321:, eutrophication, urbanization, water oil extraction causing changes in the ecosystem that leads to animal migration or evading new surroundings. Third, is anthropogenic hybridization, which is "artificial or human-led hybridization" is supported for researchers to study "reproductive compatibility between species". Lastly, visual, chemical, and acoustic interferences cues are what causes species to signal sexual cues by differentiating between the same and opposite-sex leading to hybridization.
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In contrast, the limitations can be due to genetic extinction and/or outbreeding depression. Dubey explains that genetic extinction can be caused by "hybrid swarms" noting the various degrees of hybrids. Outbreeding depression is the "cross between genetically distant populations" causing hybrids to
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Small population size can be caused by inadequate or obliterated natural habitats that lead to species escaping to other habitats and as a result, this may lead to lesser mate availability and can cause breeding between distinct species. Habitat fragmentation and species introduction can be man-made
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The advantages of species hybridization are 1.) evolution of new interspecific breed, 2.) hybrid vigour, and 3.) enhanced longevity and immunity to diseases (Dubey, A. 2019). Dubey explains each as follows: 1.) A new interspecific breed is due to the mating of two distinguished species. 2.) Hybrid
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The main advantage of F1 hybrids in agriculture is also their drawback. When F1 cultivars are used as parents, their offspring (F2 generation) vary greatly from one another. Some F2s are high in homozygous genes, as found in their grandparents, and these will lack hybrid vigour. From the point of
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F2 hybrids, the result of self or cross-pollination of F1s, lack the consistency of F1s, though they may retain some desirable traits and can be produced more cheaply because hand pollination or other interventions are not required. Some seed companies offer F2 seed at less cost, particularly in
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of breeding stock with desired characteristics are subjected to inbreeding until the homozygosity of the population exceeds a certain level, usually 90% or more. Typically, this requires more than 10 generations. Thereafter, the two strains must be crossed, while avoiding
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Both inbreeding and crossing the ancestral lines of the hybrid are costly, because of the time and number of generations involved, which translates into a much higher price. Not all crop species exhibit a sufficiently high heterosis effect to offset this
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and selection for uniformity for multiple generations ensures that the parent lines are almost homozygous. The divergence between the (two) parent lines promotes improved growth and yield characteristics in offspring through the phenomenon of
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Homogeneity and predictability: The genes of an individual plant or animal F1 offspring of homozygous pure lines display limited variation, making their phenotype uniform, so attractive for mechanical operations and easing fine
350:, having two different versions of this allele amounts to having two different versions of the enzyme. This increases the likelihood of an optimal version of the enzyme being present and reduces the likelihood of a
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with a combination of characteristics from the parents. In fish breeding, those parents frequently are two closely related fish species, while in plant and animal breeding, the parents often are two
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vigour is defined as a species becoming sturdier, more dynamic, and stronger than the parents. Lastly, 3.) Hybrids can have improved longevity and are "highly immune to diseases" (Dubey, A. 2019).
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F1 hybrids mature at the same time when raised under the same environmental conditions. They all ripen simultaneously and can be more easily harvested by machine. Traditional cultivars and
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For mass production of F1 hybrids with uniform phenotype, the parent plants must have predictable genetic effects on the offspring.
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As explained in the
International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, there are four reasons for species hybridizations:
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F1 crosses in animals can be between two inbred lines or between two closely related species or subspecies. In fish such as
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are often more useful to gardeners because they crop over a longer period of time, avoiding gluts or food shortages.
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planted in the United States were F1 hybrids. Beans and peas are not commercially hybridized because they are
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Genetics and eugenics: a text-book for students of biology and a reference book for animal and plant breeders
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and consistent. The offspring showed a combination of the phenotypes from each parent that were genetically
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management. Once the characteristics of the cross are known, repeating this cross yields the same result.
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derived from two-parent cultivars. These F1 hybrids are usually created by means of controlled
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The offspring of distinctly different parental types produce a new, uniform
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of offspring of distinctly different parental types. F1 hybrids are used in
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Growing from Seed (The Seed
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Today, certain domesticated–wild hybrid breeds, such as the
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may be used. The term is sometimes written with a subscript, as
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reduce fit and isolation leading to reduced reproduction.
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who does not wish customers to produce their own seed via
661:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
549:"Guide to selecting and breeding high quality cichlids"
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First-generation hybrid (or crossbreed) animal or plant
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Crossing two genetically different plants produces a
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317:or caused by mother nature such as deforestation,
490:William Ernest Castle and Gregor Mendel (1922).
436:Marschall S. Runge; Cam Patterson, eds. (2006).
463:Peter Abramoff and Robert G. Thomson (1994).
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312:Visual, chemical, and acoustic interferences
108:experiments involving two true-breeding, or
278:(jacks); the opposite sex cross results in
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196:("hybrid vigour" or "combining ability").
645:"Inbreeding Depression and Hybrid Vigor"
658:Seeds: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1961
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164:is usually reserved for agricultural
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496:. Harvard University Press. p.
61:. Subsequent generations are called
527:"F2 and open-pollinated varieties"
466:Laboratory Outlines in Biology--VI
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342:code for different versions of a
439:Principles of Molecular Medicine
381:is the desired characteristic.
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643:Richard A. Grazzini (1997).
612:Grabenstein and Taylor, 2018
603:Grabenstein and Taylor, 2018
563:"What is a F1 Savannah cat?"
442:. Humana Press. p. 58.
338:Higher performance: As most
309:Anthropogenic hybridization
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525:Lawrence D. Hills (1987).
469:. Macmillan. p. 497.
649:Genetics for Seed Savers
306:and species introduction
124:Production of F1 hybrids
270:are F1 hybrids between
92:focused on patterns of
702:Pollination management
37:) is the first filial
567:www.f2savannahcat.com
551:. bigskycichlids.com.
369:view of a commercial
304:Habitat fragmentation
300:Small population size
237:automatic pollinators
211:In 1960, 99% of all
180:such as tomato and
697:Plant reproduction
692:Classical genetics
379:genetic assortment
206:self-fertilization
47:selective breeding
502:Filial subscript.
476:978-0-7167-2633-3
449:978-1-58829-202-5
414:("hybrid vigour")
106:cross-pollination
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375:seed saving
201:populations
170:pollination
160:, the term
94:inheritance
681:Categories
669:2013-09-05
572:2024-05-24
424:References
333:population
325:Advantages
287:Bengal cat
256:In animals
243:F2 hybrids
225:sunflowers
217:sugar beet
189:Inbreeding
142:peppermint
110:homozygous
100:basis for
39:generation
412:Heterosis
390:landraces
227:, 62% of
223:, 80% of
219:, 80% of
215:, 95% of
194:heterosis
166:cultivars
162:F1 hybrid
154:spearmint
150:watermint
129:In plants
104:. In his
102:variation
80:phenotype
45:, and in
31:F1 hybrid
707:Breeding
687:Agronomy
401:See also
289:and the
262:cichlids
229:broccoli
158:agronomy
118:dominant
96:and the
43:genetics
377:, this
344:protein
340:alleles
280:hinnies
276:donkeys
221:spinach
146:sterile
98:genetic
75:, etc.
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348:enzyme
272:horses
233:onions
176:. For
156:). In
135:hybrid
59:hybrid
268:Mules
182:maize
144:is a
537:(2).
471:ISBN
444:ISBN
213:corn
199:Two
152:and
138:seed
498:101
346:or
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