Furiiru people - Knowledge (XXG)

1786:"With us, the main tribes or socio-political communities are called, I quote in alphabetical order: Bahavu, Bahunde, Banande, Banyanga, Barega, Bashi, Batembo. The Banyarwanda (Hutus and Tutsis), at least those who were, those who no longer want this title and those who still identify with this term, will want to understand that, in their case, the notion of "tribe" that they give themselves when they declare themselves Hutu and Tutsi cannot be understood in the same sense as that of the other communities mentioned above. Indeed, unlike that of the Hutus and Tutsis, the Havu, Hunde, Nande, Nyanga and Tembo communities each have their "Mwami" and their "Balu" or "Vakama", who are respectively their heads of state and leading executives in the precolonial context. These communities have their traditional values which are based on their languages, their territories, their customs and their own family, matrimonial, cultural, economic, political and religious organizations. For the case of Hutus and Tutsis, after 23 years already spent in this diocese, I am not able to say the same; how does each of these two Hutu and Tutsi groups constitute a tribe? It is up to them to understand it and convince others of it." 1505:

of the chiefdom's rise to power. Chubaka believes that the Bafuliiru Chiefdom owes its inception to Mulemera, the progenitor of the Bahamba dynasty, who Chubaka contends was the true architect of the chiefdom's establishment. Chubaka's account posits that Mulemera played an instrumental role in the region's political development and was responsible for the consolidation of power. Chubaka also challenges the prevailing narratives that ascribe the chiefdom's founding to Kahambalingishi, whose lineage may have been less directly linked to the Bahamba dynasty. According to Chubaka, Kahambalingishi may have been a later ruler who inherited the chiefdom from Mulemera. This perspective is supported by Kingwengwe-Mupe, whose scholarship bolsters Chubaka's theory. Both historians draw on local accounts that lend credence to the idea that the Balemera clan were the original founders of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom.

1400: 350:, which aimed to maintain control over the local population through traditional rulers. This system was viewed as a means of preserving the existing social and political structures of the colonized societies while ensuring their loyalty to the colonial authorities. However, this approach had some negative consequences. The proliferation of chiefdoms and groups created administrative difficulties for the colonial administration, making it challenging to maintain control over such a vast and diverse territory. Additionally, the creation of numerous chiefdoms and groups resulted in the fragmentation of ethnic groups, further exacerbating existing inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts. 1706: 41: 1550:. Led by the renowned leader Katangaza—a respected and influential figure from Bwesho—they rallied their forces and readied themselves to face the ineluctable advance of Chief Kinyoni and his dexterous warrior, Rubisha. Following their advent in Bwesho, Rubisha and his army encountered fierce resistance from Bafuliiru's army, resulting in Kinyoni being callously wounded and succumbed to a spear attack, including his son Rubwatara. His troops were subsequently expelled from every village they had captured. However, Kinyoni's troops managed to retreat to 1501:

that the Bahamba clan played an instrumental role in founding the chiefdom, other narratives indicate that they supplanted the Balemera clan to establish their hegemony and royal lineage in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. The latter account alludes to a process of usurpation and consolidation of power by the Bahamba clan. The co-existence of these contradictory accounts presents a complex picture of the historical evolution of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, which demands a careful evaluation of the available sources to arrive at a plausible understanding of its past.

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immense value for the community. Apart from its roots, cassava leaves are also edible, and its stems are used for wood. Cassava's significance goes beyond its nutritional value and practical applications. It plays a critical role in the administration of the community, serving as a source of tax revenue. 80% of all taxes collected come from cassava alone. This tax collection system enables tax collectors to fill the state coffers at both the community and zone levels, which, in turn, are used to support the local markets of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom.

1478:. Over time, the Bahamba dynasty changes their eponym from Bahamba (Wahamba) to Bafuliiru as a badge of their new identity. Moeller de Laddersous presents the Bahamba as a clan to which the founder of the customary "Bafuliro" Chiefdom belongs. René Loons, a Belgian colonial administrator, classified the "Bafulero" as a region rather than an ethnic group and identified main factions within it: Bahamba, Batumba, Banakatanda, 1215:. The Bashimbi are centered around their traditional village of Kalundu, located near the Mizulo hamlet in Uvira Territory. The clan's founding father, Kashambi, was renowned as the master-maker of the "bimole" or torch used for fisheries in Lake Tanganyika. The Bashimbi made a pact with the Bafuliru clan, who shared a sonorous resemblance in the names of their clans. According to several 2277: 1862: 2679: 354: 309:. This was done to prevent lawlessness and to avoid violating the ancestral realities that had existed for millennia. Belgian colonial administration's criteria for establishing chieftaincies varied based on the region and the ethnic group in question. The establishment of chieftaincies was often accompanied by the appointment of a local chief ( 2175: 1558:, who provided them with much-needed resources and supplies. This assistance allowed Kinyoni's troops to regroup and prepare for another attempt to conquer the Bafuliiru Chiefdom under the guidance of Katangaza. Despite the setback, the Bafuliiru troops pursued the retreating army and eventually expelled them from Kiringye. 305:, reflecting the decentralized nature of the colonial policy. These chieftaincies were established with due respect to the customs and traditions of each area, particularly based on three principal criteria defined and established by the Belgian colonial administration as essential conditions for the establishment of any 497:. The High Plateaus are characterized by a rugged landscape with steep slopes and elevations ranging from 1800 to 2700 meters. The main villages located on the High Plateaus include Kagongo, Kishusha, Mulobela, and Kashekezi. These villages are known for their cool climate and are suitable for the cultivation of 1193:. Drawing upon ancient knowledge passed down through generations, they possess the sacred expertise required to preserve the bodies of deceased chiefs and noble figures. They ensure that the rituals of mummification are carried out according to ancient traditions, honoring the legacy of those who have passed. 1853:, Banyamulenge constitute a "Rwandan-origin" community that established themselves in the Kivu region and were not known by this name during the colonial period. Using "Banyamulenge" as an ethnic identify, they campaigned for Congolese citizenship along with land possessed by indigenous Fuliiru populace. 2496:

consume it, some Bafuliiru agriculturalists don't prefer corn. This could be because it is less versatile compared to other crops like cassava, which has multiple uses beyond consumption. Corn has a long history in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, dating back to their migration from Lwindi Chiefdom. The crop

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and Nyambasha, was the very heartland of their ancestral domain. Mupe's assertion thus hints at a deep-rooted history of the land, which speaks of the clan's enduring presence and cultural heritage. Despite this, there is some inconsistency in historical accounts, while some sources uphold the claim

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The tension within Bafuliiru communities originates from the circumstance where Rwandan refugees, placed by the Belgian colonial administration and the United Nations in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, failed to uphold their designated status upon their arrival. Instead,

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While Loons attributes the chiefdom's founding to Kahambalingishi, a purported descendant of either Kikanwe or Namboko, other historians, such as Bishikwabo Chubaka, offer dissenting opinions. Chubaka postulates that Mulemera, the father and progenitor of the Bahamba dynasty, was the true architect

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who was then tasked with maintaining law and order in the area, as well as ensuring the well-being of the local population. However, the establishment of chieftains was controversial, particularly in areas where multiple ethnic groups co-exist. There were instances where the colonial administration

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between the Banyarwanda and their Congolese neighbors has been plagued by problems, resulting in serious social tensions and violence. The escalation of these tensions and violence has led to lethal conflict of a social, cultural, economic, and security nature. Human rights organizations estimate

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and was brought by the community during their exodus. Today, cassava remains a vital food source for the Bafuliiru population, particularly those residing in the Ruzizi Plain and the Bafuliiru Chiefdom as a whole. For Bafuliiru, owning a cassava field is considered a treasure trove, and it holds

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from the Banyakarama Dynasty, established his own presence along the Ruzizi River's right bank. With swift prowess, he conquered southern villages like Kigoma, Mulenge, Kihanga, and Kalengera, expanding his dominion. He then launched a northward offensive, seizing Kiringye, Kabwiba, and Kigwena,

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factions, who compete for control over the region's resources and strategic locations. The proliferation of weapons and the absence of effective governance has allowed these groups to act with impunity, perpetrating horrific acts of violence against civilians and engaging in illicit activities,

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lemera, among others. Loons further notes that these factions were organized into distinct traditional chiefdoms, but that the Bahamba faction dominated the others and held the management of the extended "Bafulero" customary chiefdom. According to Loons, the Bahamba clan was led by their chief

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tree is a versatile crop that thrives in almost all areas of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. It holds a significant role in the community's customs and traditions, particularly in marriage ceremonies. In Fuliiru lore, it is believed that one cannot undertake any strenuous activities without a banana.

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and the central plateau, where two crops can normally be harvested each year. Principal food crops include cassava, corn, rice, plantains, and, to a lesser extent, bananas, beans, and peanuts. Principal export crops include coffee, cocoa, and palm oil. Many Bafuliiru people have ventured into

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and provide guidance to the people. They are consulted on various matters, including spiritual, social, and cultural issues, and their opinions are highly honoured. The Bafuliiru people also present offerings and sacrifices to the priests, which are believed to help them connect with

1608:", who was believed to possess divine powers and symbolized national unity. The king surrounded himself with Tutsi warlords and Hutu advisers who oversaw the distribution of land. Over time, the Tutsis established a system of serfdom that further marginalized the Hutu people. The 2497:

has since become a fundamental component of their traditional cuisine and customs. For instance, roasted corn is often served during important community gatherings and celebrations. Incidentally, corn is also used as an offering in traditional rituals to the ancestors.

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post chief, Ladislas Matalambu, who met his demise on October 1, 1998, at 7:30 p.m. Additionally, Alexis Deyidedi, the former administrative secretary of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, was assassinated on October 2, 1998, at 11 p.m. The AFDL troops forced many Bafuliiru,

1836:, and consequently, should be entitled to equivalent ethnic rights as other communities. In 1976, Faustin Tabazi Rugama, a Munyamulenge writer, attempted to legitimize the notion of a tribe called "Banyamulenge" that presumably held sway in Mulenge prior to the 2464:

Despite being a major crop, both beans and rice are not consumed widely among the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. They serve as secondary food, with cassava being the staple food. This is due to the fact that cassava is more versatile, with its leaves and stems also being

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to the queens, tasked with determining whether a newborn was fit to succeed to the throne. Moreover, upon the death of the reigning monarch, only members of these clans could confirm and announce the passing and ensure the rightful successor ascended to the

1602:, where Tutsis loaned their cows to Hutus, who in turn were required to lend their land. Wealth was measured by the number of cows one possessed, and the richest Tutsis had the largest herds. At the top of this social hierarchy was the king, known as the " 5062: 2690:. The wife adorns herself with a traditional dress, a purse hanging on her shoulder, a headdress, earrings, and a wedding ring. The husband wears a white shirt paired with gray pants, along with a wristwatch, a bracelet, a phone, and a wedding ring. 3314:[Human toll of armed conflicts and its consequences on the development of the Uvira territory from 1996 to 2005] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR) 2062:

destroyed. The absence of adequate humanitarian assistance has only exacerbated the already dire situation, with many facing severe challenges, including food and water insecurity, inadequate medical care, and substandard living conditions.

5432: 1116:: The Balemera clan is one of the prominent royal clans within the chiefdom. Along with the Batumba clan, they have been recognized as one of the leading clans within the chiefdom and are known for their workmanship in trade and commerce. 2088:

Between February 2019 and 2020, a large number of Bafuliiru were killed and displaced, leading them to the Bijombo camp in the South Kivu Province. Despite efforts to prioritize and act on serious cases in the immediate aftermath of the

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is seen as an invisible and elusive presence in the sky, and on earth, he is represented by priests who are considered to be mediators between the people and the divine. Among the Bafuliiru, the most important priests who represent

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lemera clan to occupy Uvira. According to Mupe's account, the Balemera clan can be traced back as the indigenous people who first inhabited the region. It is believed that the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, which had its stronghold in

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with the indigenous Congolese ethnic groups. Under the pressure of Gisaro Muhoza, a Rwandan university administrator and revered as the creator of the term "Banyamulenge", Rugama used the term in his thesis. According to

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in Rwanda and intermarried with the wider Fuliiru population to the point where their distinct identity was practically extinguished. Their cultural roots and customs were largely assimilated into the surrounding Fuliiru

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and Ozyresatira species. Its different varieties are IR5, L9, and IRON 282. Rice is more of an income source than food for the Bafuliiru at the CEP Kabwe, Kaliri, and at the Community Development Center (CDC) base in

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had to navigate complex power dynamics and determine which ethnic group or faction should hold the position of chief. This led to tensions between different ethnic groups and, in some cases, even armed conflict. Each

2001:. The victims, numbering 375 in total, were primarily from the Bafuliiru community and were brutally murdered in cold blood. Some were mercilessly gunned down, while others suffered the grisly fate of having their 5425: 5230:"Efficience des techniques de gestion de l'eau et de fertilité des sols sur le rendement du maïs dans les régions semi-arides : cas de la plaine de la Ruzizi (Sud-Kivu, République Démocratique du Congo)" 334:. The administrative territories were thus constituted within the limits of the chiefdom. The aim was to regroup "ethnic units" in their own geographical entities, but this led to such fragmentation that 1149:

and for their role in selecting the next king or queen of the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. Each powerful clan in the Chiefdom was assigned a role on the royal court, and the Banyakatanda women were appointed as

1227:" is given to the progeny of the Bashimbi's founding father, who arrived with his adherents and plundered other people's belongings, establishing his dominance through his velocity and colossal throng. 2447:. Although beans are also exported like rice, they are sold at a lower price because Bafuliiru are not accustomed to consuming them as a staple food. To accompany a bean meal, it is customary to have 5913: 5418: 1598:. In traditional Rwandan society, a feudal system existed in which Hutus were expected to leave their land available for Tutsis to graze their cows. This arrangement was enforced through a system of 1223:

of the Fuliiru people, these clans recognized each other as real brothers at a particular time in history. The Bafuliiru eventually absorbed the more cunning members of the Bashimbi clan. The name "

1662:(MIB), facilitated the immigration of Rwandans to other parts of the Belgian Congo. Between 10,000 of Rwandan families were established in various regions of Belgian Congo, including the current 1419:

The Fuliiru have a unique history as one of the only highland Bantu groups to have formed a single, relatively small state that was highly centralized, founded by Kahambalingishi. According to

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for milk and meat; their homelands in the South Kivu Province are some of the most intensively farmed areas of the country. More than 90% of the population makes its livelihood by producing

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involving the processing of crops. Agriculture contributes more than 19.04% of the nation's GDP. The most fertile agricultural areas in the country are the mountain regions forming the

5875: 2216:. The melodic strains of traditional instrument permeate the air, accompanied by the hypnotic rhythm of indigenous dance, which envelops the senses with its entrancing cadence. The 5441: 1638:

Unusually in contacts with the Tutsi pastoralists from Banyarwanda group, the Fuliiru were neither conquered nor assimilated by them, but instead engaged in trade and occasional

5091: 3236:["Study on the origin of the Bafulero", Study of the territorial administrator R. Loons] (in French). Tervuren, Flemish Brabant, Belgium: Royal Museum for Central Africa 5880: 5040:[Rehabilitation works of the Community Development Center (CDC) of Kiringye in the Territory of Uvira, province of South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]. 2322: 5309:[Study of the evolution of cassava productivity in Itara/Ruzizi Plain] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Catholic University of Bukavu 4418: 3496:(in French and Afrikaans). Contributor: Académie royale des sciences d'outre-mer. Classe des sciences morales et politiques. Brussels, Belgium: La Classe. 1936. p. 136. 3311: 2220:, in particular, is an essential instrument in Bafuliru music, and it is often played during various social and religious events. Bafuliru music also incorporates a form of 1888:(AFDLC). This influx of Banyamulenge played a pivotal role in enabling the AFDLC to seize control of the region from local chiefs and civilians who were uprooted from their 2314: 5038:"Travaux de rehabilitation du Cenre Developpement Communautaire (CDC) de Kiringye dans le Territoire d'Uvira, province de Sud-Kivu en République démocratique du Congo" 2453:

on the side. The beans produced in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom are marketed in Bukavu and Uvira, while a significant quantity is exported to neighboring countries such as

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Analyse des flux physiques, performances économiques et relations au sein des filières de manioc, de riz, de lait et de poisson au Sud-Kivu et Tanganyika (RDC 2021)

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In January 2019, Twigwaneho and Ngumino, a Banyamulenge rebel groups, reportedly torched homes and property belonging to the Bafuliiru in the village of Babengwa.

1755:, which remained in Rwanda. This immigration of Rwandans was also facilitated by the establishment of a chiefdom for the Banyarwanda after the arrival of numerous 5885: 4869: 4516: 4187: 4106: 4074: 4045: 3998: 3969: 3940: 3823: 3454: 3389: 3211: 3182: 3153: 3124: 3048: 2969: 2614:

made from wood, reeds, and straw and are shaped like beehives. High hedges serve as fences. In recent years, modern houses have been built with modern materials.

2078:. The massacres were carried out mainly by Barundi and Banyamulenge rebel groups in a determined, planned, systematic and methodical manner, and were inspired by 4624: 5306: 4589:"Analytical note on the human rights situation in the highlands of Mwenga, Fizi and Uvira territories, South Kivu province, between February 2019 and June 2020" 4491: 2919: 264: 2944: 1892:

against their will. The conflict was marked by brutal violence against the civilian population. On October 6, 1996, Banyamulenge rebels launched an assault on

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and expand its control over the region. However, the influx of Rwandans led to tensions and conflicts with the local population, contributing to the ongoing

2994: 4606: 2093:, there have been few prosecutions and fewer convictions, as well as a near total lack of investigations of those who organized and financed the violence. 1694:

were also prepared to welcome the immigrants. This immigration policy was officially supported by the Belgian colonial government, which aimed to promote

4419:"Memoire Online - Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 àÂ 2005. - Abel MUKUNDE SABUNI" 2715:

are Mushabo, Budisi, and Mugajalugulu. These priests play a crucial role in the community, as they are believed to have the ability to communicate with

1816:. This emerging identity allowed them to lay claim to land and resources in the area, setting off conflicts with Fuliiru, who consider Mulenge as their 267:, face ongoing challenges related to access to basic needs such as clean water, healthcare, and education. Parenthetically, they face issues related to 4221: 1399: 1247:

ethnic group and plays a significant role in the chiefdom's religious and spiritual practices. They have helped preserve local customs and traditions

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is believed to be transferred to the seeds. Women are never seen holding high, respected positions, and men handle most of the production of goods.

2041:, and deep-seated mistrust between the various groups. The situation is further complicated by the involvement of different armed groups, including 1736: 1687: 4686: 4326: 4124:""Banyamulenge", Roberto Garreton's report & Human Rights in Fizi, Uvira & Mwenga, Zaire: The anatomy of a fraud and genesis of a conflict" 1526:

and Kawezi Rivers in exchange for ivory. As the tides of colonialism encroached across the region, it sparked wars of expansion on both sides. The

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Specifically, during a wedding ceremony or at the end of mourning, a person intending to marry must present a pitcher of banana juice, known as "

233:, where a contingent of Fuliiru also resides. According to the 2009 census, their population estimate exceeded 250,000, while a 1999 estimate of 4566: 1534:

of the Plain sought to establish his own authority. In the absence of a resolution, both chiefdoms resorted to warfare to vie for dominance.

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people; it is an amalgamation of people with diverse backgrounds, a kind of multicultural state, each with distinct origins. To be considered

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Rapport présenté par le gouvernement belge au Conseil de la Société des Nations au sujet de l'administration du Ruanda-Urundi pendant l'année

3807: 5368:(in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR). pp. 1–8 1110:. They are entrusted with the responsibility of preserving the diadems, which symbolize the authority and prestige of the Bafuliiru chiefs. 4734: 4662: 4013: 3404: 3351: 3333: 256:

are highly coveted for their intricate designs and exceptional quality, and are frequently employed for storage, decoration, and even as

5477: 2013:. The horrors of the Katogota massacre caused many to flee their homes, including up to 3,500 Congolese, mainly from the Bafuliiru and 3140:

Les Banyamulenge: qui sont-ils?, d'où viennent-ils?, quel rôle ont-ils joué (et pourquoi) dans le processus de la libération du Zaïre?

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Les Banyamulenge: qui sont-ils?, d'où viennent-ils?, quel rôle ont-ils joué (et pourquoi) dans le processus de la libération du Zaïre?

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In the late 1800s, various groups established themselves in Bafuliiru's lands in search of more arable soil. Led by Chief Ngabwe, the

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and have held leadership positions over the Batumba clan at some point in history. Many clan members hold authoritative positions in

4916: 4255: 3748: 3625: 3600: 3575: 3550: 3477: 3438: 2363:." The jug of banana juice must be presented to the assembly, or the speaker cannot deliver a valuable message. Bafuliiru also make 1705: 4588: 3797: 1820:. Following the nation's independence, the Banyarwanda, both Tutsi and Hutu, striven to establish recognition of their rights as " 1384:(DRC) in the 16th century. By the mid-1700s, the Bafuliru people had established a significant presence in the region surrounding 40: 1727: 1710: 1381: 346:, comprised up to 2,500 chiefdoms and groups. This approach by the Belgian colonial administration was based on the principle of 206: 5387:

La Civilisation ancienne des peuples des Grands Lacs: Colloque de Bujumbura, 4-10 septembre 1979 (Collection Histoire africaine)

1203:" within the chiefdom. They are known for their expertise in producing honey, cereals, coffee, and raising livestock, including 283:

amplified by the region's persistent armed conflicts, which have resulted in the prevalence of a pervasive culture of impunity.

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is a extensively cultivated crop throughout the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. It is primarily grown in the Ruzizi Plain, particularly in

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historian, has written that after migrating from Lwindi around the Ulindi River in the mountainous hinterland, the Fuliiru and

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clan, with women traditionally holding positions of power and influence within the clan. They are known for their expertise in

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Today, the preponderance of Bafuliiru living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo practice Christianity. Nonetheless, many

1770: 5092:"Lemera: Les habitants sont frappés par la famine, les acteurs de la société civile demandent aux humanitaires d'intervenir" 4201: 1658:, and the Mulenge hills, before spreading to other parts of southern Kivu. The Belgian colonial administration, through the 1283:

and Bafuliiru. The Batumbas have been instrumental in shaping the chiefdom's cultural, political, and social landscape. The

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From Pre-capitalism to Imperialism: A History of Social and Economic Formations in Eastern Zaire (Uvira Zone, C. 1800-1965)

2416:. For the Bafuliiru, rice is a cultural export. Consequently, it is not consumed much, although it is produced adequately. 4883: 4147: 1984: 1130:

several centuries ago. They are primarily farmers, and they are known for their cultivation of beans, maize, and cassava.

5013: 4541: 4102: 3261:"Aux Origines de la Ville d'Uvira Selon les Explorateurs et les Pionniers de la Colonisation Belge Au Zaire (1840-1914)" 1459: 1423:, the epicenter of the Fuliiru people's migratory dispersion in the middle Lwalaba Basin is located at the mouth of the 1291:

is responsible for overseeing Batumba's affairs and maintaining the clan's customs and traditions. In some regions, the

4222:"27 ans de massacre de Lemera (Sud-Kivu) : Denis Mukwege crie « Justice » pour les victimes de ce crime" 1546:. Facing significant territorial setbacks, the Bafuliiru Chiefdom rebuffed to capitulate and shoved forward to defend 4782: 2567:. Parenthetically, Bafuliiru also incorporated peanuts into their cultural practices, using them as offerings during 5400: 3507: 3470:

Territoires ethniques et territoires étatiques: pouvoirs locaux et conflits interethniques au Sud-Kivu (R.D. Congo)

4343: 3768: 3657: 984:. They have played a significant role in the production of tools and weapons for use by other clans in the region. 3593:

Territoires ethniques et territoires étatiques: Pouvoirs locaux et conflits interethniques au Sud-Kivu (RD Congo)

358: 3312:"Bilan humain des conflits armés et ses conséquences sur le développement du territoire d'Uvira de 1996 àÂ 2005" 5116: 4369: 1990: 1828:" (traditional chiefdoms) unrecognized by other ethnic groups. The Tutsi contended that their migration to the 1455:, remains a subject of debate. Various hypotheses and conjectures have been proposed to explain its emergence. 3428: 1832:

coincided with that of their Fuliiru, Vira, Bembe, and Lega counterparts, antedating the establishment of the

5267:"La filière riz dans la plaine de la Ruzizi à l'est de la RDC. Organisation et transmission de l'information" 3376:

Immigration et intégration des Barundi et des Banyarwanda dans les communautés Bafuliro et Bavira (1850–1980)

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Congo Democratic Republic Foreign Policy and Government Guide, Vol 1: Strategic Information and Developments

2702:. In their traditional beliefs, the Bafuliiru believe in a Supreme Being and a distant Creator God known as 2538: 1923:

In October 1998, a large number of people were brutally killed and displaced in Uvira, including the former

1721:. Between the 1920s and 1950s, the colonial authorities in Belgian Congo actively recruited labor for large 1718: 1519: 280: 5389:(in French). Editor: Centre de Civilisation Burundaise. Paris, France: Éditions Karthala. 1981. p. 72. 2284:

in the Mitamba market of Bijombo in the High Plateau, South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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language. More than half of the Uvira population are able to understand it. Many Fuliiru people also speak

5918: 4806: 2297: 2067: 1623:, officially encouraged and facilitated the immigration of Rwandans to Kivu. The Rwandans who migrated to 5228:

Bagula, Espoir Mukengere; Mapatano, Sylvain; Katcho, Karume; Mushagalusa, Nacigera Gustave (2013-09-04).

4951:(in French). Paris, France: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. pp. 13–14. 3233: 1631:

during this time were predominantly Tutsis, and were favored by Belgian colonists due to their perceived

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are the traditional rulers of the Batumba and are considered the most respected members of the clan. The

5410: 4758: 4607:"In Pictures – Inside the displaced persons camp of Bijombo in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo" 2375:, which is preserved for special occasions, as it can be used for both practical and cultural purposes. 314: 2054:

resources. The impact of the conflict on the local population has been devastating, with many families

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Between 1935 and 1955, the colonial power of Belgium in the Belgian Congo, which had guardianship over

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of the Bafuliiru tenaciously claimed jurisdiction over certain villages in the Ruzizi Plain, while the

976:: The Badaka clan is a smaller clan within the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, and is known for their expertise in 3063: 3956:

La nationalité de la population zaïroise d'expression kinyarwanda au regard de la loi du 26 June 1991

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arrived from Burundi and assertively requested land from the Bavira, which they acquired between the

1017: 1000:: The Bahamba clan are one of the significant clans within the chiefdom and played a key role in its 5178: 5117:"République Démocratique du Congo: Etude des Marchés dans les territoires du Sud-Kivu et du Maniema" 5094:[Lemera: Residents are hit by famine, civil society actors ask humanitarians to intervene]. 4710: 2186:

Music is part and parcel of the Bafuliiru culture. Bafuliiru music is characterized by a variety of

1880:, a large contingent of Banyamulenge traversed into Bafuliiru communities to provide support to the 5719: 5597: 5346:(in French). Brussels, Belgium: Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques. p. 384. 5019:. Kampala, Uganda: Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture. September 2012 5014:"Performance of introduced irrigated rice varieties in Ruzizi plain, South Kivu province, DR Congo" 4123: 2970:"Sud-Kivu: la population de la Ruzizi bénéficie d'une coopérative laitière financée par la MONUSCO" 2288:

The Bafuliiru economy is almost exclusively agriculturally based, although they also own and raise

2159: 2155: 2127: 2055: 1965: 1567: 1538: 1325: 453:, with the altitude gradually increasing from 100 m to 1800 meters. This plateau comprises several 339: 268: 4830: 548:(chiefdom) of Bafuliru, the second and last chefferie in the Uvira Territory, is composed of five 5689: 5449: 5394: 4936:(in French). Washington, D.C., USA: The International Food Policy Research Institute. p. 53. 4863: 4308: 4300: 4181: 4096: 4068: 4039: 3992: 3963: 3934: 3907: 3860: 3817: 3713: 3501: 3448: 3383: 3280: 3205: 3176: 3147: 3118: 3091: 3042: 3022:(in English and French). Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan. 2001. pp. 146–148. 2901: 2368: 2038: 1821: 1671: 1543: 1448: 1404: 525: 390: 335: 292: 257: 50: 3643:

From Pre-capitalism to Imperialism: A History of Social and Economic Formations in Eastern Zaire

2386:

of certain children is buried near the banana plantation, marking its importance as a symbol of

1850: 1295:

may also hold authority or influence beyond the Batumbas and be recognized as a regional leader.

4148:"Les deux premières guerres d'agression du Rwanda contre la RDC: Prélude à la troisième guerre" 1840:. This "historical and scientific" apologia was unlikely intended to equate the "Banyamulenge" 966:

one must be born into one of the thirty-seven progenitor families (clans) of the ethnic group.

5552: 5482: 5284: 5247: 4912: 4292: 4251: 3899: 3803: 3744: 3721: 3705: 3621: 3596: 3571: 3546: 3473: 3434: 3272: 3083: 2920:"Sud-Kivu : près de 90 % de déplacés internes de Bafuliiru regagnent leurs villages" 2699: 2666:. However, in many rural areas, women also work in agriculture through planting because their 2440: 2249: 2237: 2221: 2131: 2130:. Kifuliiru is the most widely spoken language in Uvira. It is estimated that Fuliiru has 60% 1837: 1773:, acknowledged this historical event in his Easter pastoral letter of April 11, 1998 (French: 1691: 1624: 1595: 1484: 1001: 374: 4014:"Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo belge. p. 91" 2518: 2432: 5274: 5237: 4980:(in French). Brussels, Belgium: Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. 1934. p. 670. 4284: 4273:"The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law" 3891: 3850: 3741:

Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

3697: 3075: 2891: 2602:

species is the most common in the chiefdom. It is a culture of exporting coffee to Burundi.

2594: 2522: 2318: 2163: 2147: 2107: 2010: 2009:

to dispose of the evidence. The rebels also set fire to their homes, leaving many others to

2002: 1889: 1877: 1833: 1683: 1679: 1663: 1547: 1369: 1013: 272: 237:-language speakers placed the number at 300,000. The Fuliiru are renowned for their skilled 234: 93: 85: 81: 5684: 5582: 5572: 5562: 3037:(in French). In Etudes d'Histoires Africaines, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2552: 2338: 2187: 2143: 2123: 2111: 2090: 2075: 2034: 2022: 1977: 1913: 1909: 1897: 1873: 1699: 1643: 1616:, ultimately leading to its being perceived as an ethnic divide between Hutus and Tutsis. 1537:

After Chief Ngabwe consolidated his authority, Chief Kinyoni, a sub-chief under Burundian

1475: 1471: 1385: 1365: 1353: 1329: 494: 406: 276: 218: 145: 89: 54: 5229: 3799:

Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018)

3430:

Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018)

3169:

Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018)

3064:"Ethnogovernmentality: The making of ethnic territories and subjects in Eastern DR Congo" 2760:, adorned with intricate patterns of vivid hues have honed their craft over generations. 1904:, resulting in the loss of several dozen lives. A total of 37 individuals, including two 5266: 2945:"Uvira : les déplacés de Bwegera appellent le gouvernement à assurer leur sécurité" 2819:

Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century

2541:. In addition, peanuts are also used in various traditional dishes, such as a sauce for 1800:

that as of May 1996, the total number of deaths from the conflict stands around 70,000.

5809: 5749: 5654: 5627: 5537: 5497: 5472: 4492:"Tanganyika : la Monusco facilite le dialogue entre les Twa, Holoholo et Bafuliro" 2836: 2643: 2588: 2391: 2383: 1817: 1667: 1639: 1420: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1216: 1005: 481:. The High Plateau, on the other hand, form a watershed between the tributaries of the 370: 246: 133: 3405:"Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo belge" 3352:"Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo belge" 3334:"Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo belge" 461:, Bwesho, Katala, Mulenge, and others. It is also a favorable environment for growing 457:

and villages, including Namutiri, Ndolera, Bulaga, Langala, Bushokw, Bushuju, Butole,

275:, and human rights abuses. The Fuliiru women and girls are particularly vulnerable to 5907: 5839: 5824: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5774: 5754: 5739: 5699: 5674: 5669: 5602: 5542: 5532: 5462: 4517:"Uvira: Richard Muyej installe un cadre de concertation pour concilier 2 communautés" 4312: 3864: 3095: 2905: 2737: 2556: 2241: 2229: 2079: 1969: 1654:

from the Bafuliiru, and many of them settled in remote areas, including Kalamba, the

1620: 1613: 1609: 1591: 1555: 1483:

Kikanwe to the present-day Uvira Territory. Kingwengwe Mupe, a Fuliiru historian and

1467: 1463: 1452: 1412: 1341: 1333: 1244: 1190: 347: 298: 202: 149: 129: 3686:"A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda" 3234:"«Etude sur l'origine des Bafulero», Etude de l'administrateur territorial R. Loons" 2427:

are a prominent crop in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom, cultivated in the central region of

2268:, and these are often performed during political rallies and other communal events. 5859: 5854: 5844: 5834: 5784: 5764: 5759: 5744: 5734: 5729: 5709: 5704: 5694: 5679: 5664: 5659: 5647: 5642: 5612: 5607: 5592: 5587: 5557: 5527: 5522: 5507: 5502: 5492: 5487: 4394:"Thousands of Congolese refugees continue to flood into Burundi, UN says | UN News" 3079: 2777: 2757: 2745: 2655: 2639: 2564: 2245: 2139: 2014: 2006: 1973: 1929: 1916:, the largest hospital in the region, located approximately 85 kilometers north of 1813: 1805: 1796: 1655: 1575: 1428: 1424: 1393: 1009: 977: 490: 482: 402: 366: 319: 222: 141: 105: 4650:

Lega Culture: Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People

386: 5279: 5146:"Consideration of women through some disallowances in Fuliiru raditional society" 4996:"Consideration of women through some disallowances in Fuliiru raditional society" 2995:"Sud-Kivu: la présence des groupes armés à Lemera inquiète l'autorité coutumière" 1717:

Another factor that fostered this immigration of Rwandans was the recruitment of

1578:", emerged as a significant group in the region. The term "Banyarwanda" includes 5849: 5829: 5819: 5789: 5779: 5724: 5637: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5567: 5517: 5467: 5457: 2695: 2631: 2378:

The banana tree also holds ritual significance in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom during

2233: 2191: 2115: 1937: 1933: 1829: 1748: 1599: 1571: 1432: 1345: 1280: 1025: 1021: 959: 486: 430: 306: 238: 153: 137: 125: 113: 5307:"Etude de l'évolution de la productivité du manioc à Itara/Plaine de la Ruzizi" 4151: 3035:"Récents mouvements de population dans la zone densément peuplée de l'Est-Kivu" 2276: 1861: 1199:: The Bashimbi clan is a group of skilled farmers, rainmakers, and high-level " 1156:. Since a king could be born to any of the king's wives, these women served as 5512: 4393: 4288: 4129:. Montreal, Québec, Canada: Forum Baraza La Kivu. May 10, 1996. pp. 10–24 3895: 2687: 2678: 2663: 2659: 2379: 2293: 2257: 2059: 1961: 1901: 1760: 1646:

that particularly impacted the Fuliiru people. The Banyarwanda later acquired

1389: 1142: 981: 302: 250: 210: 58: 17: 5288: 5265:

Rushigira, Cadeau; Villar, Patricio Mendez del; Paget, Nicolas (2023-05-15).

5251: 4296: 3903: 3709: 3276: 3087: 1122:: The Balizi clan are believed to have migrated to the area from present-day 5714: 5037: 2667: 2635: 2568: 2387: 2201: 2046: 1747:

were Rwandan and were hired under contract, but they did not renounce their

1744: 1220: 1151: 1146: 382: 353: 214: 3725: 5242: 3855: 3838: 2896: 2879: 2843:(16th ed) (2009). M. Paul Lewis (editor), 2009. Dallas: SIL International. 2033:

The ongoing violence in the Bafuliiru communities has been exacerbated by

4884:"Democratic Republic of the Congo GDP share of agriculture – data, chart" 2753: 2749: 2571: 2510: 2444: 2413: 2310: 2306: 2265: 2253: 2071: 1998: 1994: 1945: 1865: 1769:, who was the president of the Episcopate of Congo and the bishop of the 1752: 1740: 1377: 1324:

The origin of the Fuliiru people, like that of many ethnic groups in the

1254: 1106:

detention ceremonies, which involve the safeguarding and presentation of

914: 884: 879: 865: 426: 422: 5204:"Lemera: Les habitants en crainte de la famine suite au manque de pluie" 4932:

Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Cissé, Abdallah (February 27, 2023).

4687:"DISCUSSION OF SOME FULIRU WEDDING SONGS:A SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSIDERATION" 3284: 3260: 205:

ethnic group predominantly inhabiting the east-central highlands of the

5769: 3911: 3879: 3618:

L'Est du Congo-Zaïre: Uvira : aux sources d'une conscience rebelle

3568:

L'Est du Congo-Zaïre: Uvira : aux sources d'une conscience rebelle

3198:

Livre d'Or des Bavira: Au centre de la gloire passée de l'Empire Baluba

2627: 2560: 2530: 2506: 2492:, where it serves as the staple food. Although many inhabitants of the 2485: 2454: 2436: 2372: 2334: 2225: 2151: 2135: 2051: 2042: 2018: 1941: 1924: 1841: 1809: 1756: 1647: 1551: 1497: 1373: 1212: 1200: 1157: 1123: 1068: 860: 847: 801: 743: 557: 553: 510: 462: 450: 446: 434: 418: 398: 378: 242: 230: 4304: 4272: 3927:"Transplantation de Banyarwanda au Kivu", Problèmes d'Afrique Centrale 3717: 3685: 2174: 1487:, argues that the Bahamba clan drove out (and possibly dethroned) the 4344:"The End Of Mobutu's Dictatorship – Democratic Republic of the Congo" 2575: 2534: 2526: 2514: 2466: 2458: 2428: 2351: 2289: 2281: 2213: 2209: 1957: 1949: 1940:

individuals to flee and take refuge in neighboring countries such as

1893: 1722: 1523: 1493: 1408: 1368:. Most, however, are descended from Bantu groups that had settled in 1208: 1127: 1103: 919: 901: 634: 561: 502: 470: 466: 458: 414: 410: 394: 253: 226: 46: 5145: 4995: 3958:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. p. 10. 2321:, is a member of the Bafuliiru community, having served as a former 409:. The sandy soil of the plain is suitable for growing crops such as 4966:(in French). Paris, France: Éditions France-Empire. pp. 47–63. 3987:(in French). Democratic Republic of the Congo. pp. 17 and 137. 3839:"Étude ethnographique de l'Itombwe (district du Kivu, Congo Belge)" 3701: 2880:"Étude ethnographique de l'Itombwe (district du Kivu, Congo Belge)" 2806:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1

1462:, a colonial administrator who conducted extensive research on the 1189:: The Bashagakibone clan plays a key role in the solemn process of 5814: 3595:(in French). Paris, France: Editions L'Harmattan. pp. 23–24. 2741: 2733: 2683: 2677: 2623: 2543: 2481: 2449: 2407: 2403: 2275: 2205: 1953: 1917: 1905: 1881: 1860: 1845: 1628: 1604: 1583: 1436: 1398: 1204: 1107: 1029: 478: 352: 109: 4467:"Insécurité au Sud-Kivu: 4 600 Congolais se réfugient au Burundi" 5577: 5206:[Lemera: Residents fear famine following lack of rain]. 2548: 2505:

Peanuts are predominantly cultivated in the Bafuliru Chiefdom's

2470: 2424: 2261: 2197: 1732: 1579: 1470:, noted that the Bahamba dynasty embarked on a journey from the 1064: 506: 498: 474: 433:. The Fuliiru collectivity is situated in two distinct types of 343: 5414: 5364:[Peace education in the Bible and among the Bafuliiru] 3620:(in French). Milan, Italy: Éditions 5 continents. p. 171. 3570:(in French). Milan, Italy: Éditions 5 continents. p. 113. 3300:(2007). Washington: International Business Publications: p. 99. 2228:

will lead with a phrase, and another group will respond with a

1279:: The Batumba clan is a prominent royal lineage clan among the 301:, the establishment of chieftaincies was the primary method of 5234:

VertigO - la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement

3472:(in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 86. 2706:, who is considered to be the creator of everything on Earth. 2611: 1804:

they profess to be a newly established ethnic group known as "

1587: 4248:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3020:

Journal of Religion in Africa: Religion en Afrique, Volume 31

1451:, prior to its transformation into a political entity in the 373:, which was further subdivided into five sectors, including 4735:"Chapter One: Review of Literature In Oral Tradition Genre" 4663:"Chapter One: Review of Literature In Oral Tradition Genre" 4327:"Democratic Republic of Congo Situation of Selected Groups" 4091:(in French). le Soft, quoted by Poutier, 1996. May 6, 1996. 2868:"Africa Report" (Vol. 10), African-American Institute, p. 9 2586:

Two species of coffee exist in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom are

1509:

Barundi and Banyarwanda migration to Bafuliiru territories

544:(villages) which are also ruled by customary chiefs. The " 5362:"Education à la paix dans la bible et chez les Bafuliiru" 5271:Économie rurale. Agricultures, alimentations, territoires 4652:. University of California Press: 1973, p. 20 and p. 183. 4202:"Attacks against other civilian populations - South Kivu" 1886:

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

1008:. The Bahambas are well-known for their lineage from the 4542:"DR Congo: 1,900 Civilians Killed in Kivus Over 2 Years" 4174:

Guerres au Congo-Zaïre (1996-1999): acteurs et scénarios

3543:

The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History

4625:"African Union urges 'peace' as DR Congo crisis widens" 2744:

made of animal hides. These have long been replaced by

1340:. The Fuliiru are believed to have originated from the 4911:(in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan. p. 196. 2698:

and customs continue to be an important part of their

513:

and is less populated compared to the Middle Plateau.

5914:

Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5442:

Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3769:"Ethnicity as Myth: The View from the Central Africa" 3658:"Ethnicity as Myth: The View from the Central Africa" 2551:. Peanut farming in the Bafuliru Chiefdom is often a 1896:, a town situated in the north-western region of the 1496:, a town situated in close proximity to the towns of 5331:(in French). Belgium: Imprimeur-Éditeur. p. 23. 4856:

The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary

3985:

Les populations du Kivu et la loi sur la nationalité

2857:

The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary

2402:

Rice grown in the Bufuliiru Chiefdom belongs to the

1989:(RCD), a rebel group comprising mainly Banyamulenge 1243:

The Basizi clan is believed to be a subgroup of the

1063:: The Bazige clan are believed to be descendants of 5868: 5448: 4443:"Report: Congo rebels slaughter 300 - UPI Archives" 3776:

Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen

3743:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 3665:

Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen

2525:and also exported to neighboring countries such as 1474:directions, ultimately settling in the present-day 969:The Fuliiru people are made up of about 37 clans: 187: 179: 171: 163: 119: 99: 75: 65: 4949:Phonologie du kifuliru: langue bantoue du groupe J 4909:Les Banyamulenge, Congo-Zaïre, entre deux guerres 4858:. Greenwood, Indiana, United States. p. 183. 4250:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 42. 1964:. The displacement caused a ripple effect of the 1466:communities residing in the eastern parts of the 2808:(Jamie Stokes, editor) (2009). Infobase: p. 234. 1968:, with many facing severe challenges, including 1388:, specifically in the mountainous hinterland of 265:other communities in the eastern part of the DRC 4034:(in French). Brussels, Belgium. pp. 17–21. 2555:process that involves a considerable amount of 568:are composed of a certain number of villages. 4032:Documents relatifs à l'ancien District du Kivu 2800: 2798: 1020:. While they had a historical relation to the 5426: 4246:Kisangani, Emizet F.; Bobb, Scott F. (2010). 489:, as well as the torrents that flow into the 429:being particularly noteworthy areas for such 8: 4370:"Report Claims Rebels Massacre 300 in Congo" 4176:(in French). Tervuren, Belgium. p. 126. 3929:(in French). Brussels, Belgium. p. 110. 2831: 2829: 2827: 536:) who are appointed by the paramount chief. 33: 4567:"Dozens killed in DRC over 'stolen cattle'" 3880:"Convergent Catastrophes in Central Africa" 3684:Newbury, Catharine; Newbury, David (1999). 2361:"the jug of juice that enables you to speak 2236:that is both engaging and captivating. The 45:Fuliiru grandmother and her granddaughter, 5433: 5419: 5411: 4868:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4186:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4073:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4044:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3997:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3939:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3822:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3453:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3388:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3210:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3181:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3152:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3123:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3047:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2821:(2002). Cambridge University Press: p. 16. 1986:Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie 1791:The marginalization of Fuliiru communities 1067:from Burundi who were assimilated through 532:(groupings) governed by customary chiefs ( 39: 32: 5278: 5241: 4105:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4089:Chiffres rapportés par le journal Zaïrois 4063:. Goma, Demoacrtic Republic of the Congo. 3854: 2895: 2778:"Fuliro in Congo, Democratic Republic of" 1912:. The armed assailants also pillaged the 1380:and settled in the eastern region of the 1328:, is complex and multifaceted, shaped by 4783:"Chapter Three: Socio-cultural Analysis" 4059:Ngabu Bishop, Faustin (April 11, 1998). 3494:Mémoires in-8o: Verhandelingen, Volume 6 3142:(in French). Limete/Kinshasa. p. 6. 2333:As per the oral tradition of Bafuliiru, 2173: 2066:In June 2014, 35 Fuliiru were killed in 2005:, and their bodies were thrown into the 1704: 3802:. Bloomington, Indiana, United States. 2851: 2849: 2769: 2513:regions, but they can also be found in 2469:and useful for other purposes, such as 1590:people from Rwanda, who share the same 1253:: The Basozo clan originally came from 1102:: The Balambo clan takes charge of the 5392: 5355: 5353: 5305:Byakombe, Pépin-Raoul Mughusu (2015). 4861: 4179: 4094: 4066: 4037: 4012:Moeller de Laddersous, Alfred (1936). 3990: 3961: 3932: 3815: 3530:. Stanford University. pp. 80–90. 3499: 3446: 3403:Moeller de Laddersous, Alfred (1936). 3381: 3350:Moeller de Laddersous, Alfred (1936). 3332:Moeller, Alfred Alphonse Jean (1936). 3254: 3252: 3250: 3203: 3174: 3145: 3116: 3040: 2240:of Bafuliru music often center around 2134:similarity with Kinyarwanda; 63% with 2050:including the illegal exploitation of 1980:, and substandard living conditions. 160: 5300: 5298: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5085: 5083: 4989: 4987: 4277:The Journal of Modern African Studies 4118: 4116: 3762: 3760: 3545:. Princeton, New Jersey: Zone Books. 3521: 3519: 3517: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3196:Njangamwita Kibego, Nabuvira (2013). 1660:Mission d'immigration des Banyarwanda 1642:, leading to a deep and long-lasting 7: 2313:. One of the notable figures in the 2232:. This technique creates a rich and 2021:on June 10, 2004, to escape ongoing 1443:Eponym and controversies on chiefdom 909:consists of the following villages: 855:consists of the following villages: 809:consists of the following villages: 651:consists of the following villages: 578:consists of the following villages: 241:, particularly in the production of 4605:O'Brien, Andrew (16 October 2020). 3884:Review of African Political Economy 3690:Canadian Journal of African Studies 2208:, which are used to create complex 2114:. The Furiiru are connected to the 1554:, where they received support from 958:Alternatively, Bafuliiru are not a 445:. The Middle Plateau spans between 3954:Ndeshio Rurihose, O. (June 1992). 2841:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 2017:communities, who sought refuge in 1812:') through an entirely fabricated 509:. This plateau is mostly used for 369:and Buyu were both grouped in the 217:and to the north and northwest of 25: 4061:Lettre Pastorale du 11 avril 1998 3616:Katchelewa, Shimbi Kamba (2001). 3566:Katchelewa, Shimbi Kamba (2001). 2654:The main priorities of women are 2533:, providing a valuable source of 2122:culture cluster. Both groups are 1776:Lettre Pastorale du 11 avril 1998 1372:after the initial expansion from 338:, which included the present-day 4271:Emizet, Kisangani N. F. (2000). 3171:. United States. pp. 55–57. 2521:. Groundnuts from Bafuliiru are 2074:. The attack was believed to be 1824:", vouching they possessed two " 1808:" (literally 'those who live in 1686:. Other eastern regions such as 1403:Mwami Nyamugira Mukogabwe II of 1032:, and other economic activities. 1024:, they also had an occupancy in 322:, however small, was assigned a 207:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5144:Mbomba, Mashauri (2019-01-01). 5061:Leposo, Bruce (July 10, 2019). 4994:Mbomba, Mashauri (2019-01-01). 3983:Kanyamachumbi, Patient (1993). 3427:Kapapi, John (March 28, 2019). 3062:Hoffmann, Kasper (2021-02-01). 2610:Traditional Fuliiru houses are 1612:formalized and solidified this 1610:Belgian colonial administration 1574:, now commonly referred to as " 4978:Bulletin des séances, Volume 5 3541:Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2006). 3109:Mutambo, Joseph (March 1997). 3080:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.10.002 2357:I mbindi ya mavuyoKudeterakwo" 2264:that praise their leaders and 1447:The preeminent genesis of the 1: 5344:Rebellions au Congo, Volume 2 5236:(in French) (Hors-série 17). 3767:Lemarchand, René (May 1999). 3656:Lemarchand, René (May 1999). 3310:Sabuni, Abel Mukunde (2007). 3232:Loons, René (March 3, 1933). 3113:(in French). Limete/Kinshasa. 2650:Sexual division of production 2178:Fuliiru traditional dance in 1728:Union Minière du Haut-Katanga 1711:Union Minière du Haut Katanga 5280:10.4000/economierurale.11395 4854:Stuart Olson, James (1996). 4807:"Chapter Three Continuation" 4759:"Chapter Two: Data Analysis" 3259:Chubaka, Bishikwabo (1987). 3033:De Saint Moulin, L. (1975). 2224:singing, where one group of 2058:from their homes, and their 1674:, the Buzi-Ziralo grouping ( 1460:Alfred Moeller de Laddersous 1382:Democratic Republic of Congo 1326:Great Lakes region of Africa 1141:: The Banakatanda clan is a 4907:Ruhimbika, Manassé (2001). 4569:. Al Jazaeera. June 8, 2014 3837:Hautmann, Frédéric (1939). 3796:Kapapi, John (2019-03-28). 3641:Depelchin, Jacques (1974). 3526:Jacques, Depelchin (1974). 2878:Hautmann, Frédéric (1939). 2748:. However, handmade beaded 2724:and receive his blessings. 1872:In the early stages of the 1857:First and Second Congo Wars 564:, Muhungu and Kigoma. Each 5935: 5342:Verhaegen, Benoît (1966). 5273:(in French) (384): 77–92. 5126:(in French). June 17, 2011 4947:Jouannet, Francis (1984). 2859:. Greenwood: 1996, p. 183. 2732:In the past, Fuliiru wore 2439:. The crop thrives in the 2382:. It is believed that the 2359:in Kifuliiru, which means 290: 209:(DRC). They reside in the 5360:Muchukiwa, Bosco (2016). 4962:Hamoniaux, Roger (1968). 4289:10.1017/S0022278X0000330X 3896:10.1080/03056249608704230 3591:Muchukiwa, Bosco (2006). 3468:Muchukiwa, Bosco (2006). 3374:Mupe, Kingwengwe (1982). 2547:or as an ingredient in a 1782:In the letter, he stated: 1763:from neighboring Rwanda. 273:political marginalization 124: 104: 80: 70: 38: 4101:: CS1 maint: location ( 3739:Prunier, Gérard (2009). 3433:. Bloomington, Indiana. 3138:Mutambo, Joseph (1997). 1908:, lost their lives in a 1868:of the Katogota massacre 1427:. Bishikwabo Chubaka, a 5327:Gompel, F. Van (1934). 5202:E, Ngabo (2022-10-14). 5090:E, Ngabo (2023-08-30). 4523:(in French). 2012-09-30 4498:(in French). 2019-02-12 4473:(in French). 2014-09-02 4228:(in French). 2022-10-06 4030:Vandewoode, EJ (1939). 3878:Newbury, David (1996). 3001:(in French). 2022-02-11 2976:(in French). 2022-02-10 2951:(in French). 2022-06-10 2926:(in French). 2022-07-08 2188:traditional instruments 1767:Monsignor Faustin Ngabu 1018:community organizations 263:The Fuliiru, like many 5399:: CS1 maint: others ( 5179:"General Introduction" 4711:"General Introduction" 3645:. Stanford University. 3506:: CS1 maint: others ( 2746:Western-style clothing 2691: 2371:made from bananas and 2285: 2183: 2106:The Fuliiru speak the 1869: 1788: 1725:companies such as the 1714: 1416: 362: 5243:10.4000/vertigo.13922 4172:Bob, Olivier (1999). 3925:Spitaels, R. (1953). 3856:10.5194/gh-4-175-1949 3843:Geographica Helvetica 3167:John, Kapapi (2019). 2897:10.5194/gh-4-175-1949 2884:Geographica Helvetica 2681: 2279: 2258:initiation ceremonies 2177: 2126:, living between the 2035:political instability 1983:On May 14, 2000, the 1864: 1795:Since the 1960s, the 1784: 1708: 1566:During the period of 1402: 1342:Bantu-speaking people 930:Mahungu or Mahungubwe 356: 332:grouping (groupement) 281:gender-based violence 225:near the border with 120:Related ethnic groups 5183:www.africmemoire.com 4964:Le Déclin des idoles 4888:TheGlobalEconomy.com 4835:www.africmemoire.com 4831:"General Conclusion" 4811:www.africmemoire.com 4787:www.africmemoire.com 4763:www.africmemoire.com 4739:www.africmemoire.com 4715:www.africmemoire.com 4691:www.africmemoire.com 4667:www.africmemoire.com 4648:Daniel P. Biebuyck, 3200:(in French). Ottawa. 2855:James Stuart Olson, 2756:are still worn. The 2315:Congolese government 2302:Congo-Nile watershed 2076:ethnically motivated 1696:economic development 1568:European penetration 1221:ethnological studies 357:Fuliiru traditional 299:Belgian colonization 213:, situated south of 108:, Fuliiru Religion, 27:African ethnic group 2736:of cloth made from 2696:traditional beliefs 2323:government Minister 2128:African Great Lakes 1966:humanitarian crisis 1902:South Kivu Province 1542:nearly half of the 534:chefs de groupement 340:Haut-Congo Province 311:chefs de groupement 258:musical instruments 211:South Kivu Province 59:South Kivu Province 35: 4546:Human Rights Watch 2692: 2431:, stretching from 2286: 2250:cultural practices 2184: 2023:ethnic persecution 1997:in the village of 1978:medical facilities 1870: 1818:ancestral homeland 1735:, particularly in 1715: 1672:Rutshuru Territory 1644:social interaction 1544:Bafuliiru Chiefdom 1449:Bafuliiru Chiefdom 1417: 1405:Bafuliiru Chiefdom 1344:who migrated from 540:are subdivided in 526:Bafuliiru Chiefdom 389:. Conversely, the 363: 336:Orientale Province 293:Bafuliiru Chiefdom 287:Bafuliiru Chiefdom 51:Bafuliiru Chiefdom 5901: 5900: 5124:Documents.wfp.org 5067:libregrandlac.com 4368:By (2000-05-21). 3809:978-1-7960-2289-6 2700:cultural identity 2682:Fuliiru couples, 2441:temperate climate 2260:. They also have 2230:harmonized phrase 2222:call-and-response 2039:resource scarcity 1910:hospital massacre 1906:medical personnel 1878:Second Congo Wars 1838:Berlin Conference 1596:cultural heritage 1556:Belgian colonists 1539:King Mwezi Gisabo 1485:political analyst 528:is subdivided in 391:Bafuliru Chiefdom 315:traditional ruler 195: 194: 159: 158: 16:(Redirected from 5926: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5367: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5245: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5175: 5154: 5153: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5087: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4374:Orlando Sentinel 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4150:. Archived from 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3813: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3696:(2/3): 292–328. 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3523: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3444: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3378:. Bukavu, Zaire. 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3256: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3229: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3143: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3038: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2833: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2774: 2674:Religious belief 2618:Commercial trade 2595:Coffea canephora 2337:originated from 2319:Justin Bitakwira 2108:Fuliiru language 2029:Ongoing violence 1993:, perpetrated a 1834:Congo Free State 1743:. Many of these 1680:Kalehe Territory 1664:Masisi Territory 1635:over the Hutus. 1370:Southeast Africa 1108:royal headpieces 1014:local government 297:At the onset of 161: 66:Total population 43: 36: 21: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5864: 5563:Great Lakes Twa 5444: 5439: 5409: 5408: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5213: 5211: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5157: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5129: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4860: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4789: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4178: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4065: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4036: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3960: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3931: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3890:(70): 573–576. 3877: 3876: 3872: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3814: 3810: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3524: 3515: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3445: 3441: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3380: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3202: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3144: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3115: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3039: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2847: 2834: 2825: 2817:Johan Pottier, 2816: 2812: 2803: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2730: 2676: 2652: 2620: 2608: 2584: 2553:labor-intensive 2503: 2479: 2422: 2400: 2369:alcoholic drink 2348: 2339:Lwindi Chiefdom 2331: 2298:industrial work 2274: 2172: 2138:, and 80% with 2124:interlacustrine 2104: 2099: 2091:ethnic violence 2070:on the town of 2031: 2003:throats slashed 1970:inadequate food 1914:Lemera Hospital 1898:Uvira Territory 1890:ancestral lands 1884:members of the 1859: 1851:René Lemarchand 1793: 1771:Diocese of Goma 1702:in the region. 1700:ethnic tensions 1592:common language 1564: 1516: 1511: 1476:Uvira Territory 1445: 1407:in Nia Magira ( 1386:Lake Tanganyika 1366:Southern Africa 1354:Bantu migration 1352:as part of the 1322: 1317: 956: 951: 898: 844: 798: 642: 523: 495:Lake Tanganyika 407:Uvira Territory 385:, Ndandja, and 361:, November 2019 342:and the former 295: 289: 219:Uvira Territory 61: 55:Uvira Territory 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5906: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5869:Non-indigenous 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5407: 5406: 5378: 5349: 5334: 5319: 5294: 5257: 5220: 5194: 5155: 5136: 5108: 5079: 5053: 5029: 5005: 4983: 4969: 4954: 4939: 4924: 4917: 4899: 4875: 4846: 4822: 4798: 4774: 4750: 4726: 4702: 4678: 4654: 4641: 4616: 4597: 4594:. August 2020. 4580: 4558: 4533: 4508: 4483: 4458: 4434: 4423:Memoire Online 4410: 4385: 4360: 4335: 4318: 4283:(2): 163–202. 4263: 4256: 4238: 4213: 4193: 4164: 4139: 4112: 4080: 4051: 4022: 4004: 3975: 3946: 3917: 3870: 3849:(3): 175–177. 3829: 3808: 3788: 3756: 3749: 3731: 3702:10.2307/486267 3676: 3648: 3633: 3626: 3608: 3601: 3583: 3576: 3558: 3551: 3533: 3513: 3485: 3478: 3460: 3439: 3419: 3395: 3366: 3342: 3324: 3302: 3290: 3246: 3217: 3188: 3159: 3130: 3101: 3054: 3025: 3011: 2986: 2961: 2936: 2911: 2890:(3): 175–176. 2870: 2861: 2845: 2823: 2810: 2794: 2782:Joshua Project 2768: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2729: 2726: 2675: 2672: 2651: 2648: 2644:basket weaving 2619: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2589:Coffea arabica 2583: 2580: 2544:cassava mbundu 2523:local delicacy 2502: 2499: 2494:Hauts Plateaux 2490:Hauts Plateaux 2478: 2475: 2450:cassava mbundu 2445:high altitudes 2421: 2418: 2399: 2396: 2384:umbilical cord 2347: 2344: 2330: 2327: 2273: 2270: 2171: 2168: 2112:Bantu language 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2030: 2027: 1991:child soldiers 1974:water supplies 1858: 1855: 1792: 1789: 1709:Mining by the 1682:, and Moba in 1668:Bwito Chiefdom 1640:cattle raiding 1563: 1560: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1444: 1441: 1421:oral tradition 1350:Central Africa 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1248: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1194: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1136: 1131: 1117: 1111: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1006:social history 995: 990: 985: 955: 952: 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 917: 911: 897: 896: 893: 890: 887: 882: 877: 874: 871: 868: 863: 857: 849:Itara-Luvungi 843: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 811: 797: 796: 793: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 653: 641: 640: 637: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 580: 522: 515: 511:grazing cattle 503:Irish potatoes 439:Middle Plateau 371:Fizi Territory 291:Main article: 288: 285: 199:Fuliiru people 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 157: 156: 122: 121: 117: 116: 102: 101: 97: 96: 78: 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 44: 34:Fuliiru people 29: 26: 24: 18:Fuliiru people 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5931: 5920: 5919:Bantu peoples 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5363: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5320: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5195: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5137: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4918:9782747503631 4914: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4847: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4630: 4629:Deccan Herald 4626: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4350:. 30 May 1997 4349: 4348:reliefweb.int 4345: 4339: 4336: 4332:. April 1998. 4328: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4257:9780810863255 4253: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4154:on 2004-09-12 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4033: 4026: 4023: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3979: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3789: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3750:9780195374209 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3627:9782922300222 3623: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3602:9782296425569 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3577:9782922300222 3573: 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