69:/genetically fungi, although sharing similar methods of infecting plants. Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic. Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissue and protect only the plant where the spray is deposited. Translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface. Systemic fungicides are taken up and redistributed through the xylem vessels. Few fungicides move to all parts of a plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upward. Most fungicides that can be bought retail are sold in liquid form, the active ingredient being present at 0.08% in weaker concentrates, and as high as 0.5% for more potent fungicides. Fungicides in powdered form are usually around 90% sulfur.
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83:
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96:
Lini RS, Scanferla DT, de
Oliveira NG, Aguera RG, Santos TD, Teixeira JJ, Kaneshima AM, Mossini SA (January 2024). "Fungicides as a risk factor for the development of neurological diseases and disorders in humans: a systematic review".
601:
b. It is presumed that this disrupts the binding of the fungicide to the protein, rendering the fungicide ineffective. Upregulation of target genes can also render the fungicide ineffective. This is seen in DMI-resistant strains of
1179:
Zwiers LH, Stergiopoulos I, Gielkens MM, Goodall SD, De Waard MA (July 2003). "ABC transporters of the wheat pathogen
Mycosphaerella graminicola function as protectants against biotic and xenobiotic toxic compounds".
1232:
1075:
Metcalfe, R.J.; Shaw, M.W.; Russell, P.E. (2000). "The effect of dose and mobility on the strength of selection for DMI (sterol demethylation inhibitors) fungicide resistance in inoculated field experiments".
905:
Hrelia P, Fimognari C, Maffei F, Vigagni F, Mesirca R, Pozzetti L, Paolini M, Cantelli Forti G (September 1996). "The genetic and non-genetic toxicity of the fungicide
Vinclozolin".
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556:. These additional fungicides typically belong to the same chemical family, act in the same way, or have a similar mechanism for detoxification. Sometimes negative
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occurs, where resistance to one chemical class of fungicides increases sensitivity to a different chemical class of fungicides. This has been seen with
158:
is also a fungicide that is toxic to humans with long-term exposure, and fatal if ingested. A number of fungicides are also used in human health care.
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184:, chemical structures, and, most successfully, mechanism of action (MOA). These respective classifications reflect the evolution of the underlying
200:, and copper salts. While cheap, they must be applied repeatedly and are relatively ineffective. Other active ingredients in fungicides include
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768:
176:, fungicides are numerous and diverse. This complexity has led to diverse schemes for classifying fungicides. Classifications are based on
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257:. These compounds are non-specific and are thought to inhibit cysteine-based protease enzymes. Similarly nonspecific are N-substituted
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957:. Encyclopedia of Earth, eds. A.Jorgensen and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the environment, Washington DC
146:
have been found on food for human consumption, mostly from post-harvest treatments. Some fungicides are dangerous to human
807:
Latijnhouwers, Maita; de Wit, Pierre; Govers, Francine (2003). "Oomycetes and fungi: similar weaponry to attack plants".
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Doses that provide the most control of the disease also provide the largest selection pressure to acquire resistance.
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527:, and it is likely that they are as common as for plant and animal viruses, although not as well studied. Given the
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653:. Cross-resistance can occur because the active ingredients share a common mode of action. FRAC is organized by
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Sierotzki, Helge (2000). "Mode of resistance to respiration inhibitors at the cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex of
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568:. Also possible is resistance to two chemically different fungicides by separate mutation events. For example,
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nature of mycoviruses, it is likely that all of these are detrimental to their hosts, and thus are potential
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237:-based fungicides, the first organic compounds used for this purpose, became available. These include
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A common mechanism for acquiring resistance is alteration of the target enzyme. For example,
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In some cases, the pathogen evolves resistance to multiple fungicides, a phenomenon known as
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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were the initial focus of these fungicides. These fungi are active against cereals.
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National Center for
Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=8722,
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702:"Interaction of 2,4,5-trichlorophenylsulphonylmethyl thiocyanate with fungal spores"
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has developed multiple drug resistance using this mechanism. The pathogen had five
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1317:- National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University, United States
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Fungicides that are at risk of losing their potency due to resistance include
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597:(glycine) by another (alanine) in the target protein of the QoI fungicides,
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Specific fungicides target a particular biological process in the fungus.
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specificities that together work to pump toxic chemicals out of the cell.
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2017:
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1018:"Mycoviruses of filamentous fungi and their relevance to plant pathology"
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977:"Phosphite (phosphorous acid): Fungicide, fertilizer or bio-stimulator?"
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2012:
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751:
Dreikorn, Barry A.; Owen, W. John (2000). "Fungicides, Agricultural".
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that enable the metabolism of the fungicide to a harmless substance.
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In addition to the mechanisms outlined above, fungi may also develop
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10.1002/1526-4998(200010)56:10<833::AID-PS200>3.0.CO;2-Q
585:, an economically important pathogen of banana, is resistant to the
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1136:"The 14alpha-Demethylasse(CYP51A1) Gene is Overexpressed in
611:
Resistance to fungicides can also be developed by efficient
1016:
Pearson, M.N.; Beever, R.E.; Boine, B.; Arthur, K. (2009).
196:
Traditional fungicides are simple inorganic compounds like
1218:
1296:
57:. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight
331:, a metabolically central enzyme. Fungi of the class
975:
Thao, Hoang Thi Bich; Yamakawa, Takeo (April 2009).
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2536:
2298:
1841:
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1219:"Fungicides Resistance Action Committee website"
753:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
700:Haverkate, F.; Tempel, A.; Held, A. J. (1969).
636:that circumvent the target protein, or acquire
941:https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8722
1680:
1336:
8:
2556:List of organic gardening and farming topics
864:Brooks and, G.T; Roberts, T.R, eds. (1999).
593:change resulting in the replacement of one
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761:10.1002/0471238961.0621140704180509.a01
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154:, which has now been removed from use.
706:Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology
61:. Fungicides are also used to control
1297:Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
1134:Schnabel G, Jones AL (January 2001).
27:Chemical compounds used to kill fungi
7:
2741:
679:(Pathogen-Host-Interaction database)
410:Lipid synthesis / membrane integrity
45:. Fungi can cause serious damage in
2753:
1140:Strains Resistant to Myclobutanil"
866:Pesticide Chemistry and Bioscience
615:of the fungicide out of the cell.
25:
1302:Fungicide Resistance Action Group
2752:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2716:
1444:
1090:10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00486.x
1036:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00503.x
1002:10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00365.x
981:Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
574:is resistant to both azoles and
444:Sterol biosynthesis in membranes
371:Amino acid and protein synthesis
81:
306:Cytoskeleton and motor proteins
868:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
432:Melanin synthesis in cell wall
1:
1308:General Pesticide Information
111:10.1080/10408444.2024.2303481
1506:Persistent organic pollutant
1272:. 2018-02-28. Archived from
589:fungicides, due to a single
493:Host plant defence induction
218:, and the beneficial fungus
59:fungal infections in animals
2587:Index of pesticide articles
1649:Index of pesticide articles
1476:Agricultural spray adjuvant
1157:10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.102
672:Index of pesticide articles
2807:
1731:Climate-friendly gardening
1644:Integrated Pest Management
1491:Integrated pest management
542:
165:
2710:
2607:Plant disease forecasting
2561:Vegan organic agriculture
2411:Genetically modified tree
1639:
1541:Paradox of the pesticides
1442:
1194:10.1007/s00438-003-0855-x
1023:Molecular Plant Pathology
962:October 28, 2012, at the
827:10.1016/j.tim.2003.08.002
688:Plant disease forecasting
523:are known to suffer from
90:This article needs to be
1581:Pesticide Action Network
1501:Non-pesticide management
1105:Mycosphaerella fijiensis
943:(accessed Jan. 13, 2019)
786:"Fungicides:Terminology"
576:dicarboximide fungicides
545:Antimicrobial resistance
519:Some of the most common
49:, resulting in critical
1481:Biological pest control
1264:"Resistance Management"
1109:Pest Management Science
952:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
919:10.1093/mutage/11.5.445
788:. Iowa State University
327:Some fungicides target
289:Nucleic acid metabolism
94:. The reason given is:
2546:Biodynamic agriculture
2483:Postharvest physiology
2431:Landscape architecture
2128:Indonesian home garden
1594:The Pesticide Question
1269:CropLife International
1238:. 2020. Archived from
810:Trends in Microbiology
655:CropLife International
476:Cell wall biosynthesis
329:succinic dehydrogenase
277:is also non-specific.
18:Fungicides, industrial
1793:Historic conservation
1496:Maximum residue limit
1466:Environmental effects
874:10.1533/9781845698416
623:ABC-type transporters
521:fungal crop pathogens
166:Further information:
2723:Gardening portal
2622:Aquamog weed remover
2597:List of insecticides
1654:Pesticide categories
529:obligately parasitic
1138:Venturia inaequalis
993:2009SSPN...55..228T
605:Venturia inaequalis
393:Signal transduction
261:. Members include
162:Types of fungicides
2592:List of fungicides
2357:Companion planting
1313:2007-12-29 at the
1182:Mol Genet Genomics
718:10.1007/BF02015493
634:metabolic pathways
168:List of fungicides
2768:
2767:
2640:Community orchard
2466:drought tolerance
1662:
1661:
1107:field isolates".
883:978-1-84569-841-6
770:978-0-471-48494-3
625:with overlapping
215:Bacillus subtilis
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
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2697:Plant collecting
2633:Related articles
2570:Plant protection
1751:French intensive
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1304:, United Kingdom
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618:Septoria tritici
571:Botrytis cinerea
558:cross-resistance
554:cross resistance
535:/biofungicides.
509:phosphorous acid
212:, the bacterium
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99:Crit Rev Toxicol
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65:, which are not
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2702:Turf management
2687:Lists of plants
2682:List of gardens
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1291:External links
1289:
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1188:(4): 499–507.
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1150:(1): 102–110.
1144:Phytopathology
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1030:(1): 115–128.
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987:(2): 228–234.
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712:(5): 308–315.
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583:Black Sigatoka
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1587:Silent Spring
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1300:
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1290:
1276:on 2020-12-10
1275:
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1256:
1245:on 2021-08-16
1241:
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1199:
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949:
946:
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916:
913:(5): 445–53.
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871:
867:
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857:
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566:diethofencarb
563:
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510:
507:
505:
502:
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485:
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480:
479:
475:
471:
470:propiconazole
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:fenpropimorph
448:
447:
443:
439:
436:
435:
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414:
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405:
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400:
397:
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388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:blasticidin-S
375:
374:
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366:
363:
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348:
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268:
264:
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244:
240:
236:
233:In the 1930s
228:
226:
224:
222:
217:
216:
211:
207:
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199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
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159:
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134:
131:February 2024
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
88:
79:
78:
72:
70:
68:
67:taxonomically
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:used to kill
36:
32:
19:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2714:
2617:Weed control
2576:
2506:horticulture
2436:Olericulture
2416:Hydroculture
2406:Fruticulture
2384:Floriculture
2313:Permaculture
2300:Horticulture
1696:Horticulture
1592:
1585:
1571:Bee toxicity
1511:Pest control
1416:Molluscicide
1393:
1389:Biopesticide
1384:Bioherbicide
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1267:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1227:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1027:
1021:
1011:
984:
980:
970:
954:
948:
935:
910:
906:
900:
865:
859:
814:
808:
802:
790:. Retrieved
779:
752:
709:
705:
651:azoxystrobin
646:Strobilurins
644:
642:
631:
616:
610:
603:
580:
569:
551:
548:
518:
482:dimethomorph
465:myclobutanil
455:hexaconazole
438:tricyclazole
387:pyrimethanil
340:azoxystrobin
332:
326:
284:
259:phthalimides
232:
219:
213:
195:
171:
141:
128:
105:(1): 35–54.
102:
98:
91:
30:
29:
2759:WikiProject
2528:Monoculture
2523:Viticulture
2501:agriculture
2461:propagation
2401:Hügelkultur
2323:sustainable
2308:Agriculture
2250:Therapeutic
2230:Shakespeare
2041:Renaissance
1833:Xeriscaping
1828:Sustainable
1823:Square foot
1813:Proplifting
1778:Garden tool
1746:Foodscaping
1626:New Zealand
1531:Degradation
1526:Formulation
1516:Application
1431:Rodenticide
1411:Insecticide
1374:Bactericide
1084:: 546–557.
907:Mutagenesis
821:: 462–469.
562:carbendazim
533:biocontrols
525:mycoviruses
515:Mycoviruses
499:acibenzolar
416:propamocarb
404:procymidone
399:fludioxonil
382:kasugamycin
323:Respiration
312:carbendazim
229:Nonspecific
192:Traditional
172:Like other
152:vinclozolin
47:agriculture
2781:Fungicides
2775:Categories
2421:Indigenous
2318:stock-free
2290:Zoological
2170:Pollinator
2063:Greenhouse
2006:Sharawadgi
1994:Vietnamese
1955:East Asian
1863:Australian
1818:Raised bed
1783:Green wall
1609:By country
1566:Resurgence
1561:Resistance
1471:Fumigation
1421:Nematicide
1352:Pesticides
1280:2020-11-22
1249:2020-09-04
1026:(Review).
819:Cell Press
734:References
599:cytochrome
595:amino acid
591:nucleotide
543:See also:
539:Resistance
504:fosetyl-Al
421:pyrazophos
360:cyazofamid
345:binapacryl
317:pencycuron
295:bupirimate
223:oudemansii
221:Ulocladium
210:jojoba oil
174:pesticides
150:, such as
142:Fungicide
35:pesticides
31:Fungicides
2692:Perennial
2655:Floristry
2602:Pesticide
2582:Herbicide
2577:Fungicide
2471:hardiness
2235:Shrubbery
2215:Sculpture
2036:landscape
1965:Cantonese
1940:Container
1935:Community
1903:Byzantine
1898:Butterfly
1888:Botanical
1788:Guerrilla
1736:Community
1726:Butterfly
1721:Arboretum
1716:Allotment
1708:Gardening
1700:gardening
1546:Poisoning
1436:Slimicide
1426:Piscicide
1404:Defoliant
1399:Herbicide
1394:Fungicide
1369:Acaricide
1360:Pesticide
892:849886156
835:0966-842X
627:substrate
487:polyoxins
426:tecnazene
300:metalaxyl
178:inorganic
63:oomycetes
41:or their
2791:Biocides
2786:Mycology
2735:Category
2645:Features
2551:Grafting
2511:forestry
2493:Tropical
2478:Pomology
2451:cuttings
2446:breeding
2280:Wildlife
2260:Tropical
2210:Scottish
2160:Pleasure
2148:Paradise
2143:Charbagh
2113:Monastic
2108:Medieval
2018:Floating
1972:Japanese
1923:Communal
1913:Colonial
1878:Biblical
1843:Types of
1808:Parterre
1551:Research
1311:Archived
1202:12768412
1166:18944284
1062:34331588
1054:19161358
960:Archived
851:22200121
843:14557029
726:23304303
677:PHI-base
661:See also
649:such as
460:imazalil
355:carboxin
350:boscalid
281:Specific
263:captafol
255:mancozeb
206:rosemary
202:neem oil
144:residues
119:38288970
2747:Commons
2660:Ikebana
2612:Pruning
2538:Organic
2488:Roguing
2374:Cutting
2265:Victory
2240:Spanish
2220:Sensory
2165:Prairie
2133:Persian
2123:Orchard
2088:Kitchen
2083:Keyhole
2078:Italian
2073:Islamic
2068:Hanging
2027:French
2013:Fernery
2001:English
1960:Chinese
1945:Cottage
1873:Baroque
1845:gardens
1798:History
1556:Residue
1379:Biocide
1045:6640375
989:Bibcode
927:8921505
792:June 1,
638:enzymes
186:science
182:organic
92:updated
2497:Urban
2394:Taiwan
2389:Canada
2352:Botany
2345:Saikei
2340:Bonsai
2285:Winter
2270:Walled
2205:School
2200:Sacred
2155:Physic
2118:Mughal
2098:Market
2053:German
2031:formal
2023:Flower
1989:Korean
1908:Cactus
1893:Bottle
1853:Alpine
1803:Native
1756:Garden
1741:Forest
1616:Canada
1536:Misuse
1200:
1164:
1060:
1052:
1042:
955:Sulfur
925:
890:
880:
849:
841:
833:
817:(10).
767:
724:
613:efflux
271:folpet
269:, and
267:captan
253:, and
239:ferbam
198:sulfur
148:health
117:
73:Safety
55:profit
43:spores
2441:Plant
2379:Flora
2328:urban
2275:Water
2255:Trial
2225:Shade
2185:Roman
2058:Greek
2048:Front
1950:Dutch
1918:Color
1521:Drift
1362:types
1243:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1058:S2CID
847:S2CID
722:S2CID
251:maneb
247:zineb
243:ziram
208:oil,
156:Ziram
2362:Crop
2195:Rose
2190:Roof
2180:Rock
2175:Rain
2138:Bāgh
2103:Mary
2093:Knot
1977:Roji
1868:Back
1698:and
1198:PMID
1162:PMID
1050:PMID
923:PMID
888:OCLC
878:ISBN
839:PMID
831:ISSN
794:2013
765:ISBN
564:and
225:.
115:PMID
33:are
2245:Tea
1982:Zen
1883:Bog
1190:doi
1186:269
1152:doi
1117:doi
1086:doi
1040:PMC
1032:doi
997:doi
915:doi
870:doi
823:doi
757:doi
714:doi
587:QoI
273:.
180:vs
107:doi
2777::
1266:.
1210:^
1196:.
1184:.
1160:.
1148:91
1146:.
1142:.
1113:56
1111:.
1082:49
1080:.
1056:.
1048:.
1038:.
1028:10
1020:.
995:.
985:55
983:.
979:.
921:.
911:11
909:.
886:.
876:.
845:.
837:.
829:.
815:11
813:.
763:.
755:.
741:^
720:.
710:75
708:.
704:.
657:.
608:.
578:.
265:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
204:,
188:.
113:.
103:54
101:.
1688:e
1681:t
1674:v
1344:e
1337:t
1330:v
1283:.
1252:.
1221:.
1204:.
1192::
1168:.
1154::
1123:.
1119::
1092:.
1088::
1064:.
1034::
1005:.
999::
991::
929:.
917::
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872::
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