590:, tied closely to both the neighborhood councils and the residents' original communities in Altiplano, linked urban and rural communities together. Despite peasant roadblocks causing food shortages and inflation in El Alto, urban residents maintained their solidarity with the peasantry. The conflict also ignited a reconciliation of indigenous struggles with the trade union movement, as both the indigenous peasant and mining cultures of El Alto reinforced each-other, with elements of the two converging into a collective resistance. A
771:
681:
487:. The FEJUVE leadership was replaced and the assemblies took greater control over the organization, in order to prevent a repeat of the monopolization of power by the leadership. It became increasingly difficult for the leadership to operated unilaterally, without popular consent; on one occasion, after FEJUVE president Mauricio Cori was accused of allegedly negotiating for a position in municipal governments and a state company, he was publicly beaten and stripped of his clothes.
849:
felt that the city had been neglected, despite its role as "the vanguard of process of change." The FEJUVE called a 24-hour general strike and for a boycott of government celebrations; it called for further infrastructure projects and increased funding, including a share of the country's nationalized petroleum industry. Morales responded by announcing the construction of a dam to provide water for El Alto and committed $ 1 billion to infrastructure improvements for the city.
845:, the FEJUVE called a general strike in El Alto, demanding that the state increase funding provided to the city, which had seen a 50% population increase over the previous decade. After two days, during which roads into La Paz were blockaded, Morales presided over negotiations to end the strike, promising new infrastructure projects for the city. Of FEJUVE's 14 district councils, 2 refused to agree to the settlement and momentarily continued their blockades of La Paz.
902:
reportedly increased during the 21st century. Once every two years, a congress of neighborhood councils is held; representing each council are four delegates, two from the council's leadership and two elected from its grassroots base by an assembly. These biennial congresses elect the central executive committee of the FEJUVE, which counts 29 ministries, as well as a
President and Vice-President. Each district of El Alto is represented on the committee, according to
479:
grassroots strategy was to disperse themselves within both conferences of the FEJUVE, so that they could regain influence over the organization without supporting either political tendency. They also established the El Alto
Assembly, which gave control back to the local councils and trade unions. The Assembly oversaw strike actions and the construction of infrastructure projects, providing a grassroots democratic alternative to the political party domination.
2680:
575:
804:. The new constitution was finally ratified after a number of concessions to the opposition, thus maintaining the influence of agribusiness and keeping power in the hands of political parties. Despite the anti-capitalist and directly democratic elements of the constitution being struck out, its ratification still implemented the state ownership of natural resources and the expansion of indigenous rights.
3305:
3293:
113:
34:
948:. Market vendors are represented by a street merchants' association, which regulates stall access, keeps track of the markets' upkeep and sanitation, mediates inter-vendor disputes and negotiates with the municipal government on the vendors' behalf. These trade union associations also mediate conflicts between street merchants and collect
523:
515:. In return for legal recognition, the LPP imposed new organizational standards on FEJUVE, requiring it to meet certain legal requirements and to include women in its leadership structures. This new law increased the FEJUVE's influence significantly, with neighborhood councils beginning to function as the
971:
Construction and infrastructure projects are headed by the neighborhood councils, which bring together neighbors to gather materials and work collectively in shifts; those that refuse to work on a collective project are issued a symbolic fine of 50 pesos, although these often go uncollected. Bolivian
901:
Council meetings take place in circles, with men on one side and women on the other, which makes women more comfortable speaking. Leadership of the neighborhood councils have a relatively high proportion of women, around 20-30%. The participation of women and young people in council meetings has also
848:
In
October 2013, on the tenth anniversary of the Bolivian gas conflict, the FEJUVE reported that conditions in the city hadn't improved substantially since the election of Evo Morales; according to the FEJUVE, 60% of the city still lacked a proper sewage system and 10% had no running water. Residents
807:
To mobilize support for the constitution, the FEJUVE came together with other social movements to found the
National Coalition for Change (CONAL-CAM), working together with the COB as part of a popular front. The FEJUVE had found itself undergoing a shift from its former confrontational position to a
619:
and community self-defense, rotating shifts in order to keep the protest going continuously. Councils also worked together with the trade unions to facilitate access to markets and roads for the local populace. The FEJUVE itself did not lead the events, as it was guided by the indigenous principle of
482:
By the end of the 1990s, the local councils had regained control over the FEJUVE, while the CONDEPA progressively dissolved as its clientele network evaporated. The democratization process halted the previous leadership's capacity to act as an intermediary between the councils and the state political
786:
on a non-partisan basis, with delegates elected from ethnic, trade union and neighborhood lists, rather than from political parties. The MAS succeeded in consolidating power over the popular movements and demobilizing them, with the FEJUVE finding itself "unable to mobilize its bases effectively to
909:
As an alternative to the state's policing and courts system, interpersonal conflicts between neighbors are arbitrated by the neighborhood councils, either by an assembly or by an executive decision. The neighborhood councils also manage education through school councils, which regulate curriculums
534:
The councils provided the means for residents of El Alto to develop their own communities, without state intervention. Residents pooled their resources and skills within the neighborhood councils, securing the purchase of land, the construction of schools and public parks, and the installation of
837:
caused
Bolivia's glaciers to melt and weather patterns to change, by 2010, El Alto was facing increasing water scarcity. FEJUVE, which had previously supported the creation of a state-owned water company, began calling for the creation of an autonomous municipal water company for El Alto. State
478:
of decision-making. The experience of the miners' unions, which were used to organizing outside of state and political party control, provided further impulse to the democratization of the FEJUVE. In response to the factional division of the FEJUVE, the grassroots base also divided itself. The
262:
becoming the country's
Minister of Water. This move was criticised by some of its members, who questioned whether the FEJUVE would be able to maintain their autonomy under the new government. While many of the FEJUVE's proposals weren't taken up by the MAS government, they managed to push it to
754:, who had led the FEJUVE's campaign against water privatisation, was appointed as Minister of Public Works and tasked with establishing a new state-owned water company. When the provisioning of water in El Alto degraded under his oversight, he was forced to resign. The former FEJUVE leader
795:
formed to defend their neighborhoods from the rising right-wing paramilitary violence, inspired directly by the FEJUVE. A coalition of social movements even placed Santa Cruz under siege, with FEJUVE and
Morales leading a demonstration on a march to the capital, demanding the
824:
over the economy, with FEJUVE and COB arguing for the program's expansion to El Alto's smaller businesses. This new model of "Andean capitalism" intended to utilize surplus funds from nationalized resources to promote community self-organization and workers' self-management.
442:
and largely kept decision-making power to themselves, only ocassionally sharing them with the assemblies, while political party activists sought to gain control over the organization to serve their electoral ambitions. Initially, the FEJUVE leadership only questioned the
1930:
McNelly, Angus (2019). "The Highs and Lows of
Bolivia's Rebel City: Known as the epicenter of anti-austerity rebellion during Bolivia's Gas War, El Alto remains a powerful example of the potential for local movements to leverage their cities to shape national politics".
860:
As of 2008, FEJUVE counted 570 neighborhood councils spread throughout El Alto's nine districts. Each council has at least 200 members, which elect their own leadership committees and hold monthly neighborhood assemblies, which make decisions through discussion and
231:, in order to provide services for local inhabitants where the state had little presence. In 1979, these neighborhood councils united into a single Federation, the FEJUVE. Over the subsequent decades, the FEJUVE built infrastructure, schools and parks, and provided
758:
received particular criticism for her role as the
Minister of Environment and Water, due to her mismanagement of the return of El Alto's water supply from private to public ownership. FEJUVE had proposed the new public water company be self-managed through
749:
FEJUVE found itself caught between its own autonomy and the new left-wing government, when a number of its leaders became members of the government, leading some to question whether the
Federation remained independent or if it had been coopted by the MAS.
914:
has described the FEJUVE's governance structure as a "horizontal kind of organizational experience", as local councils largely make decisions autonomously, without mediation from the senior leadership. According to Uruguayan political theorist
897:
are prohibited from leadership and delegational positions. However, these restrictions haven't always been closely followed, as members of political parties and municipal officials have reportedly taken leadership positions within the FEJUVE.
648:, effectively placing the capital under siege, even shutting down the airport to cut the city off from the world. The social cohesion associated with the neighborhood councils was consolidated during this period of insurrection; sociologist
455:(CONDEPA). The FEJUVE subsequently lost its autonomy, as its leadership was brought under the control of CONDEPA. By the early 1990s, this had resulted in a fragmentation of the FEJUVE; it initially divided into factions that supported the
923:
state; there is a veritable dispersion of authority (at least with respect to territorial control) in some 500 units. The one gives way to the multiple. Therefore, no representation or control of the population is possible." The
838:
officials in La Paz countered with a proposal for a centralized water company based in El Alto, but the FEJUVE remained suspicious of such plans due to past failures of La Paz to deliver services for EL Alto.
968:, which regulates their routes and allocates their itineraries. El Alto's trade union federation, which has a powerful role in the city's economy, cooperates closely with the FEJUVE on key issues.
547:
that has resulted in El Alto's relatively low crime rate. FEJUVE has also acted to mobilize their neighborhoods in protest against the government: leading the movement for the establishment of the
2479:
2830:
2813:
928:
has considered this dispersion of power and strong community cohesion in El Alto to be a "problem", as it has placed obstacles in the way of state bureaucracy and real estate speculation.
304:, who largely practiced traditional methods of farming, eventually found themselves unable to compete with the cheap food that was imported into the country, following the
925:
2491:
2835:
2818:
652:
himself believes that El Alto's "community of neighbors" was formed during the uprising. Emily Achtenberg has compared the autonomy achieved during the conflict to
2641:
3345:
3340:
3360:
865:. Each council is led by an executive committee consisting of 15 secretariats, less than a third of which are permanent. Each executive committee has a
706:(MAS) was brought to power by the promise to implement the "October Agenda", proposed by social movements including the FEJUVE, which would reintroduce
3335:
2310:
2014:
1837:
1793:
842:
3355:
3325:
2646:
801:
640:
Neighborhood councils seized control of resources, territory and infrastructure from the government, which provided El Alto with a high degree of
3147:
664:. But the FEJUVE nevertheless refused to seize state power, instead laying the groundwork for a broader political shift that culminated in the
2621:
808:"constructive but critical collaboration" with the MAS government. The FEJUVE's collaboration with the government has since resulted in a new
309:
3370:
3152:
2863:
2700:
2404:
1974:
1754:
258:(MAS). Many members of the FEJUVE joined the new government under a policy of "constructive but critical collaboration", with FEJUVE leader
3350:
2971:
2457:
2364:
604:, encouraged a high level of popular participation in neighborhood campaigns, through a system of both individual benefits and penalties.
2586:
2564:
2515:
2437:
894:
289:
228:
3365:
2858:
2800:
1731:
Achtenberg, Emily (2009). "Community Organizing, Rebellion, and the Progressive State: Neighborhood Councils in El Alto, Bolivia". In
797:
2886:
543:
regulation authority in the city, overseeing property transactions, mediating disputes between neighbors and establishing a form of
548:
527:
438:
existed between the leadership and the grassroots membership of the FEJUVE. Members reported that the council leadership was often
2976:
703:
688:
2464:
2715:
2557:
727:
2653:
665:
296:
redistributed land to peasants from the highlands, while providing financial support to lowland farms that were dedicated to
247:
2419:
763:, but the local government rejected this proposition. The entry of FEJUVE leaders into the government damaged its status in
426:, the provision of electricity and drinking water, and the establishment of a hospital and a public university in El Alto.
3330:
3066:
3046:
2952:
2825:
2808:
2788:
2665:
783:
447:" of the party activists, which were offering neighborhood activists favors in exchange for votes. But the FEJUVE and the
301:
1825:
239:
of 2003, during which they took over management of most of the city's economy and organised a blockade of the capital of
3041:
2959:
2745:
2658:
2579:
2442:
2303:
820:, which are organized along the traditional lines of participatory democracy. This process resulted in the extension of
496:
3090:
903:
866:
571:, the infrastructure that FEJUVE had already built provided a means for El Alto's citizens to resist the government.
414:
for the new residents. The councils increasingly coordinated with each other and, by 1979, had united together into a
953:
941:
448:
217:
3283:
3220:
3215:
3036:
2893:
2596:
2359:
911:
649:
483:
parties. Grassroots activists became more suspicious of leadership figures, who were increasingly scrutinized for
2840:
862:
612:
595:
213:
2720:
2474:
2469:
2186:
2182:
2150:
2146:
2058:
2054:
1881:
1877:
770:
452:
411:
331:
The small town quickly became a major urban center, with over 850,000 residents, largely made up of indigenous
255:
90:
680:
293:
2254:
3235:
3180:
3170:
3130:
3061:
3031:
2914:
2898:
2881:
2679:
2550:
2506:
2496:
2296:
792:
760:
735:
508:
504:
419:
209:
132:
787:
advance the cause of the cityâs indigenous informal proletarian masses". However, with the outbreak of the
636:, the people didnât take any notice . The people rose up They triumphed, not us . We simply obeyed orders.
3142:
3051:
3018:
2964:
2710:
813:
788:
775:
719:
718:. But the efforts of the government to implement this were frustrated by the country's integration in the
633:
512:
460:
305:
268:
980:
and self-management of the economy by the unions and neighborhood councils brought about a high level of
816:
into the process. The Ministry of Production and Microenterprise has also provided support for El Alto's
503:(LPP), which devolved a fifth of the national budget to local municipalities, giving local communities a
320:, leading to thousands of miners being displaced and large sections of the peasantry being expelled from
3117:
2631:
2574:
2447:
890:
579:
568:
435:
339:. The Bolivian state had little presence in the city, leaving its residents without infrastructure like
236:
359:. Three quarters of the city's residents had no access to healthcare and nearly half of them were not
3122:
3107:
3076:
2947:
2783:
2735:
2730:
2688:
2626:
977:
852:
In June 2016, the FEJUVE called a general strike in El Alto, but it only received a minimal turnout.
691:
484:
423:
79:
3225:
3200:
2759:
2384:
2216:
945:
821:
755:
739:
707:
587:
556:
272:
574:
3256:
3162:
3071:
3023:
3006:
2924:
2778:
2705:
2601:
2525:
2501:
2486:
2328:
2248:
981:
751:
661:
2276:
1869:
2225:
2138:
734:
restricted agrarian reform to the redistribution of already publicly-held lands, while the new
3175:
3112:
3056:
2740:
2452:
2190:
2154:
2118:
2090:
2062:
2026:
2018:
1980:
1970:
1918:
1885:
1849:
1841:
1805:
1797:
1768:
1760:
1750:
874:
817:
711:
552:
395:
348:
313:
297:
3297:
3265:
3230:
3210:
3205:
3185:
3137:
3102:
2725:
2636:
2591:
1940:
1908:
1904:
1746:
937:
715:
657:
621:
608:
544:
471:
456:
399:
371:
344:
197:
181:
168:
160:
2002:
1781:
3195:
2981:
1732:
878:
475:
466:
But by this time, the FEJUVE grassroots was already pushing the organization towards more
367:
227:, neighborhood councils were first established by residents of El Alto in the wake of the
164:
2414:
2270:
1952:
916:
607:
The grassroots organizing of the resistance was strengthened by traditional practices of
3309:
3270:
2873:
2520:
2174:
973:
834:
809:
764:
591:
536:
364:
336:
264:
232:
2046:
3319:
3189:
2929:
2919:
2010:
1914:
1833:
1789:
723:
407:
332:
224:
2265:
2234:
882:
731:
616:
594:
shut down El Alto, with thousands mobilizing in popular demonstrations. A sense of
340:
1944:
1956:
1736:
615:
to facilitate collective action. The neighborhood councils organized roadblocks,
2343:
2259:
965:
699:
684:
669:
444:
356:
259:
251:
1738:
Engaging Social Justice: Critical Studies of 21st Century Social Transformation
394:
in El Alto, during the 1950s, the city's residents started to form their first
2409:
1772:
961:
949:
743:
653:
415:
410:. In 1957, the first council was established in order to provide a program of
387:
317:
193:
75:
2194:
2158:
2122:
2094:
2066:
2022:
1984:
1922:
1889:
1845:
1801:
1764:
919:, the FEJUVE fulfils the functions of the state in El Alto, but "there is no
2569:
2243:
1962:
870:
812:
program for El Alto, with the FEJUVE and COB pushing for the integration of
422:
organized by the FEJUVE took place in 1987; they demanded the paving of the
352:
321:
2030:
1853:
1809:
434:
During the first years of its existence, in the 1980s, a certain amount of
418:, establishing the Federation of Neighborhood Councils (FEJUVE). The first
235:
for many of El Alto's residents. The FEJUVE went on to participate in the
2545:
2280:
1966:
985:
886:
641:
467:
391:
360:
2110:
2082:
2986:
2319:
439:
383:
325:
205:
201:
118:
104:
38:
1742:
645:
240:
2288:
200:
that provide public services, construction and jobs to citizens of
33:
769:
679:
600:
573:
522:
521:
519:
local governments, subverting the influence of state governance.
374:
that has only expanded since the implementation of neoliberalism.
208:. Councils of the FEJUVE organise according to the principles of
1348:
1346:
957:
451:(COB) were soon coopted by a new left-wing political party, the
2292:
1002:
1000:
782:
The government further rejected FEJUVE's proposal to elect the
1647:
1645:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
873:, usually elected by assemblies due to their experience in
463:(UCS), then split into two entirely separate federations.
1529:
1527:
1418:
1416:
1674:
1672:
1588:
1586:
1363:
1361:
1165:
1163:
1958:
Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces
1122:
1120:
714:
and reconstitute the Bolivian state along the lines of
223:
Based in the traditional organisational methods of the
3281:
1868:
Fabricant, Nicole; Hicks, Kathryn (29 October 2011).
1741:. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Vol. 13.
910:
and oversee teachers' behavior. Bolivian sociologist
628:). One FEJUVE leader noted of the protest movement:
3161:
3089:
3005:
2940:
2907:
2872:
2851:
2799:
2771:
2758:
2687:
2614:
2536:
2430:
2395:
2375:
2352:
2336:
2327:
644:from the state. The FEJUVE organized a blockade of
611:, with horizontally-organized assemblies utilizing
551:in 1998; preventing the implementation of a tax on
406:), based on the traditional practices of the local
154:
138:
128:
96:
85:
71:
53:
45:
926:United States Agency for International Development
324:, with many of them settling in the small town of
2109:Gutiérrez Danton, José Antonio (14 August 2005).
2081:Gutiérrez Danton, José Antonio (14 August 2005).
312:. The government shutdown many of the country's
2083:"Interview with a Bolivian Community Organiser"
630:
1506:
984:in El Alto, without any strict mechanisms for
2304:
2137:Jiménez Quispe, Edilberto (29 October 2011).
2111:"Interview with a union officer from Bolivia"
730:was met with cutbacks in private investment,
363:. 70% of the population earned a living from
351:, and even without basic necessities such as
8:
19:
178:Federation of Neighborhood Councils-El Alto
20:Federation of Neighborhood Councils-El Alto
3095:
3011:
2768:
2764:
2693:
2333:
2311:
2297:
2289:
1826:"Bolivia's Black October, Ten Years Later"
1620:
1616:
1573:
1557:
1533:
1518:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1352:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1257:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1006:
32:
18:
186:FederaciĂłn de Juntas Vecinales de El Alto
26:FederaciĂłn de Juntas Vecinales de El Alto
2179:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
2143:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
2051:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
2015:North American Congress on Latin America
1874:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
1838:North American Congress on Latin America
1794:North American Congress on Latin America
843:2011 Bolivian Indigenous rights protests
250:, the FEJUVE supported the candidacy of
3288:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1636:
1624:
1604:
1592:
1577:
1561:
1545:
1422:
1407:
1367:
1273:
1261:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1154:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1111:
1099:
996:
893:, and those who collaborated with the
598:, inherited from the practices of the
2173:Svampa, Maristella (2 October 2011).
1824:Achtenberg, Emily (8 November 2013).
7:
3346:Indigenous politics in South America
2003:"El Alto: Mobilizing Block by Block"
1780:Achtenberg, Emily (19 August 2011).
3341:Indigenous organisations in Bolivia
1782:"Bolivia: A Week At the Barricades"
2859:Plurinational Constitutional Court
2405:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
1917:: Ardent Press. pp. 123â125.
470:for its grassroots organs and the
14:
3361:Organizations established in 1979
1907:(2010). "How will cities work?".
964:are similarly organized within a
539:. The councils also acted as the
16:Political organization in Bolivia
3336:Community-building organizations
3303:
3291:
2678:
2637:Plurinational State Constitution
216:, while implementing systems of
111:
2045:AlbĂł, Xavier (2 October 2011).
952:for the regional branch of the
774:Indigenous protest during the
728:nationalization of oil supplies
555:in 2003; and putting an end to
3356:Organisations based in Bolivia
3326:1979 establishments in Bolivia
2001:AlbĂł, Xavier (10 April 2008).
382:In response to the widespread
248:2005 Bolivian general election
1:
2953:Plurinational Electoral Organ
1961:. Translated by Ryan, Ramor.
1945:10.1080/10714839.2019.1692942
656:, implemented earlier by the
430:Divisions and democratization
302:indigenous peoples in Bolivia
147:
3371:Urban planning organizations
2580:Bolivian National Revolution
2492:Treaty of Defensive Alliance
2443:Bolivian War of Independence
1933:NACLA Report on the Americas
549:Public University of El Alto
528:Public University of El Alto
501:Law of Popular Participation
290:Bolivian National Revolution
229:Bolivian National Revolution
3351:La Paz Department (Bolivia)
3148:Water supply and sanitation
2864:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
2465:PeruâBolivian Confederation
2458:Declaration of Independence
2420:Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II
2139:"We Want Public Education!"
1870:"The Water Is Ours Damn It"
904:proportional representation
791:, neighborhood councils in
495:In 1994, the government of
292:of 1952, the government of
59:; 45 years ago
3387:
3153:Water resources management
1507:Fabricant & Hicks 2011
944:by the city's workers and
736:plurinational constitution
263:support their policies of
3366:Neighborhood associations
3250:
3098:
3014:
2841:Vice President of Bolivia
2767:
2696:
2676:
2415:Rebellion of TĂșpac Katari
802:constitutional referendum
613:consensus decision-making
596:collective responsibility
497:Gonzalo SĂĄnchez de Lozada
214:consensus decision-making
31:
24:
2475:War of the Confederation
2470:Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
2187:Harvard University Press
2183:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2151:Harvard University Press
2147:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2059:Harvard University Press
2055:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1882:Harvard University Press
1878:Cambridge, Massachusetts
954:Bolivian Workers' Center
453:Conscience of Fatherland
449:Bolivian Workers' Center
420:political demonstrations
412:universal basic services
256:Movimiento al Socialismo
218:workers' self-management
91:universal basic services
25:
2507:Puna de Atacama dispute
891:real estate speculators
883:Political party leaders
829:Contemporary activities
761:participatory democracy
742:representatives of the
738:was stonewalled by the
398:neighborhood councils (
220:in the city's economy.
210:participatory democracy
133:Participatory democracy
2977:Movement for Socialism
2965:Atacama border dispute
814:participatory planning
779:
704:Movement for Socialism
695:
638:
625:
620:"leading by obeying" (
583:
531:
461:Solidarity Civic Unity
403:
370:, forming a city-wide
306:economic restructuring
298:commercial agriculture
269:participatory planning
185:
2480:Bolivia-Argentina War
2448:Chuquisaca Revolution
1564:, pp. 26, 68â69.
773:
683:
632:We were no longer an
586:The local culture of
580:Bolivian gas conflict
577:
569:Bolivian gas conflict
525:
436:social stratification
294:VĂctor Paz Estenssoro
237:Bolivian gas conflict
198:neighborhood councils
80:neighborhood councils
3331:Anarchism in Bolivia
2784:President of Bolivia
2716:Environmental issues
2642:Constituent Assembly
2627:Cochabamba Water War
2597:ĂancahuazĂș Guerrilla
2551:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
2497:Battle of RĂo Grande
2365:Spanish colonization
1749:. pp. 275â288.
1260:, pp. 278â279;
1054:, pp. 276â277;
978:collective ownership
976:has argued that the
912:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
784:Constituent Assembly
692:President of Bolivia
650:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
578:Protests during the
485:political corruption
424:Pan-American Highway
39:The Bolivian Wiphala
2826:Chamber of Senators
2809:Chamber of Deputies
2385:Viceroyalty of Peru
1485:, pp. 286â287.
1461:, pp. 285â286.
1394:, pp. 283â284.
1355:, pp. 282â283.
1340:, pp. 281â282.
1288:, pp. 278â279.
1090:, pp. 123â124.
1009:, pp. 280â281.
756:Julieta Mabel Monje
708:popular sovereignty
588:collective identity
557:water privatization
156:Official languages
21:
3067:Telecommunications
2602:Teoponte Guerrilla
2575:Military Socialism
2502:Litoral Department
2487:War of the Pacific
2175:"Art and Politics"
1627:, pp. 26, 70.
982:community cohesion
818:social enterprises
780:
720:globalized economy
698:The government of
696:
662:Russian Revolution
626:mandar obedeciendo
584:
532:
505:participatory role
349:telephone networks
3279:
3278:
3246:
3245:
3085:
3084:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2960:Foreign relations
2819:Chamber President
2754:
2753:
2674:
2673:
2659:COVID-19 pandemic
2565:Revolutionary era
2558:Manuripi campaign
2453:La Paz revolution
2266:News about FEJUVE
2255:News about FEJUVE
2244:News about FEJUVE
2235:News about FEJUVE
2226:News about FEJUVE
2217:News about FEJUVE
2047:"El Alto in Flux"
1976:978-1-84935-011-2
1905:Gelderloos, Peter
1756:978-90-04-17654-6
1717:, pp. 27â29.
1705:, pp. 30â31.
1654:, pp. 26â27.
1607:, pp. 69â70.
1276:, pp. 68â69.
1236:, pp. 81â82.
1196:, pp. 78â79.
1184:, pp. 71â72.
1157:, pp. 77â78.
1145:, pp. 76â77.
1114:, pp. 70â71.
875:social networking
798:National Congress
712:natural resources
553:home construction
545:community justice
368:family businesses
174:
173:
3378:
3308:
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3027:
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2836:Senate President
2769:
2765:
2694:
2682:
2622:Contemporary era
2592:Operation Condor
2587:Dictatorship era
2334:
2313:
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1948:
1926:
1900:
1898:
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1860:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1776:
1733:Fasenfest, David
1718:
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938:informal economy
822:workers' control
716:plurinationalism
676:Socialist period
609:direct democracy
537:utility services
472:decentralization
457:Patriotic Accord
372:informal economy
345:waste management
308:programs of the
273:workers' control
233:public utilities
149:
143:
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117:
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3221:Public holidays
3216:National anthem
3157:
3081:
3037:Cement Industry
3025:
2993:
2982:Civic Community
2936:
2903:
2894:Law enforcement
2868:
2847:
2831:current members
2814:current members
2795:
2750:
2683:
2670:
2647:2009 referendum
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2239:El Alto Digital
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1996:
1994:Further reading
1991:
1977:
1951:
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1812:
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1658:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:, p. 124;
1621:Gelderloos 2010
1619:, p. 279;
1617:Achtenberg 2009
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1576:, p. 124;
1574:Gelderloos 2010
1572:
1568:
1560:, p. 279;
1558:Achtenberg 2009
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1534:Achtenberg 2013
1532:
1525:
1519:Achtenberg 2011
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1495:Achtenberg 2009
1493:
1489:
1483:Achtenberg 2009
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1471:Achtenberg 2009
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1459:Achtenberg 2009
1457:
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1447:Achtenberg 2009
1445:
1441:
1435:Achtenberg 2009
1433:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1406:, p. 284;
1404:Achtenberg 2009
1402:
1398:
1392:Achtenberg 2009
1390:
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1380:Achtenberg 2009
1378:
1374:
1366:
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1353:Achtenberg 2009
1351:
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1338:Achtenberg 2009
1336:
1332:
1326:Achtenberg 2009
1324:
1320:
1314:Achtenberg 2009
1312:
1308:
1302:Gelderloos 2010
1300:, p. 278;
1298:Achtenberg 2009
1296:
1292:
1286:Achtenberg 2009
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1258:Achtenberg 2009
1256:
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1244:
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1228:
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1216:
1208:, p. 338;
1204:
1200:
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1180:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:, p. 336;
1137:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1088:Gelderloos 2010
1086:, p. 278;
1084:Achtenberg 2009
1082:
1078:
1072:Gelderloos 2010
1070:, p. 277;
1068:Achtenberg 2009
1066:
1062:
1056:Gelderloos 2010
1052:Achtenberg 2009
1050:
1046:
1040:Achtenberg 2009
1038:
1034:
1028:Achtenberg 2009
1026:
1013:
1007:Achtenberg 2009
1005:
998:
994:
934:
879:public speaking
858:
831:
722:and decades of
678:
617:social kitchens
565:
493:
476:democratization
432:
380:
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3062:Stock Exchange
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2723:
2721:Extreme points
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2521:Chiriguano War
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2438:Early Republic
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2211:External links
2209:
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1989:
1975:
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1939:(4): 333â340.
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1032:
1030:, p. 279.
1011:
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940:of El Alto is
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835:climate change
830:
827:
810:public housing
765:public opinion
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2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1953:Zibechi, RaĂșl
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:San Francisco
1912:
1911:
1910:Anarchy Works
1906:
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1716:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1693:, p. 30.
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:, p. 27.
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:, p. 69.
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:, p. 70.
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:, p. 26.
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:, p. 26.
1579:
1575:
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1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:, p. 29.
1369:
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1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:, p. 82.
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:, p. 72.
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:, p. 79.
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1172:, p. 78.
1171:
1166:
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1151:
1148:
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1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:, p. 71.
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1102:, p. 23.
1101:
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983:
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947:
946:small traders
943:
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811:
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800:convoke of a
799:
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772:
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766:
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725:
724:neoliberalism
721:
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491:Consolidation
490:
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459:(AP) and the
458:
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446:
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417:
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408:Aymara people
405:
401:
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353:running water
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89:Provision of
88:
84:
81:
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74:
70:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
30:
23:
3181:Coat of arms
3171:Architecture
3131:Demographics
3032:Central Bank
2915:Armed Forces
2899:Human rights
2882:Constitution
2666:Coups d'Ă©tat
2632:Gas conflict
2615:21st century
2537:20th century
2431:19th century
2396:18th century
2376:17th century
2360:Colonial era
2353:16th century
2337:Pre-colonial
2285:
2271:PĂĄgina Siete
2269:
2258:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2198:. Retrieved
2178:
2162:. Retrieved
2142:
2126:. Retrieved
2114:
2098:. Retrieved
2086:
2070:. Retrieved
2050:
2034:. Retrieved
2006:
1957:
1936:
1932:
1909:
1893:. Retrieved
1873:
1857:. Retrieved
1829:
1813:. Retrieved
1785:
1737:
1724:Bibliography
1715:Zibechi 2010
1710:
1703:Zibechi 2010
1698:
1691:Zibechi 2010
1686:
1679:Zibechi 2010
1664:Zibechi 2010
1659:
1652:Zibechi 2010
1637:Zibechi 2010
1632:
1625:Zibechi 2010
1612:
1605:Zibechi 2010
1600:
1593:Zibechi 2010
1578:Zibechi 2010
1569:
1562:Zibechi 2010
1553:
1546:McNelly 2019
1541:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1423:McNelly 2019
1408:McNelly 2019
1399:
1387:
1375:
1368:Zibechi 2010
1333:
1321:
1309:
1293:
1281:
1274:Zibechi 2010
1269:
1262:McNelly 2019
1253:
1246:Zibechi 2010
1241:
1234:Zibechi 2010
1229:
1222:Zibechi 2010
1217:
1210:Zibechi 2010
1206:McNelly 2019
1201:
1194:Zibechi 2010
1189:
1182:Zibechi 2010
1177:
1170:Zibechi 2010
1155:Zibechi 2010
1150:
1143:Zibechi 2010
1139:McNelly 2019
1134:
1127:Zibechi 2010
1112:Zibechi 2010
1107:
1100:Zibechi 2010
1095:
1079:
1063:
1047:
1035:
972:sociologist
970:
942:self-managed
935:
920:
917:RaĂșl Zibechi
908:
900:
895:dictatorship
859:
851:
847:
840:
832:
806:
781:
748:
732:agribusiness
697:
694:(2006-2019).
639:
631:
606:
599:
585:
566:
540:
533:
516:
500:
494:
481:
465:
433:
381:
330:
287:
275:in El Alto.
245:
222:
189:
177:
175:
46:Abbreviation
3052:Natural Gas
3019:Agriculture
2801:Legislative
2711:Departments
2654:2019 crisis
2526:Federal War
2516:Liberal Era
2344:Inca Empire
2260:Los Tiempos
2200:24 December
2164:24 December
2128:24 December
2100:24 December
2072:24 December
2036:24 December
1895:24 December
1859:24 December
1815:24 December
974:FĂ©lix Patzi
966:trade union
962:bus drivers
841:During the
789:2008 unrest
776:2008 unrest
752:Abel Mamani
700:Evo Morales
685:Evo Morales
670:Evo Morales
660:during the
567:During the
499:passed the
445:opportunism
357:electricity
341:paved roads
318:small farms
288:During the
260:Mabel Monje
252:Evo Morales
140:Membership
3320:Categories
3201:Literature
3118:Irrigation
3026:(currency)
3024:Boliviano
2410:Upper Peru
1773:7348351162
992:References
950:union dues
856:Governance
793:Santa Cruz
744:Media Luna
740:right-wing
672:in 2005.
654:dual power
416:federation
388:corruption
378:Foundation
284:Background
194:federation
76:Federation
3298:Anarchism
3123:Languages
3108:Education
3077:Transport
3042:Companies
2948:Elections
2925:Air Force
2852:Judiciary
2772:Executive
2746:Volcanoes
2736:Provinces
2731:Mountains
2689:Geography
2570:Chaco War
2249:El Diario
2221:eaBolivia
2195:165888583
2159:165888583
2123:123551385
2115:Anarkismo
2095:123551385
2087:Anarkismo
2067:165888583
2023:0048-0630
1985:750595367
1963:Edinburgh
1923:748435918
1890:165888583
1846:0048-0630
1802:0048-0630
1765:1573-4234
887:merchants
877:or their
871:secretary
867:president
863:consensus
689:socialist
634:executive
559:in 2005.
509:budgeting
322:Altiplano
54:Formation
3266:Category
3236:Olympics
3226:Religion
2941:Politics
2908:Military
2760:Politics
2546:Acre War
2281:Facebook
2011:New York
1967:AK Press
1955:(2010).
1834:New York
1790:New York
986:coercion
881:skills.
702:and the
666:election
642:autonomy
563:Conflict
541:de facto
517:de facto
468:autonomy
392:violence
361:literate
254:and his
97:Location
3310:Bolivia
3284:Portals
3257:Outline
3186:Cuisine
3163:Culture
3127:People
3091:Society
3072:Tourism
3007:Economy
2987:Creemos
2972:Parties
2887:history
2779:Cabinet
2706:Climate
2329:History
2320:Bolivia
2031:4901603
1854:4901603
1810:4901603
1735:(ed.).
956:(COB).
932:Economy
658:soviets
622:Spanish
440:elitist
400:Spanish
384:poverty
326:El Alto
279:History
246:In the
206:Bolivia
202:El Alto
192:) is a
182:Spanish
169:Quechua
161:Spanish
150:114,000
129:Methods
119:Bolivia
105:El Alto
86:Purpose
62: (
3271:Portal
3176:Cinema
3113:Health
3057:Mining
3047:Energy
2741:Rivers
2701:Cities
2277:FEJUVE
2193:
2157:
2121:
2093:
2065:
2029:
2021:
1983:
1973:
1921:
1888:
1852:
1844:
1808:
1800:
1771:
1763:
1753:
1743:Leiden
869:and a
726:. The
687:, the
646:La Paz
404:Juntas
333:Aymara
300:. The
241:La Paz
190:FEJUVE
165:Aymara
142:(2008)
116:
49:FEJUVE
3231:Sport
3211:Music
3206:Media
3138:Women
3103:Crime
2726:Lakes
2007:NACLA
1830:NACLA
1786:NACLA
1747:Brill
710:over
601:Ayllu
365:small
314:mines
3196:Flag
3190:Wine
3143:LGBT
2930:Navy
2920:Army
2789:List
2230:eju!
2202:2021
2191:OCLC
2166:2021
2155:OCLC
2130:2021
2119:OCLC
2102:2021
2091:OCLC
2074:2021
2063:OCLC
2038:2021
2027:OCLC
2019:ISSN
1981:OCLC
1971:ISBN
1919:OCLC
1897:2021
1886:OCLC
1861:2021
1850:OCLC
1842:ISSN
1817:2021
1806:OCLC
1798:ISSN
1769:OCLC
1761:ISSN
1751:ISBN
960:and
958:Taxi
936:The
526:The
511:and
474:and
390:and
355:and
335:and
316:and
271:and
212:and
176:The
72:Type
64:1979
57:1979
2874:Law
2279:on
2268:on
2257:on
2246:on
2237:on
2228:on
2219:on
1941:doi
921:one
833:As
746:.
668:of
507:in
347:or
243:.
78:of
3322::
2189:.
2185::
2181:.
2177:.
2153:.
2149::
2145:.
2141:.
2117:.
2113:.
2089:.
2085:.
2061:.
2057::
2053:.
2049:.
2025:.
2017:.
2013::
2009:.
2005:.
1979:.
1969:.
1965::
1937:51
1935:.
1913:.
1884:.
1880::
1876:.
1872:.
1848:.
1840:.
1836::
1832:.
1828:.
1804:.
1796:.
1792::
1788:.
1784:.
1767:.
1759:.
1745::
1671:^
1644:^
1585:^
1526:^
1415:^
1360:^
1345:^
1162:^
1119:^
1014:^
999:^
988:.
906:.
889:,
885:,
767:.
624::
402::
386:,
343:,
328:.
267:,
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184::
148:c.
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3192:)
3188:(
2312:e
2305:t
2298:v
2204:.
2168:.
2132:.
2104:.
2076:.
2040:.
1987:.
1947:.
1943::
1925:.
1899:.
1863:.
1819:.
1775:.
1536:.
1521:.
1509:.
778:.
582:.
530:.
443:"
180:(
66:)
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