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be unpopular. The conservatives were also divided into three factions: the
Santanistas, named after supporters of Santa Anna, wanted a more authoritarian government as had exited during the dictatorship of Santa Anna from 1853 to 1855, the Zuloaguistas wanted to retain Zuloaga, and the Fusionists wanted to compromise with the liberals. The Zuloaga government was also struggling to find funds, the contributions of the clergy, forced loans, and increased tariffs not being sufficient to sustain government expenses. The seizure of property was irritating both citizens and foreigners.
292:
unprecedented reforms aimed against the army and the church. Most notable was the opposition to the constitutional codification of the Ley Lerdo, a law which forced collective entities to forcibly sell their properties, affecting both the
Catholic Church, and Mexico's Indigenous communities, who had a tradition of farming on communal lands. Further controversy was inflamed when the government mandated that all civil servants swear an oath to the constitution or lose their jobs. Many Catholics did refuse the oath, but those who did not were excommunicated.
1609:
280:
371:
333:
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control of the government was to be entrusted to
Ignacio Comonfort who was to convoke within three months another constitutional congress for framing another constitution more in line with the national will, to be submitted to a national plebiscite and in the event of its non acceptance to be returned to the congress for an amendment. The president was tso rule with a consultative council composed of one representative from each state.
349:
360:
52:
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Tacubaya, convincing
Comonfor that his new government's position was precarious. Comonfort would resign, passing the presidency over to Benito Juarez whom Comonfort had also released. He gathered his loyal troops and engaged in skirmishes with the Zuloaga government, but most of the loyal garrison eventually abandoned Comonfort, leading him to flee the capital, and eventually the nation.
308:
383:
the junta met in the senate chambers and Felix
Zuloaga was chosen by twenty six votes, one vote going to Santa Anna, and one vote going to General Echeagaray. The junta then drafted an oath of office, which Zuloaga read the following day, promising to uphold and protect, independence, religion, and unity between all Mexicans, echoing the promises made in the Plan of Iguala.
320:
were arrested. The ayuntamiento of Mexico City was also dissolved. On 19 December, Comonfort officially announced that he had accepted the Plan of
Tacubaya. He released a manifesto explaining his motives, expounding that he viewed the Plan of Tacubaya as an opportunity for a moderate compromise and viewing the alternative as anarchy.
543:
208:
return during the Second
Mexican Empire, but unlike many of his conservative colleagues, Zuloaga played no political or military role within the Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 1867, Zuloaga was exiled to Cuba and returned to civilian life, eventually returning to Mexico, where he lived until his death in 1895.
467:
The conservatives kept achieving victory and on July 24, Miramon captured
Guanajuato. Some moderate liberals now wished to compromise with the conservatives. On 29 September, the conservatives won a significant victory at Ahuahulco against Santigo Vidaurri. By October, 1858, the conservatives were at
382:
After triumphing in the minor skirmish with
Comonfort, Zuloaga on January 21, published a manifesto promising order in the capital. He then named the individuals who had been chosen to be a part of the junta that was meant to choose the new head of state according to the Plan of Tacubaya. On the 22nd
265:
In July 1848, he retired to
Chihuahua where he was elected alderman in 1852 and remained in that post until March, 1853 when he returned to service in the military. In November he was promoted to colonel and was named president of the council of war for judging thieves at which post he remained for a
479:
A modified form of the Ayotla Plan was proclaimed by Manuel Robles Pezula on 23 December, and found some military support in the capital. Zuloaga offered to resign if the objection was to him personally, but would not assent if the plan was meant to overthrow his conservative principles. Miramon was
463:
In July 1858, the failure of achieving a final victory over the liberals led to a shuffling of the cabinet. Joaquin Castillo y Lanzas was named Minister of Relations. Fernandez de Jauregui was made Minister of Government, Javier Miranda was made Minister of Justice, J. M. Garcia was made Minister of
455:
Despite his significant victories in the first few months of the war, the Zuloaga government's position was far from entirely secure. An attempt to revive the unitary organization of the country by reducing the states to departments as they existed during the Centralist Republic of Mexico, proved to
393:
On 28 January, a decree was published nullifying the Ley Lerdo, and calling for the property which had been seized by the church to be returned. Other decrees published on the same day restored to their former employment all civil servants who had lost their jobs in refusing to swear an oath to the
323:
Seventy deputies reassembled in Querétaro and aired their protests. A council of state was installed on 25 December in which skeptical voices opined that it was impossible to bring about the reconciliating that Comonfort sought. On 30 December, the strategic state of Vera Cruz abandoned the Plan of
475:
On 20 December 1858, about a year since he first came to power, Zuloaga had to face a pronunciamiento against himself. Echeagaray pronounced at Ayutla with a plan to summon a congress to frame a constitution suitable for the nation. Zuloaga passed measures to put down the revolt, assuming personal
471:
In early November, Zuloaga's minister of Government Jarequi offered to resign but it was not accepted. The liberals then took Guadalajara causing alarm in Mexico City. Zulaoga was holding frequent conferences with the British and French foreign representatives, and the two powers showed themselves
319:
On 17 December, congress made a solemn protest against the Plan of Tacubaya, and declared the Comonfort's authority had now come to an end. Zuloaga's brigade occupied the capital and dissolved the congress. Benito Juarez, president of the Supreme Court and Isidoro Olvera, president of the congress
188:
Zuloaga's forces quickly gained control over the capital, and the central states of the nation, winning every major engagement during the first year of the war, and even temporarily capturing Juarez and his entire cabinet, but in the end, the liberals were not decisively defeated, still controlled
451:
The conservatives controlled the most populous cities of the republic, and the liberal capital of Vera Cruz was cut off from the interior of the country. The liberals however still had the loyalty of significant parts of the north and the south of the country. Juarez was determined to sustain the
389:
On the 24th, Zuloaga named his ministers. Luis Gonazaga Cueva was made Minister of the Interior, Hilario Elguero was made Ministry of Government, Manuel Larrainzar was made Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, and Jose de la Parra was made Minister of War, and Jose Hierro Maldonado was
295:
Zuloaga was initially loyal to the moderate liberal government of Ignacio Comonfort. He helped command a government effort to put down a conservative rebellion in Puebla. As tensions over the constitution rose, Comonfort left the capital and temporarily resided in Tacubaya where his defenses were
315:
The suspicion was well placed as Zuloaga was plotting with conservative conspirators. After coming to an arrangement with certain governors, the conspirators in a suburb of Mexico City declared the Plan of Tacubaya on the morning of December 17 to set aside the national constitution. The supreme
483:
As loyal troops kept defecting, Zuloaga resigned before midnight and sought asylum with the British legation in spite of the insurgents promises to keep Zuloaga unharmed. The Plan of Ayotla was actually an offshoot of the aforementioned fusionist party, a moderate faction, which did not seek to
207:
Zuloaga remained somewhat active in Miramon's government but eventually retired from the scene. He emerged after the war ended to claim the presidency while conservative guerillas were still active in the countryside, but this came to nothing, and Zuloaga subsequently left the country. He would
499:
Miramon would go on to wage the war energetically and make two attempts to capture Juarez's capital at Vera Cruz. His second attempt in March 1860, would see his naval forces intercepted by the U.S. navy which was protecting Juarez. Liberal victories then accumulated until Juarez took back the
291:
ascended to the presidency in December, 1856, and proceeded to administer over one of the most eventful presidencies in 19th century Mexican history. A convention finished drafting a new constitution for the nation in early 1857, only to encounter extreme opposition from conservatives over its
270:
protected him from being sent to a firing squad and actually recruited him to join the liberal cause. When the Plan of Ayutla triumphed, and Santa Anna's dictatorship was overthrown, Zuloaga was given command of Comonfort's forces and assigned to the campaign of Sierra de Querétaro.
487:
Robles Pezuela sent commissioners out to gain adherence to his plan, and began to assemble a junta of representatives ignoring, however the conservative hero Miguel Miramon, upsetting conservative hardliners. Robles, however eventually conceded in granting Miramon representation.
495:
Meanwhile, Zuloaga had taken back his previous resignation, but due to the circumstances, agreed to officially pass on the presidency to Miramon on 31 January 1859. To keep him from changing his mind, Miramon had him sent to the interior. Zuloaga then left the government.
508:
It was amidst this situation, with conservative forces still active, that Zuloaga once more publicly emerged in 1861, once more claiming the presidency, but to no effect. He left the country again the following year. He returned to Mexico in August 1864, during the
428:
dissuaded the hostile soldiers from shooting Juarez. As rival factions struggled to control the city, Juarez and other liberal prisoners were released on agreement after which Guadalajara was fully captured by conservatives by the end of March. Juarez now made
397:
States were declaring their loyalty to either Juarez or Zuloaga and their respective armies were preparing for war. After hostilities broke out Zuloaga, knowing the strategic importance of Veracruz, tried to win over the governor of the state,
491:
The Junta assembled on 30 December 1858, and proceeded to elect a president. Miramon won with 50 votes against Robles' 46, though the latter was authorized to act as provisional president until Miramon arrived in the capital.
484:
abandon conservative principles, but did seek an end to the war by seeking compromise with the liberals. Manuel Robles Pezuela arrived at the national palace on the morning of 24 December, when he assumed the presidency.
459:
The Plan of Tacubaya had called for a congress to be summoned in order to draft a constitution, but this was proving to be impractical in the middle of the war. Zuloaga's cabinet drafted a provisional constitution.
266:
few months. In the following two years he served the Santa Anna's campaign against the liberal revolutionaries of the south led by Juan Alvarez. He fell prisoner at the Hacienda de Nuzco, and the rebel commander
476:
command of the forces at the capital, and forbidding all interaction with the rebels. He passed a manifesto condemning Echeagaray who was stripped of his post in the army. Manuel Doblado was also arrested.
242:
hostage in order to try and overthrow the government and restore the Constitution of 1824. The following year he joined the Bases of Tacubaya which intended to revise the then current constitution, the
1683:
464:
War, Pedro Jorrin was made Minister of the Treasury, and Jose M. Zaldivar was made Minister of Development. A law against conspirators was passed along with restrictions on the press.
448:
was captured by the conservatives on 12 September. Vidaurri was defeated at the Battle of Ahualulco on 29 September. By October the conservatives were at the height of their strength.
394:
constitution of 1857, and also nullified the Ley Juarez. On 31 January, President Zuloaga directed a letter to Pope Pius IX reaffirming his country's adherence to the Catholic faith.
181:
in early 1860, a war which would see him elevated to the presidency of the nation. President Zuloaga was unrecognized by and fought against the liberals supporters of President
424:
Juarez at this point was in Guadalajara, when part of the army there mutinied and imprisoned him, at one point threatening his life, until fellow liberal minister and prisoner
472:
disposed to help blockade Juarez. Juarez, however had long gained the good will of the United States, whose minister Forsyth had refused to recognize Zuloaga's government.
1738:
576:
1238:
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On 8 October 1834, he received the rank of colonel of the national guard and was engaged in campaigns against Indians until 1837, when he left the department of
262:, he was in charge of fortifications in Monterey and in Saltillo, and in 1847 contributed to setting up the defenses on the route from Veracruz to Mexico City.
204:
as president. The ousted Zuloaga, still clinging to his claims of the presidency, endorsed Miramon's election and officially passed the presidency on to him.
1733:
1211:
1728:
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The newly established conservative government was recognized by the foreign diplomatic corps at the capital with the exception of the United States.
513:, but no longer played any role in politics. He survived the fall of the Empire but was exiled to Cuba, returning to his country after the death of
1333:
1206:
452:
conflict, entrenched in the strategic port of Vera Cruz, which the conservatives did not have the forces to carry out a naval blockade of.
1231:
409:, who however affirmed his support for the government of Juarez. In the meantime liberal forces in the north were being organized by
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then ascended to the presidency. The liberal government rejected all offers of compromise, and the conservatives then elected
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1348:
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However, by December, Zuloaga was among those being suspected of plotting against the government, and he was even indicted.
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capital in January 1861, though conservative guerilla's most notably Leonardo Marquez remained active in the countryside.
390:
made Minister of Development. Zuloaga then named a council of government made up of two representatives from each state.
196:
In December 1858, a moderate faction of the conservatives overthrew Zuloaga, hoping to come to a compromise with Juarez.
1419:
1373:
162:
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led a liberal coalition in the interior headquartered in the town of Celaya. On 10 March 1858, the liberals lost the
378:
one of the leading Conservative Generals during the Reform War, later to replace Zuloaga as Conservative president.
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1406:
1723:
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1343:
1288:
404:
177:(1813–1898) was a Mexican conservative general and politician who played a key role in the outbreak of the
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1358:
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large parts of the nation's periphery, and Juarez remained securely entrenched in the strategic port of
92:
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1323:
1278:
239:
235:
1621:
1562:
1509:
1489:
1469:
1449:
1308:
64:
1258:
434:
366:, the moderate Conservative who overthrew Zuloaga in an attempt to compromise with the Liberals.
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341:
247:. He was promoted to captain on 5 November 1841 and fought in Yucatán as part of the
182:
51:
20:
433:
the head of his armies, and then decided to head towards Veracruz, embarking from
238:, during which a group of militants seized the National Palace and took President
1577:
244:
307:
524:
441:
178:
248:
128:
217:
120:
190:
1216:
252:
24:
231:, having previously been granted the rank of lieutenant of engineers.
221:
152:
124:
421:, which opened up the interior of the country to the conservatives.
369:
358:
347:
1220:
607:, 1964. Other sources give his birth date as March 31, 1803.
437:, crossing Panama, and arriving in Veracruz on May 4, 1858.
311:
The Plan of Tacubaya as it was published and distributed.
634:
632:
630:
628:
517:. Zuloaga became a tobacco merchant, living until 1895.
579:(in Spanish). Comisión del Bicentenario. Archived from
355:
Liberal commander of the North, during the Reform War.
1212:
An 1860 New York Times report on Zuloaga's activities
1139:
1137:
1121:
1119:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1008:
1006:
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971:
955:
953:
742:
740:
158:
148:
134:
107:
102:
86:
62:
42:
1684:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico
480:offered command of the plan, but he rejected it.
255:and was granted the rank of lieutenant colonel.
31: and the second or maternal family name is
605:Diccionario biográfico y de historia de México
1232:
658:(in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 533.
643:(in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 532.
8:
344:in Guadalajara during the Zuloaga presidency
856:(in Spanish). JF Parres. pp. 737–738–.
216:Felix Zuloaga was born on 31 March 1803 in
82:11 January 1858 – 24 December 1858
16:Mexican conservative general and politician
1239:
1225:
1217:
1181:, v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
811:(in Spanish). JF Parres. pp. 734–735.
50:
39:
1188:. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985,
1112:(in Spanish). Perez Dubrull. p. 358.
946:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 747–748.
916:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 732–734.
826:(in Spanish). Perez Dubrull. p. 356.
781:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 726–727.
621:(in Spanish). Perez Dubrull. p. 358.
331:
306:
278:
1739:19th-century Mexican military personnel
568:
1108:Arrangoiz, Francisco de Paula (1872).
822:Arrangoiz, Francisco de Paula (1872).
617:Arrangoiz, Francisco de Paula (1872).
600:
598:
234:He defended the government during the
901:(in Spanish). JF Parres. p. 748.
886:(in Spanish). JF Parres. p. 740.
871:(in Spanish). JF Parres. p. 738.
841:(in Spanish). JF Parres. p. 737.
796:(in Spanish). JF Parres. p. 730.
7:
1148:. The Bancroft Company. p. 753.
1130:. The Bancroft Company. p. 751.
1110:Mexico Desde 1808 Hasta 1867 Tomo II
1097:. The Bancroft Company. p. 750.
1077:. The Bancroft Company. p. 746.
1062:. The Bancroft Company. p. 749.
1047:. The Bancroft Company. p. 748.
1032:. The Bancroft Company. p. 747.
1017:. The Bancroft Company. p. 745.
999:. The Bancroft Company. p. 742.
984:. The Bancroft Company. p. 744.
964:. The Bancroft Company. p. 743.
944:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
931:. The Bancroft Company. p. 736.
929:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
914:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
824:Mexico Desde 1808 Hasta 1867 Tomo II
766:. The Bancroft Company. p. 726.
751:. The Bancroft Company. p. 725.
733:. The Bancroft Company. p. 724.
718:. The Bancroft Company. p. 723.
703:. The Bancroft Company. p. 722.
688:. The Bancroft Company. p. 711.
673:. The Bancroft Company. p. 701.
619:Mexico Desde 1808 Hasta 1867 Tomo II
656:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
641:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
14:
1734:19th-century presidents of Mexico
1729:19th-century Mexican politicians
1607:
1207:Elbalero.gob.mx: Short biography
557:List of heads of state of Mexico
541:
527:
1144:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1126:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1093:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1073:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1058:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1043:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1028:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1013:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
995:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
980:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
960:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
942:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
927:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
912:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
777:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
762:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
747:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
729:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
714:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
699:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
684:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
669:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
654:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
639:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
468:the height of their strength.
1:
440:On 24 July, Miramon captured
1166:, v. 14. Mexico City, 1996,
23:, the first or paternal
1593:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
1319:Francisco Javier Echeverría
1299:Antonio López de Santa Anna
899:Historia de Mexico Tomo XIV
884:Historia de Mexico Tomo XIV
869:Historia de Mexico Tomo XIV
854:Historia de Mexico Tomo XIV
839:Historia de Mexico Tomo XIV
809:Historia de Mexico Tomo XIV
794:Historia de Mexico Tomo XIV
1755:
1445:Francisco León de la Barra
1184:Orozco Linares, Fernando,
1146:History of Mexico Volume V
1128:History of Mexico Volume V
1095:History of Mexico Volume V
1075:History of Mexico Volume V
1060:History of Mexico Volume V
1045:History of Mexico Volume V
1030:History of Mexico Volume V
1015:History of Mexico Volume V
997:History of Mexico Volume V
982:History of Mexico Volume V
962:History of Mexico Volume V
779:History of Mexico Volume V
764:History of Mexico Volume V
749:History of Mexico Volume V
731:History of Mexico Volume V
716:History of Mexico Volume V
701:History of Mexico Volume V
686:History of Mexico Volume V
671:History of Mexico Volume V
251:, after which he moved to
175:Félix María Zuloaga Trillo
18:
1616:
1605:
1568:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1420:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
1254:
897:Zamacois, Niceto (1880).
882:Zamacois, Niceto (1880).
867:Zamacois, Niceto (1880).
852:Zamacois, Niceto (1880).
837:Zamacois, Niceto (1880).
807:Zamacois, Niceto (1880).
792:Zamacois, Niceto (1880).
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1179:México y sus gobernantes
1162:"Zuloaga, Félix María",
287:Zuloaga's old commander
1485:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
1364:Manuel María Lombardini
1329:José Joaquín de Herrera
1679:Conservatism in Mexico
1440:Manuel González Flores
1359:Juan Bautista Ceballos
1177:García Puron, Manuel,
1164:Enciclopedia de México
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296:commanded by Zuloaga.
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1500:Plutarco Elías Calles
1465:Francisco S. Carvajal
1397:Manuel Robles Pezuela
1294:Valentín Gómez Farías
1186:Gobernantes de México
577:"Félix María Zuloaga"
511:Second Mexican Empire
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364:Manuel Robles Pezuela
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198:Manuel Robles Pezuela
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1659:Presidents of Mexico
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1533:Miguel Alemán Valdés
1528:Manuel Ávila Camacho
1480:Roque González Garza
1379:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
1344:Pedro María de Anaya
1289:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
1279:Anastasio Bustamante
1269:José María Bocanegra
1248:Presidents of Mexico
260:Mexican–American War
240:Anastasio Bustamante
1622:President of Mexico
1563:Miguel de la Madrid
1558:José López Portillo
1543:Adolfo López Mateos
1510:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
1490:Adolfo de la Huerta
1470:Venustiano Carranza
1450:Francisco I. Madero
1425:José María Iglesias
1392:Félix María Zuloaga
419:Battle of Salamanca
340:saving the life of
65:President of Mexico
44:Félix María Zuloaga
1689:People from Álamos
1588:Enrique Peña Nieto
1548:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
1407:José Ignacio Pavón
1339:José Mariano Salas
1259:Guadalupe Victoria
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1600:(President-elect)
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1505:Emilio Portes Gil
1475:Eulalio Gutiérrez
1460:Victoriano Huerta
1384:Ignacio Comonfort
1349:Manuel de la Peña
1324:Valentín Canalizo
411:Santiago Vidaurri
353:Santiago Vidaurri
289:Ignacio Comonfort
268:Ignacio Comonfort
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431:Santos Degollado
426:Guillermo Prieto
408:
400:Gutierrez Zamora
342:President Juarez
338:Guillermo Prieto
303:Plan of Tacubaya
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138:11 February 1898
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103:Personal details
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70:Plan of Tacubaya
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1699:1860s in Mexico
1694:1850s in Mexico
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1583:Felipe Calderón
1573:Ernesto Zedillo
1553:Luis Echeverría
1523:Lázaro Cárdenas
1519:
1455:Pedro Lascuráin
1411:
1388:
1334:Mariano Paredes
1304:Miguel Barragán
1284:Melchor Múzquiz
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1157:Further reading
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535:Mexico portal
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585:. Retrieved
581:the original
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163:Conservative
140:(1898-02-11)
88:Succeeded by
77:
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
1674:1898 deaths
1669:1813 births
1578:Vicente Fox
1374:Rómulo Díaz
1274:Pedro Vélez
587:4 September
403: [
258:During the
245:Siete Leyes
149:Nationality
144:Mexico City
1653:Categories
563:References
504:Later life
442:Guanajuato
435:Manzanillo
328:Presidency
275:La Reforma
249:Caste Wars
212:Early life
179:Reform War
114:1813-03-31
229:Chihuahua
129:New Spain
78:In office
521:See also
374:General
191:Veracruz
19:In this
253:Tabasco
153:Mexican
68:by the
29:Zuloaga
25:surname
1637:Regent
1192:
1170:
444:, and
413:while
222:Sonora
218:Álamos
125:Sonora
121:Álamos
33:Trillo
407:]
63:27th
1190:ISBN
1168:ISBN
589:2009
135:Died
108:Born
27:is
1655::
1136:^
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739:^
627:^
597:^
405:es
224:.
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127:,
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1635:(
1629:)
1625:(
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116:)
112:(
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
