befreiung nicht mehr gewaschen""
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Misiunas, Romuald J.; Rein Taagepera; Georg von Rauch (2010).
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765:
Läänemaalane Aleksander Looring 1905. aasta ajaloo uurijana.
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authorities, especially in contrast to the preceding harsh
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A small number of Estonians were involved in underground
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Category:Military history of Estonia during World War II
361:
The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands
250:, Georgi Loik, Aleksander Looring, as well as others.
57:. Due to the unusually benign measures implemented in
338:. University of California Press. pp. 229–230.
839:Eastern European World War II resistance movements
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306:The Baltic States, years of dependence, 1940-1980
238:ranging from producing illegal publications, to
829:Military history of Estonia during World War II
441:Estonia: Independence and European Integration
308:. University of California Press. p. 62.
180:National Committee of the Republic of Estonia
163:and Jaan Ots. The organisation was headed by
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741:"Velise Algkooli Karskusringi Vilistlaskogu"
363:. Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
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336:Die Geschichte der baltischen Staaten
275:Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany
178:The movement subsequently formed the
51:occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany
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780:. Estonia: Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.
532:Nordic Journal of International Law
400:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 136.
849:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
803:. Tallinn, Estonia: Eesti Raamat.
25:
834:World War II resistance movements
220:and a military unit organised by
81:The September 18, 1944 appointed
548:Historical Dictionary of Estonia
551:. Scarecrow Press. p. 21.
280:Resistance during World War II
236:resistance during World War II
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246:. They included Rein Alasoo,
218:Finnish Infantry Regiment 200
196:reached the border of Estonia
188:Eesti Vabariigi Rahvuskomitee
108:Estonian Self-Administration
67:Soviet occupation of Estonia
29:Estonian resistance movement
438:Smith, David James (2001).
359:Statiev, Alexander (2010).
260:Soviet partisans in Estonia
134:Pro-independence resistance
127:1917–1918 German occupation
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576:Estonia and the Estonians
444:. Routledge. p. 36.
396:Kasekamp, Andres (2000).
334:von Rauch, Georg (1974).
53:, 1941–1944 during
580:. Hoover Press. p.
36:Eesti vastupanuliikumine
572:Raun, Toivo U. (2001).
525:Mälksoo, Lauri (2000).
101:subsequently appointed
620:. Avita. p. 275.
545:Miljan, Toivo (2004).
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844:Generalbezirk Estland
801:Rahvatasujad (2. osa)
778:Rahvatasujad (1. osa)
641:Hiio, Toomas (2006).
512:June 9, 2007, at the
477:Hiio, Toomas (2009).
423:. Tartu 2005. p. 199.
386:. Tartu 2005. p. 200.
229:Pro-Soviet resistance
83:Government of Estonia
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799:Rudolf Lumi (1965).
776:Rudolf Lumi (1962).
616:Laur, Mati (2000).
173:Republic of Estonia
18:Estonian resistance
618:History of Estonia
210:Estonian tricolour
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704:Georgi Karl Loik.
694:, 1965, p. 73-79.
652:978-9949-13-040-5
627:978-9985-2-0324-8
591:978-0-8179-2852-0
558:978-0-8108-4904-4
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451:978-0-415-26728-1
407:978-0-312-22598-8
370:978-0-521-76833-7
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516:at the EIHC
248:Evald Laasi
222:Johan Pitka
192:Jüri Uluots
120:Jüri Uluots
112:Hjalmar Mäe
95:Jüri Uluots
40:underground
823:Categories
751:2009-05-13
726:2009-05-13
677:2009-05-13
507:Chronology
286:References
165:Ernst Kull
145:Vaba Eesti
73:Background
63:occupation
809:24377333M
786:24377325M
240:espionage
201:Otto Tief
161:Ants Oras
153:Postimees
38:) was an
510:Archived
254:See also
244:sabotage
184:Estonian
43:movement
33:Estonian
692:Tallinn
212:in the
206:Toompea
59:Estonia
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47:resist
647:ISBN
622:ISBN
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340:ISBN
310:ISBN
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27:The
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45:to
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