Estate houses in Scotland - Knowledge (XXG)

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Scotland). He also initiated the treatment of new surfaces so as to resemble old ones, with new wood darkened to resemble old oak. The Adam solution of a castellated exterior with a neo-classical interior was abandoned and in Baronial Revival houses this change was extended to create a synthesised Victorian style that combined elements of the Renaissance, such as plastered or rubble walls, unpainted stone fireplaces and pitch pine timberwork, with seventeenth-century style plaster ceilings. To this were added symbols of landed power and national affiliation, including displays of tartan, weaponry and stuffed animals' heads. Integrated into these traditional materials and styles were modern fittings such as sprung upholstery, gas lighting and water-closets.

163:. In the nineteenth century there was a return of the formal garden near to the house. The development of the Palladian country house in the seventeenth century separated the family of the householder from the servants. Gentry families spent much of their time visiting family, friends or neighbours and hospitality was an important part of life. Major activities included hunting, cards, chess and music. Large and sumptuous meals were an important part of social life. In the eighteenth century, estate houses were designed as centres of public display, but in the nineteenth century they became increasingly private and developed distinct male areas. 1445: 1562:, particularly in the Highlands, was confirmed by Queen Victoria's purchase of the hunting lodge at Balmoral. It rapidly expanded as southern industrialists and businessmen began to see the sports offered by Scottish estates as a status symbol, such as the Spelsbury Family at Dunmavarie in the 1920s. Large areas of land were designated for hunting and hunting parties became a major part of the life of the Scottish estate house. There were also a wider range of activities that developed in the nineteenth century for members of the leisured classes, such as 873: 787: 407: 997:(1740–93) and David Allan (1744–96), mostly began in the tradition of the Nories, but were artists of European significance, spending considerable portions of their careers outside Scotland. Henry Raeburn (1756–1823) was the most significant artist of the eighteenth century to pursue his entire career in Scotland, and from this point Scottish painters would be able to be professionals in their homeland, often supplying the nobility and lairds with works to fill the walls of their houses. 183: 1235: 973:(fl. 1673–1713) made his living as a house decorator, working closely with architects, including William Adam. He may have trained James Norie (1684–1757), who with his sons James (1711–36) and Robert (d. 1766) also worked with the Adams, painting the houses of the peerage with Scottish landscapes that were pastiches of Italian and Dutch scenes. They tutored many artists and have been credited with the inception of the tradition of 19: 3468: 316: 939: 1459:

floor, as at Kinross. Servants were less visible, using backstairs that kept them away from members of the family and guests and they fulfilled necessary and sometimes unpleasant tasks. They were also fewer in number, of lower social status and predominately female. A country house could have 10 to 20 servants and large houses had more. A hierarchy of positions developed from the

1145: 1171:. The first Renaissance style gardens in Scotland were built for the Stewart dynasty at their royal palaces. French gardeners were hired by James IV at Stirling in 1501 and James V at Holyrood in 1536, where archaeological remains indicate there were sophisticated formal gardens. Similar landscaping is also found at Falkland and Linlithgow, including the king's 1049: 651: 543: 217:(a castle-style palace), combining classical symmetry with neo-chivalric imagery. There is evidence of Italian masons working for James IV, in whose reign Linlithgow was completed and other palaces were rebuilt with Italianate proportions. James V encountered the French version of Renaissance building while visiting for his marriage to 842:, demolished at least 56 country houses in Scotland in the 20 years between 1945 and 1965. The shortage of building materials further reduced the number of new large luxury houses. Isolated examples included Logan House, designed by David Style in the 1950s. In the 1960s there was Basil Hughes's design at Snaigow for the 1410:(1783–1843), the most prolific gardening author of the century in Britain, and were highly influential throughout the world. By 1850 ambitious formal gardens had been recreated at Drummond Castle, Dunrobin and Drumlandrig. New plants from around the world, often discovered and sampled by Scots, such as the 336:, hundreds of which had been built by local lords since the fourteenth century, particularly in the borders. These abandoned defensible curtain walls in favour of a fortified refuge, designed to outlast a raid, rather than a sustained siege. They were usually of three stories, typically crowned with a 906:

and walls in estate houses. These included detailed coloured patterns and scenes, of which over a hundred examples survive. The designs relied upon continental pattern books that often led to the incorporation of humanist moral and philosophical symbolism, as well as elements that called on heraldry,

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army in 1640. From the seventeenth century there was elaborate use of carving in pediments and fireplaces, with heraldic arms and classical motifs. Plasterwork also began to be used, often depicting flowers and cherubs. William Bruce favoured Dutch carvers for his realisation of Kinross House, where

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The unique style of great private houses in Scotland, later known as Scots baronial, originated in the 1560s. It kept features of the high walled Medieval castles that had been made largely obsolete by gunpowder weapons and may have been influenced by the French masons brought to Scotland to work on

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The consumption of large and sumptuous meals was an important part of social life. Some were elaborately planned, others the result of unexpected guests. These usually consisted of three or four courses, with a variety of dishes served in each course, from which the diner was expected to select. In

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The development of the Palladian country house in the seventeenth century separated the family of the householder from the servants. Previously sharing the hall, and bedding down at a master's feet, or door, servants were now given separate small chambers. Sometimes these were placed on a mezzanine

1277:(1651), adapting its ideas for Scottish conditions. In the late seventeenth century William Bruce put Scotland at the forefront of European garden design, lowering garden walls to incorporate the surrounding countryside into the vista. This allowed a focus on significant landscape features such as 834:

post-war period also made estate houses valuable resources of stone. As a result, 200 of the 378 architecturally important estate houses have been demolished in the period after 1945, a higher proportion of the total than in England. Included in the destruction were works by Robert Adam, including

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at each corner. The new houses built from the late sixteenth century by nobles and lairds were primarily built for comfort, not for defence. They retained many of these external features, which had become associated with nobility, but with a larger ground plan. This was classically a "Z-plan" of a

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Relatively isolated, gentry families spent much of their time visiting family, friends or neighbours. As a result, hospitality was an important part of life. Leisure activities pursued by the gentry included hunting, cards and chess. Music remained important in noble houses, with accounts listing

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housing and hospitals. After the war many were outdated, with a lack of electricity and modern plumbing. There was a shortage of live-in servants and the heavily taxed aristocracy were also unable to find the money to modernise and maintain large houses. The shortage of building materials in the

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has speculated that he was associated with James Smith and that Campbell may even have been his pupil. He spent most of his career in Italy and England and developed a rivalry with fellow Scot James Gibbs. Gibbs trained in Rome and also practiced mainly in England. His architectural style did

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Nineteenth-century interiors could often be lavish and eclectic. The origins of this style were in Scott's Abbotsford, where the author began the incorporation of actual old architectural fragments and pieces of furniture on a lavish scale (the effective beginning of 'antique' collecting in

673:, constructed from 1746 with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These early Gothic homes were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some external features of the Scottish baronial style. Robert Adam's houses in this style include 213:, under the direction of master of work John de Waltoun and was referred to as a palace, apparently the first use of this term in the country, from 1429. This was extended under James III and began to correspond to a fashionable quadrangular, corner-towered Italian signorial palace of a 1375:(1754) and the reputation of Scottish gardeners in managing greenhouses, hot walls and the cultivation of fruit trees meant that they began to be in demand in England. At the end of eighteenth century there began to be a reaction to the English style of garden, influenced by 740:

as a baronial palace (and subsequent adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 to 1858) confirmed its popularity. Estate house building boomed between about 1855 and the agricultural depression and Glasgow Bank crash of 1878. Construction was now dominated by patronage from

143:. The Baronial revival resulted a synthesised Victorian style that combined elements of the Renaissance, symbols of landed power and national affiliation with modern fittings. From the late sixteenth century, many estate houses were surrounded by gardens influenced by 1335:

In the eighteenth century there was a reaction against the "absolutism" and "popery" of the French court and a retreat from the expense of maintaining large formal gardens. Less symmetrical layouts became common with the development of the "natural" style of the

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for the ailing Queen Madeleine. Rather than slavishly copying continental forms, most Scottish architecture incorporated elements of these styles into traditional local patterns, adapting them to Scottish idioms and materials (particularly stone and

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and the style became characteristic of the Victorian country house. From the 1830s distinct male areas of the house began to emerge, to which the men could withdraw and indulge in "masculine" conversation and activities, centred on the

1432:(1843–1932) and the Edinburgh-based Frances Hope (d. 1880), arguing for informal flower-based gardens, had begun to dominate. They resulted in a revival of the seventeenth-century mixed flower and kitchen garden, as carried out at 1068:

Stuarts. This in turn fuelled interest in classical and Renaissance styles, and the buying of artistic works, particularly sculptures. However, the only major Scottish collection of marble before the nineteenth century was that of

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worked as a mason on Bruce's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace. In 1683 he was appointed to be Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works, and was responsible for maintenance of Holyrood Palace. With his father-in-law, the master mason

1359:(1716–83), was dominated in Scotland by his followers, Robert Robinson and Thomas White senior and junior. From 1770 and 1809 the Whites were involved in the planning of over 70 estate gardens in Scotland, including those at 1085:

at Lambeth in London. This produced a buff coloured ceramic that could be moulded to provide fine detail, and be fired in sections, but was impervious to frost and fire. Much cheaper than carved stone, Coadstone was used for

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gave better views, more light and could be opened for fresh air. After the Reformation, which virtually ended religious patronage of art in Scotland, craftsmen and artists turned to secular patrons. With the departure of the

626:. Adam's main rival was William Chambers, another Scot, but born in Sweden. He did most of his work in London, with a small number of houses in Scotland. He was appointed architectural tutor to the Prince of Wales, later 1479:

professional musicians hired to entertain the family and guests. However, professional musicians were expensive to maintain. In the eighteenth century members of the household often provided musical entertainment on the

630:, and in 1766, with Robert Adam, as Architect to the King. More international in outlook than Adam, he combined Neoclassicism and Palladian conventions and his influence was mediated through his large number of pupils. 1354:

and Penicuik, Midlothian, with the help of William Adam, which combined formality with undulating ground. The move to a less formal landscape of parklands and irregular clumps of planting, associated in England with

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In the twentieth century, as the finances and needs of the landed classes changed, many surviving country houses were sold and became boarding schools, hospitals, spa retreats, conference centres and hotels. The

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The creation of estate houses led to greater privacy, comfort and luxury for the families who lived in them. Interiors were remodelled, with broader staircases, family rooms were added and heating was improved.

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industrialists. The decline in numbers of servants, linked to the introduction of electricity, central heating and labour-saving devices such as the vacuum cleaner, also led to changes in the scale of building.

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in 1603, artists and artisans looked to secular patronage and estate houses became repositories of art and of elaborate furnishings. Estate houses were adorned with paintings, wood carvings and plasterwork. The

573:(1689–1748), who created work that to some degree looked to classical models. Campbell was influenced by the Palladian style and has been credited with founding Georgian architecture. Architectural historian 898:

argues that there was a shift "from court to castle" in patronage and creativity; estate houses became repositories of art and elaborate furnishings that illustrated the wealth and taste of their occupants.

1491:'s daughter collected vocal music between 1780 and 1800. In the nineteenth century it was the women of the family who were the chief performers and men were not expected to play the piano in drawing rooms. 613:

revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He rejected the Palladian style as "ponderous" and "disgustful". However, he continued its tradition of drawing inspiration directly from

449:. Bruce popularised a style of country house amongst the nobility that encouraging the move towards a more continental, leisure-oriented architecture. He built and remodelled country houses, including 1533:

In the eighteenth century, estate houses were designed as centres of public display, but in the nineteenth century they became increasingly private. The first family wing in Britain was added to

3201: 829:(1936) and Gribloch (1937–39), which combined modern and traditional elements. The Second World War disrupted the occupation of estate houses, as they were used as wartime schools, barracks, 794:

The Baronial style peaked towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the building of large houses declined in importance in the twentieth century. An exception was the work undertaken by

1253:, and the beginnings of the grand tour, meant that French styles were particularly important in Scotland, although adapted for the Scottish climate. From the late seventeenth century the 1033:

in 1679 and who worked on Bruce's rebuilding of Holyrood Palace. From 1674 the London plasterers George Dunsterfield (fl. 1660–76) and John Houlbert (fl. 1674–79) worked for Bruce at

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around the doorways and gates. This may have included the work of Jan van Sant Voort, a Dutch carver known to have been living in Leith, who supplied Bruce with a carved heraldic

3347: 781: 1406:. Walter Scott's dislike of the sweeping away of the old formal gardens was also influential in creating an emphasis on preservation and restoration. His ideas were taken up by 821:

There was a lull in building after the First World War and social change undermined the construction of rural estate houses. Isolated examples included the houses designed by

696:. Re-built for him from 1816, it became a model for the modern revival of the baronial style. Common features borrowed from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century houses included 1494: 1346:(1676–1755), one of the key figures in defining elite taste in Scotland, eulogising the estate garden in his poem "The Country Seat" (1727), which built on the ideas of 585:

William Adam was the foremost architect of his time in Scotland, designing and building numerous country houses and public buildings. Among his best-known works are

508:(1680s). Smith's country houses followed the pattern established by William Bruce, with hipped roofs and pedimented fronts, in a plain but handsome Palladian style. 3327: 3304: 578:

incorporate Palladian elements, as well as forms from Italian Baroque and Inigo Jones, but was most strongly influenced by the interpretation of the Baroque by Sir

1402:(1752–1818) were highly influential in the return of the formal garden near to the house. His sons were directly involved in the restructuring of the landscape at 1073:. As in England, commissions of new statuary tended to be crafted in relatively cheap lead and even more economical painted or gilded plaster. The plasterwork of 798:(1855–1955). Beginning with the reconstruction of Thurston House, Dunbar, from 1890 he produced a series of major country house designs. The most important was 1261:

and fountains that stressed symmetry and order, were a model. After the Glorious Revolution Dutch influences were also significant, with uniform planting and

1601: 855: 426: 3337: 372:, Edinburgh. He adopted a distinctive style that applied elements of Scottish fortification and Flemish influences to a Renaissance plan like that used at 1265:. Gardening books from the continent and England became widely available in this period and the first gardening book published in Scotland, John Reid's, 1070: 1314: 1098:, coats of arms, tablets and ornamental vases. It was used extensively by the Adam brothers, particularly in the houses they built in Scotland, such as 1579:(founded 1931) cares for post-Medieval castles and estate houses that were still in occupation until the twentieth century and are open to the public. 3332: 3198: 421:(1639–51) and the English occupation of Scotland (1651–60), significant building in Scotland was largely confined to military architecture. After the 1192: 932: 912: 48:. The origins of Scottish estate houses are in aristocratic emulation of the extensive building and rebuilding of royal residences, beginning with 561:, growing prosperity in Scotland led to a spate of new building. Scotland produced some of the most significant architects of this era, including 462: 433:

in Scotland", was the key figure in introducing the Palladian style into Scotland, following the principles of the Italian Renaissance architect

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may have resulted in longer term connections and influences. Work from his reign largely disregarded the insular style adopted in England under

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introduced to Scotland a new phase of classicising architecture, in the shape of royal palaces and estate houses incorporating elements of the

1294: 364:, the king's master mason from 1617 until his death in 1631. He worked on the rebuilding of the collapsed North Range of Linlithgow from 1618, 1331:, Dumfries and Galloway in 1880, showing the mixture of "natural" and formal landscapes that dominated estate houses in the nineteenth century 3342: 2268: 2130: 1916: 1871: 1850: 1009: 903: 437:(1508–1580). Palladio's ideas were strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the 298: 115:. In the twentieth century the building of estate houses declined as the influence of the aristocracy waned, and many were taken over by the 1216: 605:

and Continental architecture. After his death, his sons Robert and John took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the

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Carving and plasterwork also became a feature of estate houses. Some of the finest domestic wood carving is in the Beaton panels made for

618:, influenced by his four-year stay in Europe. He influenced the development of architecture, not just in Britain, but in Western Europe, 193:

The origins of private estate houses in Scotland are in the extensive building and rebuilding of royal palaces that probably began under

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was the grandest realisation of the Versailles style gardens in Scotland: it included canals, parterres, statues and ornamental trees.

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C. Berberich, "From glory to wasteland: rediscovering the country house in twentieth century literature" in D. James and P. Tew,

1368: 1196: 1078: 627: 189:, the first building to bear that title in Scotland, extensively rebuilt along Renaissance principles from the fifteenth century. 3398: 3352: 1184: 777: 159:

were important models. In the eighteenth century less formal and symmetrical layouts became common with the development of the

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encouraged the collection of classical art and the adoption of classical styles for new works that were incorporated into the

3433: 3290: 3159: 3138: 3115: 3094: 3073: 3052: 3031: 3010: 2989: 2968: 2947: 2919: 2861: 2840: 2819: 2798: 2777: 2753: 2574: 2553: 2511: 2458: 974: 954: 639: 310: 3172: 2621: 806:(1864–1906) in the Adam style. The baronial style continued to influence the construction of some estate houses, including 1464: 950: 846:

and the remodelling of Gask House by Claude Phillimore. This period also saw considerable restoration of existing houses.

803: 373: 2429: 83:. In the eighteenth century Scotland produced some of the most important British architects, including the neo-Palladian 3106:

M. Stewart and F. Watson, "Land, the landscape and people in nineteenth century Scotland", T. Griffiths and G. Morton.

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by William Adam helped launch a revival of the Scots baronial in the nineteenth century, given popularity by its use at

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was surrounded by orchards, herbs and flowers. The best surviving garden from the early seventeenth century is that at

2373: 1576: 1425: 1343: 872: 826: 623: 265: 116: 1384: 388:(1675–89), and was highly influential until the baronial style gave way to the grander English forms associated with 1176: 725: 144: 1420:, meant that Victorian and Edwardian gardens were characterised by an eclectic mix of the formal, picturesque and 786: 1392: 610: 249: 92: 425:

in 1660, large scale building began again, often incorporating more comprehensive ideas of reviving classicism.

406: 3453: 3313: 1388: 1338: 1242: 570: 551: 286: 160: 84: 1195:(1555–1622), with lawns, fountains, ponds and aviaries for the entertainment of guests. Dunfermline's nephew, 818:(1872–1935) designed a neo-Georgian mansion at Altmore (1912–14) for the owner of a Moscow department store. 712:. The style was popular across Scotland and was applied to relatively modest dwellings by architects such as 1502: 982: 891: 839: 361: 177: 131: 127: 53: 2586:

I. Baudino, "Aesthetics and Mapping the British Identity in Painting", in A. Müller and I. Karremann, ed.,

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Gardens, or yards, around medieval castles, abbeys and houses were formal and in the European tradition of

3243: 1095: 729: 521: 430: 422: 401: 72: 3418: 3199:"English Heritage, Historic Scotland and The National Trusts: Looking After the UK's Historic Treasures" 2588:

Mediating Identities in Eighteenth-Century England: Public Negotiations, Literary Discourses, Topography

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began to be added, mainly to cater for weapons for hunting weekends. The popularity of salmon fishing,

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at Stirling. From the late sixteenth century, the landscaping of many estate houses was influenced by

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family crest into the parterres design, and the militaristic earthworks undertaken for Field Marshal

1228: 598: 493: 369: 205:(r. 1512–42). These works have been seen as directly reflecting the influence of Renaissance styles. 198: 2335: 1516:, where all the dishes were impressively displayed on tables at the same time, until the advent of 907:

piety, classical myths and allegory. The earliest example still extant is at the Hamilton palace of

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Broughton Place, a twentieth-century modern building in the seventeenth-century Scots Baronial style

3423: 3368: 2686: 1289:(1651–1708) continued in the tradition established by Bruce, adding landscapes at houses including 1168: 1139: 966: 916: 615: 474: 377: 218: 210: 202: 182: 1583:(created as an agency in 1991) cares for over 300 properties, which are publicly accessible. The 1064:

took young Scottish aristocrats to the continent, particularly Rome, which was home to the exiled

1417: 1204: 1180: 990: 958: 701: 454: 450: 1056:, which helped define the synthesised Victorian Renaissance style of the Scots Baronial interior 25:, built in the early twentieth century and one of the last major estate houses built in Scotland 3226: 3155: 3134: 3111: 3090: 3069: 3048: 3027: 3006: 2985: 2964: 2943: 2915: 2891: 2857: 2836: 2815: 2794: 2773: 2749: 2728: 2707: 2669: 2648: 2627: 2591: 2570: 2549: 2528: 2507: 2486: 2454: 2412: 2391: 2356: 2319: 2298: 2264: 2243: 2222: 2201: 2180: 2159: 2126: 2089: 2055: 2034: 2013: 1985: 1964: 1940: 1912: 1888: 1867: 1846: 1825: 1799: 1778: 1757: 1736: 1715: 1691: 1670: 1645: 1624: 1580: 1534: 1488: 1403: 1383:

Romanticism, which encouraged gardens in the wild. This resulted in creation of features like

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Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions

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Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions

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Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions

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New Versions of Pastoral: Post-romantic, Modern, and Contemporary Responses to the Tradition

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in the nineteenth century, when they were served sequentially. Alcohol in various forms and

1356: 1286: 1220: 1053: 970: 799: 689: 670: 654: 579: 513: 354: 350: 320: 253: 242: 104: 41: 22: 1483:, organ and piano. House libraries often contained considerable quantities of music, as at 1077:'s yard in London was particularly in demand. Also important was the work from the yard of 3472: 3393: 3205: 1559: 1484: 1429: 1399: 1290: 1238: 1208: 943: 877: 835: 811: 761: 737: 594: 517: 509: 466: 434: 294: 278: 269: 257: 238: 234: 230: 112: 80: 285:

and the North Wing of Linlithgow, built in 1618, using classical pediments, designed by

277:). Work undertaken for James VI demonstrated continued Renaissance influences, with the 229:

and adopted forms that were recognisably European. This was followed by re-buildings at

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with Renaissance plans, in houses designed primarily for residence rather than defence.

1584: 1347: 1310: 1160: 1103: 1004:, which were eventually moved to the dining room of Balfour House in Fife. Carvings at 1001: 962: 709: 682: 662: 645: 586: 562: 547: 108: 96: 95:, embodied in a series of estate houses in Scotland and England. The incorporation of 57: 18: 3486: 1731:

R. Maison, "Renaissance and Reformation: the sixteenth century", in J. Wormald, ed.,

1555: 1547: 1523: 1433: 1360: 1250: 1212: 1149: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1042: 1005: 986: 908: 895: 743: 602: 574: 497: 458: 438: 410: 290: 282: 245:, described as "some of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture in Britain". 222: 148: 37: 2980:

E. Beaton, "Ancillary estate buildings", in G. Stell, J. Shaw and S. Storrier, eds,

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Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland.

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began to be replaced by more comfortable residences for royalty, nobility and local

3373: 1543: 1538: 1412: 1395:, which put an emphasis on concealment and the surprise revelation of the natural. 1364: 1302: 1224: 1200: 1188: 1179:. These were seen as retreats from the troubles of the world and were eulogised in 928: 920: 886: 859: 822: 807: 795: 721: 713: 693: 658: 442: 365: 329: 315: 261: 156: 100: 938: 3176: 3443: 3403: 1527: 1480: 1421: 1376: 1270: 1172: 1156: 1074: 1034: 1013: 765: 753: 749: 717: 697: 681:

in Berwickshire and Seton House in East Lothian, but it is most clearly seen at

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Private Life in Britain's Stately Homes: Masters and Servants in the Golden Age

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in the 1670s, which gave the palace its present appearance. After the death of

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B. Skinner, "Scottish Connoisseurship and the Grand Tour" in F. Pearson, ed.,

1167:. They were often surrounded by defensive walls and they sometimes adjoined a 1123: 1065: 1061: 1026: 1017: 994: 590: 478: 140: 136: 281:

at Stirling having a classical entrance built in 1594 under the direction of

91:, who rejected the Palladian style and was one of the European initiators of 1351: 1278: 1258: 1038: 924: 688:

Important for the adoption of the style in the early nineteenth century was

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A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day

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A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day

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and Kinnaird castle, Angus. Grand schemes in the French tradition included

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that would come to fruition from the late eighteenth century. The painters

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Scottish estate houses were increasingly adorned with paintings, including

1566:, lawn tennis, billiards, carriage rides, charades and amateur dramatics. 1048: 650: 3438: 2117: 2115: 1551: 1091: 1030: 485:

on the façades, while rubble stonework was used only for internal walls.

345: 289:. Similar themes can be seen in the private houses of aristocrats, as in 40:

in Scotland. They were built from the sixteenth century, after defensive

1903: 1901: 461:, built on the Loch Leven estate which he had purchased in 1675. As the 3408: 2293:

D. Mays, "Housing: 4 Country seat, c. 1600–Present", in M. Lynch, ed.,

1563: 1468: 1262: 1219:(1551?–1610) created an enclosure adorned with sculptures of the seven 1164: 1022: 757: 597:. His individual, exuberant style was built on the Palladian, but with 542: 525: 516:

columns, and a pedimented entrance, although was otherwise restrained.

341: 337: 1460: 1380: 1342:, which attempted to create vistas of a rural idyll. The antiquarian 1087: 1037:, Berwickshire and at Holyroodhouse. Dunsterfield was also active at 1012:

in the early seventeenth century, focused on heraldic images. Their "

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M. Girouard, "Life in the English country house" in D. Arnold, ed.,

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Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland

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The Architect King: George III and the Culture of the Enlightenment

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A. Thomas, "The Renaissance", in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds,

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A. Thomas, "The Renaissance", in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds,

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and in Russia, where his patterns were taken by Scottish architect

457:. Among his most significant work was his own Palladian mansion at 3383: 1493: 1475:. The sexes were increasingly segregated into their own quarters. 1443: 1323: 1318: 1233: 1143: 1119: 1047: 937: 871: 785: 736:(1848–52) provided a handbook for the style and the rebuilding of 649: 541: 405: 314: 181: 45: 1530:

dessert and drinks were often taken in a separate dessert room.

1472: 274: 3286: 911:, West Lothian, decorated in the 1550s for the then regent the 1118:, Berwickshire. They also supplied sculpture, candelabra and 2437: 2054:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 9th edition, 1993), 1587:

restores and operates historic buildings as holiday homes.

1081:(1740–99). Bacon was also a partner in Mrs Eleanor Coade's 2886:

F. Jamieson, "Gardening and landscapes" in M. Lynch, ed.,

2374:"New hotel is Scotland's first castle of the 21st century" 1937:

A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840

1775:

The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 600–1540, Volume 1

942:

King James VI's arms and plasterwork in the great hall at

3223:

Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650

1864:

Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans, 1450–1650

2318:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 4th edn., 1989), 2145:(HMSO/Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 1953), p. 1. 1887:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), 1824:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 9th edn., 1993), 1816: 1814: 1812: 473:, Bruce lost political favour, and later, following the 60:

emerged, which combined features from medieval castles,

2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2086:

Building a Nation: The Story of Scotland's Architecture

1982:

Architect Royal: the Life and Work of Sir William Bruce

481:. These houses were predominantly built using well-cut 368:

for George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton and began work on

2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 1526:

were an important part of formal dining and until the

1016:" overtones led to them being damaged by an occupying 2073:

The Buildings of Scotland: Lothian (except Edinburgh)

1955: 1953: 782:

Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain

609:. Robert emerged as leader of the first phase of the 3108:

A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1800 to 1900

2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 734:

Baronial and Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland

3361: 3320: 3066:

The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century

3045:

The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century

2940:

The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century

2793:(Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland, 1991), 2772:(Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland, 1991), 2748:(Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland, 1991), 2546:

The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century

2504:

The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century

814:(1899–1903) by Ross and Macbeth. English architect 465:he undertook the rebuilding of the Royal Palace of 2791:Virtue and Vision: Sculpture in Scotland 1540–1990 2770:Virtue and Vision: Sculpture in Scotland 1540–1990 2764: 2762: 2746:Virtue and Vision: Sculpture in Scotland 1540–1990 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 1231:, the expense of which eventually bankrupted him. 477:, he was imprisoned more than once as a suspected 429:(1630–1710), considered "the effective founder of 376:. This style can be seen in lords houses built at 3068:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 3047:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 2942:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 2906: 2904: 2768:T. Clifford, "Introduction", in F. Pearson, ed., 2744:T. Clifford, "Introduction", in F. Pearson, ed., 2548:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 2506:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 2000: 1998: 1939:(New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1995), 1187:(1585–1649). Extensive gardens were developed at 1060:In the eighteenth century the development of the 732:(1864–1929). The publication of Robert Billings' 2316:Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 1706: 1704: 1273:'s (1658) translation of Nicholas de Bonnefon's 445:, and associated in England with the designs of 56:. In the 1560s the unique Scottish style of the 3110:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), 3026:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), 2982:Scottish Life and Society: Scotland's Buildings 2914:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), 2856:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), 2852:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 2835:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), 2831:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 2814:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), 2810:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 2706:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), 2702:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 2527:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), 2453:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), 2263:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), 2259:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 2125:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), 2121:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 2033:(Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing/RIAS, 1989), 1963:(Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing/RIAS, 1989), 1911:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), 1907:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 1777:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 1756:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), 1690:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), 1688:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 1644:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), 1640:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 1623:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), 1619:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, 2483:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History 2158:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 1796:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History 1712:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History 1667:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History 692:, the residence of the novelist and poet, Sir 413:, one of the first Palladian houses in Britain 248:Much of this work was planned and financed by 3298: 3175:. National Trust for Scotland. Archived from 2109:(London: Pelican, 2nd Edition, 1951), p. 237. 8: 2156:Sir William Chambers Architect to George III 2006:A History of Scotland's Masonry Construction 1602:List of country houses in the United Kingdom 856:Domestic furnishing in early modern Scotland 3173:"Places to visit: Furnished Historic House" 2351:H. Montgomery-Massingberd and C. S. Sykes, 876:The seventeenth-century painted ceiling at 252:(c. 1495–1540), in addition to his work at 201:(r. 1488–1513), and reached its peak under 97:"Gothick" elements of medieval architecture 3305: 3291: 3283: 2645:Edinburgh: A Cultural and Literary History 2611:(London: Penguin, 4th edn., 1978), p. 293. 2219:The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800 1398:In the nineteenth century the writings of 1071:James Johnstone, 2nd Marquess of Annandale 685:, Ayrshire, remodelled by Adam from 1777. 2890:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2626:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 2485:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 2297:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 2084:M. Glendinning, A. McKechnie, R. McInnes 1798:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 1735:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 1714:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 1669:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 1436:, and Earlshall, Fife by Robert Lorimer. 1424:. By the end of the century the ideas of 1297:(1662–1711) reworking of the terraces at 360:Particularly influential was the work of 2888:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 1499:Deer Stalking in Scotland: Getting Ready 1245:'s improvements to the house and gardens 1241:painted in 1733 by James Norie, showing 1193:Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline 915:. Other examples include the ceiling at 463:Surveyor and Overseer of the Royal Works 323:, showing features of the Baronial style 147:. From the late seventeenth century the 17: 2179:(Royal Collection Publications, 2004), 1843:Castles: Their Construction and History 1665:, in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds, 1612: 768:(1898) for a Birmingham industrialist. 3154:(Associated University Presse, 2009), 2221:(London: Taylor & Francis, 1991), 1845:(New York: Dover Publications, 1985), 1295:James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry 1199:(1584–1650), planted a herb garden at 810:, which was rebuilt for industrialist 3246:. Historic Scotland. pp. 220–226 1885:Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 1822:Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 1391:Dunkeld and the Hermit's Cave at the 1148:The restored formal walled garden at 1010:George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly 904:Scottish Renaissance painted ceilings 349:rectangular block with towers, as at 7: 2666:Scotland: A Concise Cultural History 2295:Oxford Companion to Scottish History 2200:(London: Taylor and Francis, 1978), 919:, undertaken in 1581 for Mark Kerr, 2569:(London: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 2107:An Outline of European Architecture 1510:the eighteenth century service was 221:in 1536 and his second marriage to 3133:(Constable & Robinson, 2012), 2481:, in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, 2355:(Laurence King Publishing, 1997), 2052:Architecture of Britain, 1530–1830 1984:(Kineton: Roundwood Press, 1970), 1367:. Important publications included 868:Scottish Royal tapestry collection 14: 2725:Discovering Scottish Architecture 2609:Painting in Britain, 1530 to 1790 2411:(Save Britain's Heritage, 2006), 2340:Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1537:in Ayrshire in 1820 by architect 1307:John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair 392:in the later seventeenth century. 3466: 1373:The Scottish Gardiner's Director 1215:, where, between 1604 and 1610, 1197:George Seton, 3rd Earl of Winton 902:One result was a flourishing of 772:Twentieth century to the present 756:'s (1831–1915) Gothic design at 197:(r. 1460–88), accelerated under 2075:(London: Penguin, 1978), p. 57. 1185:William Drummond of Hawthornden 1122:that made up the neo-classical 935:, Earl of Dunfermline in 1621. 838:and Hamilton Palace. One firm, 778:Architecture in modern Scotland 2647:(Oxford: Signal Books, 2003), 2012:(Edinburgh: Arcamedia, 2005), 640:Scottish baronial architecture 328:royal palaces. It drew on the 311:Scottish baronial architecture 36:, are large houses usually on 1: 2961:Reading Architectural History 2525:Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587 2430:"Exploring Scotland's Places" 2376:. Sourcewire. 10 August 2007. 2217:I. D. Whyte and K. A. Whyte, 1754:Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587 1257:, with their formal avenues, 913:James Hamilton, Earl of Arran 760:(1863–64). It was pursued by 520:(1702–10) was modelled after 75:(1660) the work of architect 3244:"List of Properties in Care" 3212:, retrieved 9 February 2013. 2691:National Museums of Scotland 2590:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), 2342:, retrieved 9 February 2012. 2010:Building with Scottish Stone 1083:Artificial Stone Manufactory 512:(1695) was fronted by giant 417:During the turbulent era of 209:was first constructed under 3089:(London: Routledge, 2002), 3005:(London: Routledge, 2002), 2242:(London: Greenwood, 2006), 1577:National Trust for Scotland 1177:Italian Renaissance gardens 975:Scottish landscape painting 344:, continuing into circular 266:St Andrews Cathedral Priory 145:Italian Renaissance gardens 130:, and the departure of the 117:National Trust for Scotland 3509: 3493:Country houses in Scotland 2963:(Psychology Press, 2002), 2687:One of the 'Beaton Panels' 2440:, retrieved 8 August 2011. 2390:(Trafalgar Square, 2006), 2240:Britain's Medieval Castles 1137: 927:, and the long gallery at 853: 775: 752:designs first featured in 643: 637: 535: 399: 308: 175: 3462: 2154:J. Harris and M. Snodin, 1301:, which incorporated the 293:, Stirling (c. 1570) and 250:James Hamilton of Finnart 93:neoclassical architecture 52:, under the influence of 30:Estate houses in Scotland 3314:Architecture in Scotland 3225:(Botley: Osprey, 2006), 3087:The Landscape of Britain 3003:The Landscape of Britain 2984:(Tuckwell Press, 2004), 2727:(Botley: Osprey, 1985), 2693:, retrieved 14 May 2014. 2353:Great Houses of Scotland 1866:(Botley: Osprey, 2006), 1385:Ossian's Hall of Mirrors 1379:taste and the spread of 1350:. He created gardens at 985:(1723–98), the brothers 661:, helping to launch the 550:, designed and built by 215:palatium ad moden castri 161:English landscape garden 54:Renaissance architecture 2409:Lost Houses of Scotland 1503:Arthur Fitzwilliam Tait 1344:John Clerk of Pennycuik 1041:, Fife and probably at 840:Charles Brand of Dundee 384:, Edinburgh (1628) and 374:Château d'Ancy-le-Franc 264:, the "New Inn" in the 178:Renaissance in Scotland 87:and his innovative son 34:Scottish country houses 2388:Scotland's Lost Houses 2198:The Eighteenth Century 2031:William Adam 1689–1748 1961:William Adam 1689–1748 1506: 1455: 1332: 1269:(1683), borrowed from 1246: 1152: 1057: 946: 881: 791: 730:Robert Stodart Lorimer 666: 554: 431:classical architecture 414: 402:Palladian architecture 324: 319:The sixteenth-century 190: 26: 3348:Industrial Revolution 1597:English country house 1497: 1449:Dinner at Haddo House 1447: 1327: 1275:Le Jardinair françois 1255:gardens at Versailles 1237: 1147: 1052:The entrance hall of 1051: 941: 894:for England in 1603, 875: 864:Sculpture in Scotland 854:Further information: 802:(1901–03), built for 789: 653: 545: 538:Georgian architecture 409: 318: 185: 21: 3204:4 April 2013 at the 2668:(Mainstream, 1993), 1453:Alfred Edward Emslie 1408:John Claudius Loudon 1313:, Wigtownshire. The 1181:country house poetry 764:at Melsetter House, 601:details inspired by 589:near Edinburgh, and 559:Act of Union of 1707 3473:Scotland portal 3369:Atlantic roundhouse 3179:on 28 February 2014 2623:Scotland: A History 2088:(Canongate, 1999), 2008:in P. Wilson, ed., 1733:Scotland: A History 1339:jardin à l'anglaise 1140:Gardens in Scotland 1114:, East Lothian and 917:Prestongrange House 728:(c. 1847–1914) and 702:crow-stepped gables 616:classical antiquity 528:in the Netherlands. 475:Glorious Revolution 268:and the lodging at 219:Madeleine of Valois 2607:E. K. Waterhouse, 2271:, pp. 276–85. 2062:, pp. 330 and 333. 1519:service à la russe 1507: 1456: 1418:monkey puzzle tree 1333: 1249:The legacy of the 1247: 1205:Earl of Sutherland 1153: 1058: 991:Alexander Runciman 947: 882: 792: 667: 555: 532:Eighteenth century 496:, Smith worked on 455:Prestonfield House 451:Thirlestane Castle 415: 325: 191: 27: 3480: 3479: 2655:, pp. 142–3. 2523:J. E. A. Dawson, 2493:, pp. 198–9. 2314:H.-R. Hitchcock, 2305:, pp. 326–8. 2269:978-0-7486-0849-2 2131:978-0-7486-0849-2 1947:, pp. 755–8. 1917:978-0-7486-0849-2 1872:978-1-84176-962-2 1851:978-0-486-24898-1 1806:, pp. 201–2. 1785:, pp. 391–2. 1752:J. E. A. Dawson, 1581:Historic Scotland 1570:Current ownership 1550:. From the 1870s 1535:Blairquhan Castle 1489:Duke of Buccleuch 1404:Valleyfield, Fife 1329:Drumlanrig Castle 1299:Drumlanrig Castle 1283:Loch Leven Castle 1281:at Balcaskie and 1229:Planetary Deities 816:C. H. B. Quennell 607:Board of Ordnance 522:William of Orange 506:Drumlanrig Castle 427:Sir William Bruce 386:Drumlanrig Castle 370:Heriot's Hospital 187:Linlithgow Palace 121:Historic Scotland 77:Sir William Bruce 3500: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3268:. Landmark Trust 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3125: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3020: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2978: 2972: 2957: 2951: 2936: 2923: 2908: 2899: 2884: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2787: 2781: 2766: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2721: 2715: 2700: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2618: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2584: 2578: 2563: 2557: 2542: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2475: 2462: 2447: 2441: 2436:, archived from 2426: 2420: 2405: 2399: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2333: 2327: 2312: 2306: 2291: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2236: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2194: 2188: 2173: 2167: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2119: 2110: 2103: 2097: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2048: 2042: 2041:, pp. 62–7. 2027: 2021: 2002: 1993: 1978: 1972: 1971:, pp. 57–8. 1957: 1948: 1933: 1920: 1905: 1896: 1881: 1875: 1860: 1854: 1839: 1833: 1818: 1807: 1792: 1786: 1773:D. M. Palliser, 1771: 1765: 1750: 1744: 1729: 1723: 1708: 1699: 1684: 1678: 1659: 1653: 1638: 1632: 1617: 1426:William Robinson 1357:Capability Brown 1287:Alexander Edward 1221:Cardinal Virtues 1110:, East Lothian, 1054:Abbotsford House 989:(1744–68/9) and 971:Thomas Warrender 933:Alexander Seaton 800:Manderston House 690:Abbotsford House 671:Inveraray Castle 655:Abbotsford House 634:Baronial revival 580:Christopher Wren 569:(1682–1754) and 355:Claypotts Castle 351:Colliston Castle 340:, projecting on 321:Claypotts Castle 299:Earl of Bothwell 297:, built for the 254:Blackness Castle 105:Abbotsford House 23:Manderston House 3508: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3458: 3394:Chambered cairn 3357: 3316: 3311: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3220: 3216: 3206:Wayback Machine 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3149: 3145: 3126: 3122: 3105: 3101: 3084: 3080: 3063: 3059: 3042: 3038: 3021: 3017: 3000: 2996: 2979: 2975: 2958: 2954: 2937: 2926: 2909: 2902: 2885: 2868: 2851: 2847: 2830: 2826: 2809: 2805: 2788: 2784: 2767: 2760: 2743: 2739: 2722: 2718: 2701: 2697: 2684: 2680: 2664:H. Scott, ed., 2663: 2659: 2642: 2638: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2585: 2581: 2564: 2560: 2543: 2539: 2522: 2518: 2501: 2497: 2479:The Renaissance 2476: 2465: 2448: 2444: 2427: 2423: 2406: 2402: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2350: 2346: 2334: 2330: 2313: 2309: 2292: 2275: 2258: 2254: 2237: 2233: 2216: 2212: 2195: 2191: 2174: 2170: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2120: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2049: 2045: 2028: 2024: 2003: 1996: 1979: 1975: 1958: 1951: 1934: 1923: 1906: 1899: 1882: 1878: 1861: 1857: 1840: 1836: 1819: 1810: 1793: 1789: 1772: 1768: 1751: 1747: 1730: 1726: 1709: 1702: 1685: 1681: 1663:The Renaissance 1660: 1656: 1639: 1635: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1593: 1572: 1560:grouse shooting 1485:Dalkeith Palace 1442: 1430:Gertrude Jekyll 1400:Humphrey Repton 1393:Falls of Acharn 1309:(1679–1747) at 1291:Hamilton Palace 1239:Taymouth Castle 1142: 1136: 1025:, trophies and 944:Muchalls Castle 878:Aberdour Castle 870: 852: 844:earl of Cadogan 836:Balbardie House 827:Broughton Place 812:Andrew Carnegie 784: 774: 762:William Lethaby 750:Arts and crafts 738:Balmoral Castle 657:, re-built for 648: 642: 636: 624:Charles Cameron 540: 534: 518:Dalkeith Palace 510:Hamilton Palace 435:Andrea Palladio 404: 398: 362:William Wallace 313: 307: 295:Crichton Castle 270:Balmerino Abbey 260:, the house at 258:Rothesay Castle 180: 174: 169: 113:Balmoral Castle 81:Palladian style 12: 11: 5: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3434:Scots Baronial 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3280: 3279: 3257: 3235: 3214: 3190: 3164: 3143: 3120: 3099: 3078: 3057: 3036: 3015: 2994: 2973: 2952: 2924: 2900: 2866: 2845: 2824: 2803: 2782: 2758: 2737: 2716: 2695: 2678: 2657: 2636: 2613: 2600: 2579: 2565:M. MacDonald, 2558: 2537: 2516: 2495: 2463: 2442: 2421: 2400: 2379: 2365: 2344: 2336:"John Kinross" 2328: 2307: 2273: 2252: 2231: 2210: 2189: 2168: 2147: 2135: 2111: 2098: 2077: 2071:C. McWilliam, 2064: 2050:J. Summerson, 2043: 2022: 1994: 1973: 1949: 1921: 1897: 1883:J. Summerson, 1876: 1855: 1834: 1820:J. Summerson, 1808: 1787: 1766: 1745: 1724: 1700: 1679: 1654: 1633: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1585:Landmark Trust 1571: 1568: 1548:billiard rooms 1513:à la française 1441: 1438: 1348:Alexander Pope 1311:Castle Kennedy 1267:Scots Gard'ner 1227:and the seven 1161:kitchen garden 1138:Main article: 1135: 1132: 1104:Culzean Castle 1008:, rebuilt for 1002:Arbroath Abbey 983:Gavin Hamilton 931:, painted for 892:Scottish court 851: 848: 773: 770: 726:Edward Calvert 710:machicolations 683:Culzean Castle 663:Scots Baronial 646:Gothic revival 638:Main article: 635: 632: 587:Hopetoun House 563:Colen Campbell 548:Hopetoun House 546:East front of 536:Main article: 533: 530: 483:ashlar masonry 439:Ancient Greeks 397: 394: 309:Main article: 306: 305:Scots Baronial 303: 173: 170: 168: 165: 149:formal gardens 132:Scottish court 111:'s retreat at 109:Queen Victoria 58:Scots baronial 38:landed estates 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3505: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3475: 3474: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3449:Town defences 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231:1-84176-962-2 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3127:M. Paterson, 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064:C. Christie, 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043:C. Christie, 3040: 3037: 3034:, pp. 215–18. 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2938:C. Christie, 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2922:, pp. 210–11. 2921: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2898:, pp. 258–60. 2897: 2896:0-19-211696-7 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733:0-85263-748-9 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712:0-7486-0849-4 2709: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2674:1-85158-581-8 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2653:1-902669-73-8 2650: 2646: 2643:D. Campbell, 2640: 2637: 2633: 2632:0-19-162243-5 2629: 2625: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596:1-4094-2618-1 2593: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2556:, pp. 213–15. 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544:C. Christie, 2541: 2538: 2534: 2533:0-7486-1455-9 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502:C. Christie, 2499: 2496: 2492: 2491:0-19-162433-0 2488: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2417:0-905978-05-6 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2396:1-84513-051-0 2393: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361:1-85669-106-3 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324:0-300-05320-7 2321: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2303:0-19-969305-6 2300: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248:0-275-98414-1 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227:0-415-02992-9 2224: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206:0-416-56190-X 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185:1-902163-50-8 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164:0-300-06940-5 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094:0-86241-830-5 2091: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2060:0-300-05886-1 2057: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2039:1-85158-295-9 2036: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2018:1-904320-02-3 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:0-8390-0156-8 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969:1-85158-295-9 1966: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1945:0-300-12508-9 1942: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:0-300-05886-1 1890: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1832:, pp. 502–11. 1831: 1830:0-300-05886-1 1827: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:0-19-162433-0 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783:0-521-44461-6 1780: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762:0-7486-1455-9 1759: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741:0-19-162243-5 1738: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720:0-19-162433-0 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:0-7486-0276-3 1693: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1675:0-19-162433-0 1672: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650:0-7486-0849-4 1647: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629:0-7486-0849-4 1626: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:deer stalking 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1434:Kellie Castle 1431: 1428:(1838–1935), 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1389:the Hermitage 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:James Justice 1366: 1362: 1361:Glamis Castle 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1315:Earl of Mar's 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Auld Alliance 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217:David Lindsay 1214: 1213:Edzell Castle 1210: 1207:'s castle at 1206: 1203:in 1620. The 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183:like that of 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1151: 1150:Edzell Castle 1146: 1141: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Gosford House 1109: 1108:Dunbar Castle 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1043:Kellie Castle 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:Huntly Castle 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 900: 897: 896:Jenny Wormald 893: 888: 887:Oriel windows 879: 874: 869: 865: 861: 857: 849: 847: 845: 841: 837: 832: 828: 825:and built at 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 788: 783: 779: 771: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 745: 744:nouveau riche 739: 735: 731: 727: 724:(1787–1879), 723: 719: 716:(1789–1870), 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 641: 633: 631: 629: 625: 621: 620:North America 617: 612: 611:neo-classical 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 576: 575:Howard Colvin 572: 568: 565:(1676–1729), 564: 560: 553: 549: 544: 539: 531: 529: 527: 524:'s palace at 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:Caroline Park 495: 490: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 467:Holyroodhouse 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 412: 411:Kinross House 408: 403: 395: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Caerlaverlock 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 322: 317: 312: 304: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 283:William Schaw 280: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223:Mary of Guise 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 188: 184: 179: 171: 166: 164: 162: 158: 157:Dutch gardens 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 133: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 24: 20: 16: 3464: 3414:Estate house 3413: 3374:Bastle house 3343:Early modern 3270:. Retrieved 3260: 3248:. Retrieved 3238: 3222: 3217: 3209: 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3177:the original 3167: 3151: 3146: 3128: 3123: 3107: 3102: 3086: 3081: 3076:, pp. 234–5. 3065: 3060: 3055:, pp. 287–8. 3044: 3039: 3023: 3018: 3002: 2997: 2981: 2976: 2960: 2955: 2950:, pp. 135–6. 2939: 2911: 2887: 2853: 2848: 2832: 2827: 2811: 2806: 2801:, pp. 39–40. 2790: 2785: 2780:, pp. 14–15. 2769: 2756:, pp. 13–14. 2745: 2740: 2724: 2723:T. W. West, 2719: 2703: 2698: 2690: 2681: 2665: 2660: 2644: 2639: 2622: 2620:J. Wormald, 2616: 2608: 2603: 2587: 2582: 2567:Scottish Art 2566: 2561: 2545: 2540: 2524: 2519: 2503: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2450: 2445: 2438:the original 2433: 2424: 2408: 2403: 2387: 2382: 2368: 2352: 2347: 2339: 2331: 2315: 2310: 2294: 2260: 2255: 2239: 2234: 2218: 2213: 2197: 2192: 2176: 2171: 2155: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2122: 2106: 2105:N. Pevsner, 2101: 2085: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2051: 2046: 2030: 2029:J. Gifford, 2025: 2009: 2005: 2004:I. Maxwell, 1981: 1980:H. Fenwick, 1976: 1960: 1959:J. Gifford, 1936: 1908: 1884: 1879: 1863: 1858: 1842: 1837: 1821: 1795: 1790: 1774: 1769: 1753: 1748: 1732: 1727: 1711: 1687: 1686:J. Wormald, 1682: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1641: 1636: 1620: 1615: 1573: 1539:William Burn 1532: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1498: 1487:, where the 1477: 1457: 1448: 1413:Rhododendron 1411: 1397: 1372: 1365:Scone Palace 1337: 1334: 1285:at Kinross. 1274: 1266: 1248: 1243:William Adam 1225:Liberal Arts 1223:, the seven 1201:Seaton House 1189:Pinkie House 1169:hunting park 1154: 1128: 1106:, Ayrshire, 1092:balustrading 1082: 1059: 999: 979:Allan Ramsay 948: 929:Pinkie House 901: 883: 860:Scottish art 823:Basil Spence 820: 808:Skibo Castle 804:James Miller 796:John Kinross 793: 742: 733: 722:Edward Blore 714:William Burn 698:battlemented 694:Walter Scott 687: 668: 659:Walter Scott 584: 571:William Adam 556: 552:William Adam 504:(1685), and 494:Robert Mylne 487: 416: 366:Winton House 359: 330:tower houses 326: 287:James Murray 279:Chapel Royal 262:Crawfordjohn 247: 214: 192: 167:Architecture 125: 101:Walter Scott 85:William Adam 70: 62:tower houses 33: 29: 28: 15: 3444:Tower house 3404:Court cairn 3328:Prehistoric 3272:12 November 3250:12 November 3183:12 November 2477:A. Thomas, 2407:M. Binney, 2196:P. Rogers, 2175:D. Watkin, 2143:Adam Silver 1992:, pp. 73–8. 1935:H. Colvin, 1661:A. Thomas, 1528:Regency era 1481:harpsichord 1465:housekeeper 1440:Social life 1422:gardenesque 1377:Picturesque 1271:John Evelyn 1173:knot garden 1157:herb garden 1075:John Cheere 1035:Thirlestane 993:(1736–85), 981:(1713–84), 969:paintings. 921:Commendator 754:Philip Webb 720:(1803–76), 718:David Bryce 675:Mellerstain 567:James Gibbs 489:James Smith 447:Inigo Jones 423:Restoration 396:Restoration 390:Inigo Jones 382:Moray House 357:(1569–88). 353:(1583) and 334:peel towers 172:Renaissance 128:Reformation 89:Robert Adam 73:Restoration 66:peel towers 3454:Wheelhouse 3429:Peel tower 3379:Blackhouse 3266:"Scotland" 3197:F. Arfin, 3160:083864189X 3139:178033690X 3116:0748621709 3095:1134728042 3074:0719047250 3053:0719047250 3032:0748612998 3022:K. Brown, 3011:1134728042 2990:186232123X 2969:0415250498 2948:0719047250 2920:0748612998 2910:K. Brown, 2862:0748608494 2841:0748608494 2820:0748608494 2799:0903598140 2778:0903598140 2754:0903598140 2575:0500203334 2554:0719047250 2514:, pp. 179. 2512:0719047250 2459:0748612998 2449:K. Brown, 1451:(1884) by 1317:palace at 1124:Adam Style 1116:Wedderburn 1079:John Bacon 1062:Grand Tour 1027:cornucopia 1021:there are 1018:Covenanter 995:Jacob More 967:historical 957:and later 955:landscapes 776:See also: 704:, pointed 700:gateways, 679:Wedderburn 644:See also: 628:George III 591:Duff House 557:After the 514:Corinthian 471:Charles II 419:Civil Wars 400:See also: 291:Mar's Wark 227:Henry VIII 207:Linlithgow 176:See also: 153:Versailles 141:Adam Style 137:Grand Tour 126:After the 71:After the 50:Linlithgow 3221:S. Reid, 3210:About.com 3097:, p. 315. 3085:M. Reed, 3013:, p. 315. 3001:M. Reed. 2992:, p. 195. 2971:, p. 146. 2864:, p. 283. 2843:, p. 239. 2822:, p. 115. 2676:, p. 208. 2598:, p. 153. 2535:, p. 290. 2461:, p. 206. 2326:, p. 146. 2250:, p. 154. 2238:L. Hull, 2229:, p. 100. 2208:, p. 217. 2133:, p. 106. 1895:, p. 502. 1862:S. Reid, 1853:, p. 224. 1764:, p. 120. 1743:, p. 102. 1722:, p. 189. 1677:, p. 195. 1631:, p. 225. 1552:gun rooms 1352:Mavisbank 1279:Bass rock 1259:parterres 1102:, Banff, 1039:Balcaskie 959:classical 951:portraits 925:Newbattle 850:Interiors 502:Edinburgh 346:bartizans 301:in 1580s. 243:Edinburgh 195:James III 3487:Category 3439:Shieling 3419:Hillfort 3338:Medieval 3233:, p. 58. 3202:Archived 3162:, p. 44. 3118:, p. 43. 2735:, p. 68. 2714:, p. 46. 2577:. p. 51. 2428:RCAHMS, 2386:I. Gow, 2187:, p. 15. 2166:, p. 11. 2096:, p. 48. 2020:, p. 26. 1919:, p. 70. 1874:, p. 33. 1841:S. Toy, 1591:See also 1381:Ossianic 1209:Dunrobin 1096:capitals 1088:sphinxes 1066:Jacobite 1031:overdoor 1023:festoons 665:revival. 603:Vanbrugh 479:Jacobite 380:(1620), 239:Stirling 235:Falkland 231:Holyrood 199:James IV 3424:Housing 3409:Crannog 2363:, p. 9. 1698:, p. 5. 1652:, p. 9. 1564:croquet 1544:smoking 1469:footmen 1303:Douglas 1263:topiary 1165:orchard 1134:Gardens 909:Kinneil 831:evacuee 758:Arisaig 706:turrets 599:Baroque 526:Het Loo 459:Kinross 342:corbels 338:parapet 211:James I 203:James V 42:castles 3399:Church 3389:Castle 3353:Modern 3229: 3158: 3137: 3114: 3093: 3072: 3051: 3030: 3009: 2988: 2967: 2946: 2918: 2894: 2860: 2839: 2818: 2797: 2776: 2752: 2731: 2710: 2672: 2651: 2630: 2594: 2573: 2552: 2531: 2510: 2489: 2457: 2415: 2394: 2359: 2322: 2301: 2267: 2246: 2225: 2204: 2183: 2162: 2129: 2092: 2058: 2037: 2016: 1988: 1967: 1943: 1915: 1891: 1870: 1849: 1828: 1802: 1781: 1760: 1739: 1718: 1694: 1673: 1648: 1627: 1524:toasts 1505:(1851) 1461:butler 1100:Cullen 1014:popish 880:, Fife 866:, and 443:Romans 64:, and 46:lairds 3384:Broch 3362:Forms 3333:Roman 1608:Notes 1473:maids 1319:Alloa 1120:cippi 963:genre 595:Banff 3321:Eras 3274:2013 3252:2013 3227:ISBN 3185:2013 3156:ISBN 3135:ISBN 3112:ISBN 3091:ISBN 3070:ISBN 3049:ISBN 3028:ISBN 3007:ISBN 2986:ISBN 2965:ISBN 2944:ISBN 2916:ISBN 2892:ISBN 2858:ISBN 2837:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2795:ISBN 2774:ISBN 2750:ISBN 2729:ISBN 2708:ISBN 2670:ISBN 2649:ISBN 2628:ISBN 2592:ISBN 2571:ISBN 2550:ISBN 2529:ISBN 2508:ISBN 2487:ISBN 2455:ISBN 2413:ISBN 2392:ISBN 2357:ISBN 2320:ISBN 2299:ISBN 2265:ISBN 2244:ISBN 2223:ISBN 2202:ISBN 2181:ISBN 2160:ISBN 2127:ISBN 2090:ISBN 2056:ISBN 2035:ISBN 2014:ISBN 1986:ISBN 1965:ISBN 1941:ISBN 1913:ISBN 1889:ISBN 1868:ISBN 1847:ISBN 1826:ISBN 1800:ISBN 1779:ISBN 1758:ISBN 1737:ISBN 1716:ISBN 1692:ISBN 1671:ISBN 1646:ISBN 1625:ISBN 1558:and 1546:and 1471:and 1463:and 1416:and 1363:and 1163:and 987:John 965:and 780:and 708:and 677:and 453:and 441:and 332:and 275:harl 241:and 155:and 119:and 107:and 2689:", 1501:by 1467:to 1387:at 1371:'s 1191:by 923:of 766:Hoy 593:in 500:in 151:at 103:'s 32:or 3489:: 3208:, 2927:^ 2903:^ 2869:^ 2761:^ 2466:^ 2432:, 2338:, 2276:^ 2114:^ 1997:^ 1952:^ 1924:^ 1900:^ 1811:^ 1703:^ 1159:, 1126:. 1094:, 1090:, 1045:. 961:, 953:, 862:, 858:, 582:. 256:, 237:, 233:, 123:. 3306:e 3299:t 3292:v 3276:. 3254:. 3187:. 3141:. 2685:" 2634:. 2419:. 2398:.

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Index