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339:...the first and most urgent step required to restore balance in the conduct of our foreign policy is the rebuilding of the capacities of our civilian foreign affairs agencies. We can no longer pretend that State and USAID can responsibly assume the burgeoning list of diplomatic tasks central to protecting and advancing America's global interests without substantial increases in staff. This is true across the full spectrum of diplomatic activity, but it is especially true with respect to our response to situations of conflict and the threats they to our national security interests.
246:
321:, Mark Leon Goldberg references the term in the title: "The Obama Administration’s Full Spectrum Diplomacy on Libya." In defense of the Obama administration's strategy in the North African nation, he writes that: "After the unanimous passage of a strong Security Council resolution on Libya on Saturday, there appears to be a full spectrum diplomatic push led by the Obama administration to make sure that the provisions called for in the resolution are swiftly and effectively imposed."
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treatment of prisoners, etc.), or where the need to exert political influence requires the collection of “opportunities intelligence” on targets of potential political influence, or the use of offensive political counterintelligence operations. It is the entire range of these public diplomatic instruments combined with traditional diplomacy, and finally integrated with the other arts of statecraft that comprise what is missing in U.S. foreign policy: full spectrum diplomacy.
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economic measures, and “white” propaganda, to covert operations such as clandestine support of foreign elements, “black” psychological warfare, to encouraging underground resistance movements in hostile states. This was not the “diplomacy in public” we know today, but a full-spectrum “diplomacy with publics” that engaged people at all levels and with all means available. Seven years later,
22:
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305:, Joseph Nye asserts that "America's success will depend upon our developing a deeper understanding of the role of soft power and developing a better balance of hard and soft power in our foreign policy.". The resulting "smart power" provides a distinct tie-in to the idea of full spectrum diplomacy. Finally, Professor
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Thus, a full realization of the possibilities of public diplomacy must take into account the necessity of its proper integration with other arts of statecraft where, for example, military strategy incorporates public diplomacy into its calculations (e.g., in behavior toward foreign populations, the
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In 1948, George Kennan developed a plan for “organized political warfare” to counter the Soviet Union’s growing power and influence. To be effective, it required the United States to employ all means possible to achieve its national objective, including overt activities such as political alliances,
253:
In support of the concept of full spectrum diplomacy, Lenczowski writes that "the achievement of foreign policy goals requires a multiplicity of means that can be likened to instruments in an orchestra." Additionally, he states that "the conduct of full spectrum diplomacy thus involves the proper
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The purpose of full spectrum diplomacy is to promote what
Lenczowski calls an "influence culture." This environment includes a more versatile diplomatic corps to accompany an increased focus on public diplomacy. It is a comprehensive approach that will employ many of the elements of what Harvard
161:") indicating that it inspired his derivation for diplomatic use. He writes that the diplomatic community does not have a comparable term to full spectrum operations, "but there should be, in order to end the systematic neglect of some dimensions of the larger art of diplomacy."
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recognized the struggle as “shifting more than ever from the arena of power to the arena of ideas and international persuasion.” A then-young Henry
Kissinger, stressing the importance of the people, noted the “predominant aspect of the new diplomacy is its psychological
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This collected orchestration becomes a part of what
Lenczowski calls an “integrated strategy” defined by "a concept that requires the coordination of all the instruments of statecraft, including military policy, intelligence, counterintelligence, economic policy, etc."
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writing for the creation of a "Policy
Coordinating Committee on Foreign Information, Assistance, and Democracy Promotion" that would serve to integrate the leadership of the many organizations involved in public diplomacy to other agencies of strategic influence.
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in which she promotes an "American Global
Outreach and Research Agency." Her idea culminates in a system that links the instruments of public diplomacy throughout the whole of government. Yet another proposal is that of Professor Carnes Lord of the
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Full spectrum diplomacy is an integrated strategy that encompasses all instruments of engagement including traditional diplomacy and public diplomacy. Of particular note is advocacy for the use of
347:, wrote that "the warfighter now operates along many lines at once and across a full spectrum of possible actions, either diplomatic, intelligence-driven, military, or economic in nature.
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Though a relatively new term in the lexicon of statecraft, full spectrum diplomacy is already found in reference to contemporary events. In a
February 28, 2011 commentary piece in the
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writes that the U.S. "needs to integrate its political, economic, and military aims in a coherent fashion, for years of peace as well as the possibility of war." In his book
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such as military action, the engagement of full spectrum diplomacy provides for a variety of possible non-military actions that could pre-empt the need for armed conflict.
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orchestration of both traditional and public diplomacy in such a fashion that the policies governing each function do not jeopardize the effectiveness of the other."
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To increase the role of public diplomacy, Lenczowski advocates the foundation of a U.S. Public
Diplomacy Agency. This would not only take the place of the former
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290:. The influence culture and resulting integrated strategy of the "orchestra" allow for a broader international approach. In lieu of too quickly resorting to
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In a July 2006 article promoting 'full spectrum analysis' at the strategic level, Adrian
Wolfberg, then director of the Knowledge Laboratory at the
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Lenczowski's book appears to be the first attempt to define the term. In it, he references the military concept of "full spectrum operations" (or "
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Other references, which occur prior to
Lenczowski's initial use of the term, utilize similar terminology or imply the same conceptual framework.
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The Role of
Civilian and Military Agencies in the Advancement of America's Diplomatic and Development Objectives (Congressional Testimony)
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calls for a "fully functioning 'strategy bridge' that binds together, adaptably, the realms of policy and military behavior.".
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Armstrong, Matthew "Operationalizing Public Diplomacy" (2009). Snow, Nancy and Philip M. Taylor (ed.).
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Full Spectrum Diplomacy and Grand Strategy: Reforming the Structure and Culture of U.S. Foreign Policy
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Full Spectrum Diplomacy and Grand Strategy: Reforming the Structure and Culture of U.S. Foreign Policy
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is a combination of traditional, government-to-government diplomacy with the many components of
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A previous use of this musical ensemble analogy for an instrument of statecraft is found in a
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Goldberg, Mark (February 28), The Obama Administration’s Full Spectrum Diplomacy on Libya,
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Losing Hearts and Minds? Public Diplomacy and Strategic Influence in the Age of Terror
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http://www.undispatch.com/the-obama-administrations-full-specturm-diplomacy-on-libya
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Scholars have been calling for this approach to American grand strategy for years.
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as well as the integration of these two functions with other instruments of
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After Iraq: The Search for a Sustainable National Security Strategy
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and what a number of scholars and government officials refer to as
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Lenczowski provides further explanation of the construct here:
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Full Spectrum Analysis: A New Way of Thinking for a New World
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discussing his book and the concept on Secure Freedom Radio.
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Why America is Such a Hard Sell: Beyond Pride and Prejudice
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473:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 8.
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Soviet anti-Nazi espionage element commonly known as the
486:. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 109-110.
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to enhance contact with people at the grassroots level.
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Reagan and Gorbachev at a State Arrival Ceremony, 1987
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U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
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Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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327:In March 2009 congressional testimony,
212:United States Information Agency (USIA)
451:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy
166:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy
42:Please improve this article by adding
856:Conseiller chargé des investissements
625:Wolfberg, Adrian (July–August 2006).
372:Public diplomacy of the United States
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424:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 118.
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220:Why America is Such a Hard Sell
143:The Institute of World Politics
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141:, founder and president of
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616:. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
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345:Defense Intelligence Agency
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329:George Moose
326:
323:
318:
316:
302:
299:Paul Kennedy
296:
276:
263:World War II
260:
256:
252:
234:
230:
219:
209:
202:
195:engaging in
171:
165:
163:
156:
146:
126:
125:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
30:
1192:Appeasement
890:Other roles
392:smart power
288:smart power
178:dimension.”
1428:Neologisms
1397:Categories
1274:Soft power
1146:Preventive
1136:Pilgrimage
1031:Commercial
747:Ambassador
698:Diplomatic
551:, 115-135.
408:References
387:Hard power
382:Soft power
303:Soft Power
292:hard power
284:soft power
280:Joseph Nye
278:professor
183:Components
135:statecraft
96:April 2011
66:newspapers
33:references
1408:Diplomacy
1290:Exequatur
1283:Documents
1141:Ping-pong
1111:Migration
1086:Guerrilla
1076:Freelance
1051:Debt-trap
1021:Checkbook
955:Consulate
684:diplomats
680:Diplomacy
331:, former
1423:Strategy
1369:Category
1321:Agencies
1262:Protocol
1171:Track II
1066:Economic
1041:Culinary
1036:Cultural
1026:Coercive
990:Legation
961:De facto
808:Resident
351:See also
1381:Commons
1166:Stadium
1161:Shuttle
1156:Science
1106:Medical
1096:Hostage
1091:Gunboat
1056:Digital
1046:Defence
963:embassy
938:Offices
836:Attaché
273:Purpose
80:scholar
1333:Summit
1185:Topics
1151:Public
1131:Parley
1071:Energy
1061:Dollar
1016:Caviar
792:Consul
757:Nuncio
282:calls
153:Origin
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1121:Panda
1009:Types
820:Envoy
691:Roles
538:, xi.
525:, xi.
512:, 50.
499:, 23.
87:JSTOR
73:books
1101:Iron
682:and
459:–66.
437:, 1.
59:news
1116:New
35:to
1399::
457:65
269:.
46:.
838:)
672:e
665:t
658:v
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
40:.
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