Estates General of 1593 - Knowledge (XXG)

658: 179: 812: 913: 304:, arguing that conversion was not sufficient for Henri to have a right to the throne, and that Papal approval was also required. He therefore reluctantly conceded to the alternate proposal (and that of the Spanish) to convoke the Estates. To this end in the Autumn of 1592 he gave permission for elections to take place. In December of that year, Mayenne invited the Catholic princes who had rallied to Henri to attend the Estates, as observers. He was relieved also, to learn of the death of Parma, which he felt made the chance that España would dominate the Estates, less likely. 618: 17: 975: 1055:

figurehead. Among his demands was hereditary control of Bourgogne, the lieutenant-generalcy of the kingdom, control of Picardie during his lifetime and a large amount of money. Nemours dismissed Guise as a "young fool who has his mother to help him get ahead". Mayenne's wife referred to the prince as a "little boy who still needs a spanking". These internal divisions in the Lorraine family would greatly benefit Henri. Even Guise, who stood to become king in this proposal did not take it particularly seriously.

568: 262: 97:(highest court of France) of Paris subsequently declared that Salic Law (succession through the male line) was inviable, and foreign princes were illegible for the French throne. By now the momentum was against the Spanish, and even with the ambassador proposing French princes, neither the Second or Third Estate felt they had the authority to elect a king. The Estates' final business would be to ratify the adoption of the 633:

vacant throne that had been set up. He introduced himself with a speech in which he expounded on how España had supported France over the centuries. Unable to speak French the speech was delivered in Latin. This point was finished with the recent relief España had provided to the cities of Paris and Rouen during their respective sieges, and the vast sums of money Felipe had expended in support of the Catholic

989:(archduke of Austria). To sweeten the pot on this proposal, the Spanish pointed out, that given the Holy Roman Emperor presently lacked an heir, this would likely mean France's new king would succeed to the position and rule both kingdoms. This aroused further outrage from the majority of the Estates. The prospect of electing two foreigners to the throne was even too much for many of the 1031: 593:, and a Spanish delegation. The Papal Legate struggled to get his credentials as 'protector of the kingdom' recognised, and therefore was not able to participate in the opening debate and had to join several days later. Only half of the delegates themselves had yet arrived, due to the problems on the roads, and therefore business proper would not get going until 4 February. 511:, they argued that both España and the Papacy would give their approval to the correct candidate to be made king, and that España would provide the king's daughter, known as the Infanta to marry to the chosen man. Salic Law, they argued, was to be temporarily suspended for the purposes of the moment, but would be reinstated when the crisis had passed. 1046:

and the Estates, which might a month earlier have supported such a proposal, were no longer interested in hearing their entreaties. A majority in both the Second and Third Estate had by this point decided that it was not their place to elect a king. This was motivated both by changing opinions among the

789:(named for the Sixteen districts of the city) learned of the negotiations underway at Suresnes they were horrified. They quickly undertook to push the Estates towards 'their true business', which was to elect a king. The Papal legate at the Estates was also horrified, but was unable to stop the meeting. 1082:

clergy. This was passed by the Estates on 30 July, despite the uniform opposition of the Parisian Third Estate. The Estates would meet as a whole body for the final time on 8 August, at which point they were technically extended into October. This done Mayenne proceeded to prorogue the Estates. While

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declaration to be null and therefore pressed on with their efforts regarding the Infanta. Recognising that they had perhaps gone too far, the Spanish returned in early July with a new proposal, the Infanta could marry the popular French prince, the duke of Guise. They had missed their moment however,

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would be given to First Estate delegates, 8,180 to the Third Estate and 4720 to the Second, far too small sums to achieve their desired objectives. Bribes were also offered to the various captains of Paris to ensure their loyalty to España. The Spanish had difficult with resistance to accepting their

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inclination like Hacqueville found it difficult to countenance. They protested to the Estates against the Spanish remarks. Also among those who objected was Guillaume de Rose, the bishop of Senlis. One deputy opined that if Salic Law was not fundamental to the law of France, then all the Valois kings

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In the hopes of coming to a consensus as to who to push on the Estates, the Lorraine-Guise family met at Reims in late April for a family conference. In the six day conference that followed both the young duke of Guise and du Pont were popular candidates, however Mayenne was uninterested in providing

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On 17 May Henri provided a further sabotage to the Estates when the archbishop of Bourges announced Henri's intentions to abjure Protestantism and become Catholic. The archbishop of Lyon, still present at Suresnes was shocked and managed only to say that he hoped the conversion was a true one and not

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controlled in January 1593, their arrival impeded by the forces of Henri. He did however recognise the danger in their electing a king, and therefore reached out to entreat with the Estates, a prospect which was agreed to over the objections of radical members of the Estates. The resulting conference

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The prospective deputies would find many of their roads blocked in their attempts to make it to Paris. To combat this they took to disguising themselves, in hopes of slipping past royalist blockades. Despite this, many would face arrest by royal soldiers, alongside other merchants who happened to be

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of Rouen argued that the traditional liberties of Rouen, must be preserved by the new king. Reims and Troyes both made sure to mention that the Catholic king would be French. Those of Troyes combined the importance that Henri be discounted as king (even if he converted), with the need for financial

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to drive home the point. Mayenne and the duke of Lorraine were also largely uninterested in this proposal. Mayenne proposed to the Spanish a list of demands for his acceptance of the candidacy of the young Guise which would have left him as the true power in France with his nephew as little but a

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by a proposal in May to establish a Fourth Estate. These members, unlike the rest of the Estates, would not be elected, and rather drawn directly from the senior French magistracy. He hoped through this proposal to garner an Estates with more legitimacy, and one that was easier for him to control.

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The ultra faction of the deputies were appalled by such a proposal to meet with Henri but the Estates at large voted to undertake the talks. The main body of the Estates found themselves alienated from the ultras and disapproving of their socially inferior status, pushing them towards negotiations

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presented their credentials to the Estates. He was greeted in an almost royal fashion, with a delegation of senior grandees from the Estates awaiting his arrival, among them Mayenne's son and Cardinal Pellevé. Feria and Pellevé entered the Estates chamber, each taking a seat on opposite sides of a

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when the nobility alone had provided 180 deputies. In total the prior two Estates had each reached around 400 deputies. These deputies would break down as follows: 49 members of the First Estate (clergy), 24 members of the Second Estate (nobility) and 55 members of the Third Estate (commons). The

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camp for the convoking of an Estates General since at least 1591 when it had been first planned for one to meet. Mayenne made several abortive plans during this period for Estates, proposing variously Paris, Melun and Orléans to host them, but always cancelling them before the plans could advance

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for the work they had done to save France since 1588 and announced his willingness to lay down his life in protection of the Catholic religion and state. Mayenne was not a gifted orator, and his muttered address was barely heard by the assembled delegates. His speech was followed by one given by

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as a non-fundamental component of the French state. This time their entreaties were directed by Jean Baptiste de Taxis, who unlike Feria could speak French, he was joined by Don Iñigo de Mendoza who broke down the fallibility of Salic Law in a Latin address. He also reassured the delegates that

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for both Reims and Rouen both stressed the importance that a Catholic king be elected. Reims continued that the noble governors of provinces be restricted in their purview so that they had no authority over fiscal and judicial matters. Moreover, venal office was to be suppressed and any offices

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king through a marriage to the Infanta. Cardinal Bourbon had not yet received his orders, and it was therefore possible for him to cast them off and become a secular prince. His candidacy was only pushed half heartedly by some involved, who were using it largely to pressure Henri's conversion.

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deputies. The proposal was formally rejected by the Estates on 18 June. Mayenne intervened to ask the Estates to request that the Infanta be given a French husband. He proposed his own son, though this was shot down by the Estates, with some walking out. It was by now too late for Mayenne to

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significantly. In June 1592 summons had even gone out for the hosting of an Estates, to be held at Reims, with some elections held and even a couple of delegates arriving in the city before Mayenne decided to cancel it. He reasoned that it was too close to the border with the

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Estates, however he recognised the necessity of working with the body. To this end, while not recognising the Estates as a legitimate convention of the body, he offered talks between the deputies and his agents. Entreaties to this effect were made on 27 January in which the

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Of these men, only du Pont and Nemours had a recent Valois heritage to offer. However many of the men's claims was based on descent through the line of a woman, which violated Salic Law. Other candidates looked to a marriage with the Infanta to validate their claims.

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theorists argued that a king could only have the right to rule if they followed the correct laws and other prerequisites. Therefore, in the absence of such a candidate presently, it was the duty of the Estates and the Pope to solve the problem by electing a king.

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councils distributed across France operated largely independently of Paris in the conduct of their affairs. An exception to this arrangement was made for the selection of delegates for the Estates General, which was instead centrally directed from Paris.

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issued a decree in which they defended Salic Law as a fundamental law of the kingdom and established that the crown could never be given to a foreign prince as such a treaty would be void in violation of the laws of the kingdom. Both Mayenne and the

419:. The provinces were represented unevenly: 24% of the deputies were from the Île de France, Bourgogne provided 16%, the Orléanais 12%, Champagne 11% and Normandie 10%. Only 2% of the deputies were from regions such as Guyenne, Dauphiné and Bretagne. 524:

and administrative reform. Henri's Catholic relations were also to be excluded. They proposed that each province dispatch several commissioners who would be allowed to sit on the royal council, and that all new taxes established since the reign of

581:. The location was symbolic, adjacent to the vacant king's apartments on the first floor of the building. Mayenne gave the opening address of the Estates, stressing the importance of establishing a Catholic king for France. He praised the 956:

In the hopes of furthering their position at the Estates, Spanish money was given to many deputies, while the ambassadors continued to cajole the deputies. The Spanish position was however undermined by their poverty, with only 30,000

118: 93:. To aid their project they attempted to distribute bribes, but these were poorly received. The Spanish proposals aroused the displeasure of the legal-minded members of the Estates, who walked out in June in protest. The 699:

On March 6 the royal camp received the terms of the Estates for the conduct of talks. Keen to maintain their face, the address was directed specifically at the royalist Catholics around Henri, and not the king himself.

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Alongside the physical impediments to be found on the road, many potential deputies were also dissuaded from attending to the technically illegal nature of the Estates, which had not been convoked by a legitimate king.

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of Paris were significantly more politique in inclination. Therefore, in contrast to the Estates of 1588, it would be Paris that was overall a moderating influence on the more radical deputies from the provinces.

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By late July Mayenne informed the Spanish that at this point he would only proceed with trying to push through the election of an alternate king if a sizable Spanish army could be provided in the area of Paris.

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declared Bourbon the king as Charles X (though he was in the captivity of Navarre, who now styled himself Henri IV). Bourbon would however die before being released from captivity on 9 May 1590, leaving the

649:. Pellevé then in turn alienated many deputies when he stated that Felipe would surely find in the afterlife the many grateful French he had saved from damnation by his noble services towards Catholicism. 68:

nobles were happy without a king, but pressure was brought to bear on Mayenne, and by late 1592 he agreed to convoke an Estates General to elect a new one. This Estates would not be recognised by Henri.

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nobles were entirely uninterested in who was king, happy with any candidate who would possess weak central authority that could not impede on their fiefdom building in the civil war-wracked provinces.

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was a national meeting of the three orders of France that met from January to August 1593. Unlike any other Estates General of France, it was convoked without the authority of a king, at the behest of

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It was on the subject of the Infanta that the Spanish representatives worked to continue to alienate the Estates on 16 May, with their proposals towards her rights to the throne and denunciations of

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offers a hint at what they contained. He speaks of deputies from Orléans concerned for the resumption of trade on the Loire. According to L'Estoile this was also a matter of concern for those of

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at Suresnes on 27 April produced a short truce, and the occasion of Henri's announcement of his planned conversion to Catholicism in mid May. Meanwhile, at the Estates, the Spanish allies of the

609:, a town near Paris and seizing it on 30 March. Felipe envisioned that Mansfeld's proximate presence to the Estates would encourage them towards adopting the correct candidate for the throne. 677:

were invited to meet to seek a reconciliation. In a follow up declaration on 29 January Henri declared the Estates General illegal and any decisions it undertook invalid. His advisor

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which urged Mayenne to seek Henri's conversion so that he could become their king, and if he would not convert to proceed with the election of an alternate king. Mayenne rebuffed the

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leadership as to the succession, and more material factors, Henri possessed a large army that was a not inconsiderable distance from Paris. In mid June Henri besieged and captured

637:. This was too much for some in the Estates, and Cardinal Pellevé rose to expound upon the thousand year long services France had given to España all the way back to the time of 859:

Meanwhile, the Estates began to consider the various candidates for king. There were a considerable number of French princes who held ambitions in that regard. Among them were

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decried the Estates as lacking almost any nobles of worth, with not a single prince of the blood, Marshal or Chancellor in attendance. He further compared the gathering to the

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On 12 June one of the Spanish delegates went further, provocatively arguing that instead of marrying a French prince, the Infanta as queen of France could marry a Habsburg,

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The archbishop of Bourges and archbishop of Lyon led the discussion, which began as a debate over the rights to the crown. Bourges succeeded in getting Lyon to say that the

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In Bourgogne, one of Mayenne's chief clients from Dijon, Étienne Bernard would be selected as a delegate for the Estates. To ensure the Dijon delegation could reach Paris,

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mayor of Paris in November of that year, in which Mayenne frustratedly asked La Chapelle Marteau what the people wanted, and the mayor replied that they desired a king.

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which ridiculed the various participants. Speeches were put in the mouths of various delegates. Its participants were characterised as vicious sectarian charlatans.

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or a relative of his being the top candidates. The Spanish were naturally keen on this arrangement, and pushed for the candidacy of Felipe's daughter with his wife

193:, attentions therefore turned to the prospect of an Estates General to select a new king. There were many candidates that recommended themselves to factions of the 161:

as their candidate to succeed Henri. Bourbon was an aged man, and has been considered a 'stopgap' candidate for the throne. In 1589 Henri was assassinated and the

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Despite agreeing to talks with the Estates, Henri did not want his foreign allies to be under any illusion as to the validity of the body. Therefore, he wrote to

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The failures of the Estates General to come to a consensus as to a candidate for king (or achieve much else) would strike a heavy blow for the cohesion of the

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On the matter of the truce negotiated at Suresnes, both the Second and Third Estate voted for its adoption, while the First refused to support it. The

724:, Jean le Maistre (a parlementaire) and Étienne Bernard. Mayenne added onto the Estates chosen delegates his own men: the former secretary of state 158: 122: 53: 427:

Of the deputies elected for the First Estate, there would be 13 bishops, among whom three were recent appointees to their bishopric by Mayenne.

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with the king. The vote was taken on 26 February, while Mayenne was away from the Estates, and resulted in the decision to send a delegation.

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Before arriving in the capital, the deputies drew up their lists of grievances that they wished to be addressed by the Estates, known as

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his backing to either man. No agreement was therefore reached by the time the conference dissolved and Mayenne returned to the Estates.

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The Estates baulked at this proposal to create a new Estate. One prelate denounced it as an attempt to 'create a monster in our state'.

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would be able to easily impose himself on it by force of arms. España, keen to see an arrangement involving the Infanta endorsed by the

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Felipe had enough kingdoms already, and had no designs to claim the French one for himself. This earned the rebuke of several

2292: 827: 796:, increasingly frustrated, attempted to organise another uprising, as they had in 1588, and appealed to Felipe to intervene. 912: 860: 1213:

Local Politics in the French Wars of Religion: The Towns of Champagne, the Duc de Guise and the Catholic League 1560-1595

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Cardinal Pellevé who argued in support of Felipe, greatly alienating a considerable portion of the assembled delegates.

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as heir to the throne. This was seized upon as unacceptable by a certain segment of the Catholic nobility, led by

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particularly weak showing from the nobility, demonstrates their hesitance by this period to associate with the

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the following day. This conversion would not be sufficient for the hardliners, but would further fracture the

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who had originally planned to be in attendance at the 1591 Estates, such as Neuilly, Dorléans and Roland. The

2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 682: 2428: 2402: 2397: 2387: 2382: 974: 819: 775: 678: 411: 752: 554:. These deputies desired an audience with Mayenne to discuss their concerns, but were unable to attain it. 1074:

With little being accomplished towards electing a king, the Estates turned to the matter of ratifying the

1035: 917: 543: 451: 237: 210: 142: 90: 82: 721: 717: 432: 884: 567: 341: 56:, Navarre's Catholic uncle. In 1589, the king died, and while royalists recognised Navarre as Henri IV, 768: 571: 428: 60:(leaguer) controlled areas instead recognised Bourbon as Charles X. In 1590, Bourbon died, leaving the 2433: 1141:

Noble Power During the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy

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bribes, many proving uninterested. This campaign of bribery was too much for Mayenne who protested.

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One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century

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to spread around as opposed to the 200,000 initially promised for the purpose of bribery. 11,148

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an attempt to deceive Catholic France. Henri would formally abjure on 24 July, attending mass at

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only objection to Henri was his religion. This would pave the way for the declaration of 17 May.

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Change and Continuity in the French Episcopate: The Bishops and the Wars of Religion 1547-1610

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In total 128 deputies would make it to Paris for the 1593 Estates, a far lower turnout than

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be revoked and going forward any new tax would need to be signed off on by the Estates.

383:. It was in this difficult circumstance that the deputies had to travel to the capital. 1030: 2417: 1132:

Between Crown and Community: Politics and Civic Culture in Sixteenth-Century Poitiers

887:. During May, Mayenne also undertook secret negotiations with the nominally royalist 641:. France's service to España could be witnessed even in more recent times, as when 590: 329: 1083:

some deputies would remain in the capital until December, the Estates were over.

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of the Estate. The First Estate delegation from Paris was particularly hardline

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pushed Mayenne to convoke it. An exchange is reported involving Mayenne and the

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Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France

1013:, the returned deputies set about sabotaging the Estates. On 28 June the 891:, nephew of the first Cardinal Bourbon about him succeeding his uncle as 709: 638: 320:

Deputies were mainly dispatched to the Estates from regions in which the

101:, with its final meeting on 8 August before it was prorogued by Mayenne. 948:

were open to the idea of inheritance being derived through the Infanta.

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deputies present, among them Edouard Molé, Le Maistre and Du Vair. Even

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had installed their present dynasty on the throne with the overthrow of

693: 497: 488:. Of these only a handful survive, three for the Third Estate (Troyes, 89:, and when this was received poorly proposing instead a French prince, 755:, as he was known to support toleration. Therefore, the king selected 117: 547: 535:

took it as a given that Protestantism would be extirpated in France.

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movement, which controlled Paris and many other cities. The Catholic

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as the aristocratic and bourgeois elements that composed it frayed.

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clergy prayed for the safety of the delegates on the road to Paris.

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and were successful in arranging a ten-day truce. Representing the

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The Estates of 1593 would be subject to a famous vicious satire,

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were illegitimate and they should be ruled by the English crown.

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Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe

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On 29 April a delegation from the Estates met Henri's agents at

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was open to the possibility of being ruled by a foreign prince,

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had reformed in 1584 to oppose the succession to the throne of

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and Mayenne with an initial planned duration of three months.

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deputies be brought to the capital. By contrast in Champagne

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In attendance alongside the delegates was the Papal Legate

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On 26 January the Estates were opened at the Louvre in the

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entered the Paris region, marching on the royalist held

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belong to the First Estate comes from Auxerre. In their

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would be entrusted with providing them an armed escort.

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Mayenne was frustrated by the continued discord in the

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held secure authority. Therefore, from Guyenne only in

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Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century

846:, and to this end sought to undermine the bourgeois 685:that had granted the French throne to the English. 137:died, leaving the king's distant Protestant cousin 34:duke of Mayenne, lieutenant-general of the kingdom 771:a former favourite of Henri III and the royalist 461:such as Du Vair, Le Maistre, and Masparault, and 375:had been tasked with entering Bretagne to combat 72:The Estates assembled from the limited areas the 1195:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion 209:favoured himself for the role, while his nephew 883:for the cadet house of Lorraine descended from 457:The Third Estate deputies were divided between 519:created by the hated Henri III abolished. The 2293: 944:By contrast those delegates aligned with the 875:also had interest); the young duke of Guise, 359:Henri was vigorously campaigning against the 81:sort to impose the king of España's daughter 8: 1062:On 31 July 1593 a truce was reached between 734:governor of Rouen and future Admiral Villars 1921: 1596: 1177:Anti-Italianism in Sixteenth Century France 2300: 2286: 2278: 1482: 1363: 1351: 871:representing the house of Savoie (though 446:Among the Second Estate deputies was the 296:Mayenne was also under pressure from the 2268: 2232: 2196: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2062: 2050: 1969: 1778: 1751: 1704: 1692: 1657: 1579: 1550: 1407: 1395: 1378: 916:the daughter of the king of España, the 85:as the queen of France, proposing first 2256: 2220: 2172: 2157: 2074: 2012: 1993: 1957: 1945: 1906: 1894: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1807: 1766: 1736: 1719: 1642: 1630: 1615: 1470: 1458: 1281: 1262: 542:that we lack a record of, the diary of 153:to oppose his succession. The Catholic 2035: 1933: 1870: 1790: 1680: 1562: 1535: 1497: 1339: 1320: 1305: 1269: 1222:La Réforme, la Ligue, l'Édit de Nantes 1204:The French Wars of Religion, 1559-1598 1186:The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 367:was campaigning for him in Champagne, 2244: 2208: 2184: 2089: 1981: 1882: 1424: 1231:Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age 496:) and only one for the First Estate ( 7: 2106: 1512: 1441: 1293: 1034:Seventeenth Century portrait of the 751:Estates vetoed the participation of 601:In March, the new Spanish commander 281:and therefore the Spanish commander 157:settled on Navarre's Catholic uncle 668:Henri was naturally hostile to the 391:passing in the direction of Paris. 628:On 2 April the Spanish ambassador 14: 1242:. University of California Press. 1233:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 747:For the royalist delegation, the 52:. They proposed the candidacy of 429:Pellevé, the archbishop of Reims 170:without a king to oppose Henri. 265:Spanish governor of Nederland, 224:A small radical faction of the 24:palace at which the Estates met 1179:. University of Toronto Press. 1121:Baumgartner, Frederic (1986). 879:, Mayenne himself and his son 785:regime of Paris, known as the 433:Épinac, the archbishop of Lyon 272:There had been desires in the 50:the Protestant king of Navarre 1: 1188:. Cambridge University Press. 1157:Constant, Jean-Marie (1996). 1143:. Cambridge University Press. 1112:Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009). 994:re-secure the loyalty of the 603:the conde (count) de Mansfeld 1134:. Cornell University Press. 1041:The Spanish considered the 987:the Erzherzog of Österreich 213:was popular among Parisian 189:Among many elements of the 125:as king Charles X of France 87:the Austrian Archduke Ernst 2450: 1220:Mariéjol, Jean H. (1983). 1152:. Oxford University Press. 1130:Bernstein, Hilary (2004). 1002:, Du Vair and many of the 2313: 2308:Estates General of France 1193:Jouanna, Arlette (1998). 1006:deputies had walked out. 757:the archbishop of Bourges 630:the duque (duke) de Feria 371:was occupying Beauce and 2424:Estates General (France) 1170:. Yale University Press. 1166:Harding, Robert (1978). 1148:Carroll, Stuart (2011). 1139:Carroll, Stuart (2005). 591:the Cardianl de Piacenza 308:Election of the deputies 1238:Roelker, Nancy (1996). 1229:Pitts, Vincent (2012). 1202:Knecht, Robert (2010). 885:the first duke of Guise 820:Basilica of Saint-Denis 776:Jacques Auguste de Thou 742:governor of Paris Belin 722:the bishop of Avranches 683:Estates General of 1420 211:the young duke of Guise 203:of the kingdom for the 30:Estates General of 1593 20:1580s Engraving of the 1247:Salmon, J.H.M (1979). 1211:Konnert, Mark (2006). 1184:Holt, Mack P. (2005). 1175:Heller, Henry (2003). 1038: 1022:denounced the decree. 982: 920: 822: 718:the archbishop of Lyon 665: 625: 621:Ambassador of España, 574: 269: 186: 126: 105:Kingdom without a king 25: 1033: 977: 915: 881:the baron d'Aiguillon 814: 761:Pomponne de Bellièvre 753:the bishop of Le Mans 660: 620: 570: 450:governor of Orléans, 264: 252:Plans for convocation 181: 120: 64:without a king. Many 19: 1078:, which pleased the 861:the duke of Lorraine 765:Gaspard de Schomberg 643:Bertrand du Guesclin 365:the duke of Bouillon 83:known as the Infanta 1793:, pp. 268–269. 1251:. Metheun & Co. 877:the duke of Mercœur 869:the duke of Nemours 544:Pierre de l'Estoile 503:The sole surviving 465:Parisians from the 452:Claude de La Châtre 356:provided deputies. 234:Elisabeth de Valois 230:Felipe II of España 207:the duke of Mayenne 184:the duke of Mayenne 139:the king of Navarre 1100:Le Satyre Ménippée 1076:Tridentine Decrees 1070:Tridentine decrees 1039: 1009:Back in the Paris 983: 921: 873:the duke of Savoie 823: 666: 626: 575: 423:Estate composition 369:the duke of Nevers 270: 201:lieutenant-general 187: 129:In July 1584 king 127: 99:Tridentine Decrees 26: 2411: 2410: 653:Royalist response 623:the duke of Feria 283:the duca di Parma 279:Spanish Nederland 267:the duke of Parma 217:(leaguers). Many 145:who reformed the 143:the duke of Guise 91:the duke of Guise 2441: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2039: 2033: 2016: 2010: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1922:Baumgartner 1986 1919: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1755: 1749: 1740: 1734: 1723: 1717: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1619: 1613: 1600: 1597:Baumgartner 1986 1594: 1583: 1577: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1539: 1533: 1516: 1510: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1445: 1439: 1428: 1422: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1324: 1318: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1252: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1180: 1171: 1162: 1153: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1117: 936:of more solidly 889:Cardinal Bourbon 863:and his son the 647:Pedro of Castile 597:Spanish campaign 572:Cardinal Pellevé 435:were elected as 373:Jean VI d'Aumont 257:Abortive efforts 159:Cardinal Bourbon 123:Cardinal Bourbon 121:Medal featuring 54:Cardinal Bourbon 2449: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2309: 2306: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2096: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2019: 2011: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1743: 1735: 1726: 1718: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1664: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1622: 1614: 1603: 1595: 1586: 1578: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1542: 1534: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1496: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1448: 1440: 1431: 1423: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1385: 1377: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1327: 1319: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1183: 1174: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1108: 1089: 1072: 1028: 972: 954: 910: 865:marquis du Pont 857: 855:Noble claimants 840: 818:abjures at the 809: 706: 655: 615: 599: 579:salle des États 565: 563:Opening address 560: 482: 425: 408: 381:duke of Mercœur 363:in early 1593, 310: 259: 254: 176: 115: 107: 12: 11: 5: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2429:1593 in France 2426: 2416: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2274: 2273: 2271:, p. 404. 2261: 2259:, p. 237. 2249: 2247:, p. 177. 2237: 2235:, p. 419. 2225: 2223:, p. 244. 2213: 2211:, p. 171. 2201: 2199:, p. 415. 2189: 2187:, p. 121. 2177: 2175:, p. 413. 2162: 2160:, p. 552. 2147: 2145:, p. 421. 2135: 2133:, p. 417. 2123: 2121:, p. 412. 2111: 2109:, p. 151. 2094: 2092:, p. 170. 2079: 2077:, p. 406. 2067: 2065:, p. 419. 2055: 2053:, p. 413. 2040: 2038:, p. 269. 2017: 2015:, p. 298. 1998: 1996:, p. 543. 1986: 1984:, p. 169. 1974: 1972:, p. 420. 1962: 1960:, p. 382. 1950: 1948:, p. 381. 1938: 1936:, p. 270. 1926: 1924:, p. 177. 1911: 1909:, p. 407. 1899: 1897:, p. 546. 1887: 1885:, p. 168. 1875: 1860: 1858:, p. 541. 1848: 1846:, p. 241. 1836: 1834:, p. 340. 1824: 1822:, p. 540. 1812: 1810:, p. 542. 1795: 1783: 1781:, p. 407. 1771: 1769:, p. 404. 1756: 1754:, p. 406. 1741: 1739:, p. 539. 1724: 1722:, p. 297. 1709: 1707:, p. 409. 1697: 1695:, p. 408. 1685: 1683:, p. 268. 1662: 1660:, p. 405. 1647: 1645:, p. 403. 1635: 1633:, p. 402. 1620: 1618:, p. 379. 1601: 1599:, p. 176. 1584: 1582:, p. 407. 1567: 1565:, p. 264. 1555: 1553:, p. 403. 1540: 1538:, p. 267. 1517: 1515:, p. 131. 1502: 1500:, p. 243. 1487: 1485:, p. 237. 1483:Bernstein 2004 1475: 1463: 1461:, p. 380. 1446: 1444:, p. 150. 1429: 1427:, p. 167. 1412: 1410:, p. 401. 1400: 1398:, p. 402. 1383: 1381:, p. 406. 1368: 1366:, p. 232. 1364:Bernstein 2004 1356: 1354:, p. 233. 1352:Bernstein 2004 1344: 1325: 1310: 1298: 1296:, p. 140. 1286: 1284:, p. 243. 1274: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1163: 1154: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1118: 1107: 1104: 1088: 1085: 1071: 1068: 1027: 1024: 978:The Archduke, 971: 970:Austrian match 968: 953: 950: 934:Parlementaires 909: 906: 856: 853: 839: 836: 808: 805: 705: 702: 654: 651: 614: 613:Spanish speech 611: 598: 595: 564: 561: 559: 556: 481: 476: 471:Parlementaires 459:Parlementaires 424: 421: 407: 404: 309: 306: 258: 255: 253: 250: 175: 172: 114: 108: 106: 103: 36:for the rebel 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2446: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2270: 2269:Mariéjol 1983 2265: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233:Mariéjol 1983 2229: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197:Mariéjol 1983 2193: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:Constant 1996 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131:Constant 1996 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119:Mariéjol 1983 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2063:Constant 1996 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051:Mariéjol 1983 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970:Constant 1996 1966: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1873:, p. 80. 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779:Mariéjol 1983 1775: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Mariéjol 1983 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705:Constant 1996 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693:Constant 1996 1689: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658:Mariéjol 1983 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580:Constant 1996 1576: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1551:Mariéjol 1983 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1473:, p. 96. 1472: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Mariéjol 1983 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396:Mariéjol 1983 1392: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:Constant 1996 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1342:, p. 79. 1341: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1323:, p. 77. 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1308:, p. 76. 1307: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1272:, p. 67. 1271: 1266: 1263: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1224:. Tallandier. 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1036:duke of Guise 1032: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1004:Île de France 1001: 997: 996:Parlementaire 992: 988: 981: 976: 969: 967: 964: 960: 951: 949: 947: 942: 939: 935: 931: 930:Parlementaire 926: 919: 914: 907: 905: 901: 897: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 854: 852: 849: 845: 838:Fourth Estate 837: 835: 833: 829: 821: 817: 813: 806: 804: 802: 797: 795: 790: 788: 784: 779: 777: 774: 773:Parlementaire 770: 766: 762: 759:, chancellor 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 741: 735: 733: 727: 723: 719: 716:estates were 715: 711: 703: 701: 697: 695: 690: 686: 684: 680: 676: 671: 664: 661:Engraving of 659: 652: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 624: 619: 612: 610: 608: 604: 596: 594: 592: 587: 584: 580: 573: 569: 562: 557: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 529: 527: 522: 517: 512: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 480: 477: 475: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 422: 420: 418: 413: 405: 403: 401: 397: 396:Jean de Saulx 392: 388: 384: 382: 380: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 315: 307: 305: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 268: 263: 256: 251: 249: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 206: 202: 196: 192: 185: 182:Engraving of 180: 173: 171: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 150: 144: 140: 136: 132: 124: 119: 113: 109: 104: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 41: 35: 31: 23: 18: 2392: 2264: 2257:Konnert 2006 2252: 2240: 2228: 2221:Konnert 2006 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2173:Roelker 1996 2158:Babelon 2009 2138: 2126: 2114: 2075:Roelker 1996 2070: 2058: 2013:Carroll 2011 1994:Babelon 2009 1989: 1977: 1965: 1958:Jouanna 1998 1953: 1946:Jouanna 1998 1941: 1929: 1907:Roelker 1996 1902: 1895:Babelon 2009 1890: 1878: 1856:Babelon 2009 1851: 1844:Babelon 2009 1839: 1832:Roelker 1996 1827: 1820:Babelon 2009 1815: 1808:Babelon 2009 1786: 1774: 1767:Roelker 1996 1737:Babelon 2009 1720:Carroll 2011 1700: 1688: 1643:Roelker 1996 1638: 1631:Roelker 1996 1616:Jouanna 1998 1558: 1478: 1471:Harding 1978 1466: 1459:Jouanna 1998 1403: 1359: 1347: 1301: 1289: 1282:Carroll 2005 1277: 1265: 1248: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1206:. Routledge. 1203: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1079: 1073: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1008: 999: 995: 990: 984: 962: 958: 955: 945: 943: 937: 933: 929: 922: 902: 898: 892: 858: 847: 843: 841: 831: 824: 800: 798: 793: 791: 786: 782: 780: 772: 748: 746: 739: 731: 713: 707: 698: 691: 687: 674: 669: 667: 634: 627: 600: 588: 582: 578: 576: 539: 537: 532: 530: 520: 515: 513: 508: 504: 502: 485: 483: 478: 470: 466: 462: 458: 456: 447: 445: 440: 436: 426: 416: 409: 399: 393: 389: 385: 378: 360: 358: 333: 321: 319: 313: 311: 301: 297: 295: 290: 286: 273: 271: 244: 243:The leading 242: 225: 223: 218: 214: 204: 200: 194: 190: 188: 167: 162: 154: 148: 128: 111: 94: 78: 73: 71: 65: 61: 57: 45: 39: 29: 27: 2434:1593 in law 2036:Salmon 1979 1934:Salmon 1979 1871:Knecht 2010 1791:Salmon 1979 1681:Salmon 1979 1563:Salmon 1979 1536:Salmon 1979 1498:Salmon 1979 1340:Knecht 2010 1321:Knecht 2010 1306:Knecht 2010 1270:Knecht 2010 1197:. Bouquins. 1026:Guise match 828:Saint-Denis 769:Rambouillet 639:king Clovis 238:the Infanta 131:Henri III's 2418:Categories 2245:Pitts 2012 2209:Pitts 2012 2185:Pitts 2012 2090:Pitts 2012 1982:Pitts 2012 1883:Pitts 2012 1425:Pitts 2012 1257:References 1215:. Ashgate. 1043:Parlements 834:movement. 807:Conversion 558:In session 437:présidents 312:The local 174:Candidates 2378:1560-1561 2318:1302-1303 2107:Holt 2005 1513:Holt 2005 1442:Holt 2005 1294:Holt 2005 1161:. Fayard. 1116:. Fayard. 1015:Parlement 1011:Parlement 998:moderate 925:Salic Law 781:When the 679:D'Aubigné 552:Abbeville 526:Louis XII 443:in view. 330:Périgueux 302:Parlement 298:Parlement 147:Catholic 110:Catholic 95:Parlement 38:Catholic 1159:La Ligue 1114:Henri IV 1000:ligueurs 816:Henri IV 726:Villeroy 710:Suresnes 675:ligueurs 663:Henri IV 354:Mézières 342:Chaumont 215:ligueurs 151:(league) 133:brother 42:(league) 1106:Sources 1080:ligueur 1048:ligueur 952:Bribery 938:ligueur 918:Infanta 908:Infanta 893:ligueur 832:ligueur 783:ligueur 749:ligueur 740:ligueur 732:ligueur 714:ligueur 704:Suresne 694:Venezia 670:ligueur 540:cahiers 538:Of the 533:cahiers 521:cahiers 516:cahiers 509:cahiers 505:cahiers 498:Auxerre 486:cahiers 479:Cahiers 463:ligueur 448:ligueur 441:ligueur 406:Turnout 400:Ligueur 379:ligueur 334:ligueur 291:ligueur 274:ligueur 245:ligueur 219:ligueur 135:Alençon 66:ligueur 58:ligueur 1087:Legacy 959:livres 801:ligues 548:Amiens 338:Troyes 332:could 326:Poitou 22:Louvre 1093:ligue 1064:Henri 1052:Dreux 1020:Seize 991:Seize 980:Ernst 946:Seize 848:ligue 844:ligue 794:Seize 787:Seize 635:ligue 607:Noyon 583:ligue 494:Rouen 490:Reims 467:Seize 417:ligue 361:ligue 350:Meaux 322:ligue 314:ligue 287:ligue 226:ligue 205:ligue 195:ligue 191:ligue 168:ligue 163:ligue 155:ligue 149:ligue 112:Ligue 79:ligue 74:ligue 62:ligue 46:ligue 40:ligue 2403:1789 2398:1614 2393:1593 2388:1588 2383:1576 2373:1484 2368:1468 2363:1439 2358:1420 2353:1357 2348:1356 2343:1355 2338:1317 2333:1314 2328:1312 2323:1308 963:écus 738:the 730:the 550:and 531:All 514:The 492:and 431:and 412:1588 377:the 352:and 346:Sens 328:and 199:the 28:The 500:). 2420:: 2165:^ 2150:^ 2097:^ 2082:^ 2043:^ 2020:^ 2001:^ 1914:^ 1863:^ 1798:^ 1759:^ 1744:^ 1727:^ 1712:^ 1665:^ 1650:^ 1623:^ 1604:^ 1587:^ 1570:^ 1543:^ 1520:^ 1505:^ 1490:^ 1449:^ 1432:^ 1415:^ 1386:^ 1371:^ 1328:^ 1313:^ 867:; 778:. 767:, 763:, 744:. 736:, 728:, 720:, 454:. 348:, 344:, 340:, 240:. 236:, 197:. 2301:e 2294:t 2287:v 1125:.

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