471:
550:
366:
231:
1997:
2021:
460:
2009:
991:
161:
A mask conforming to the standard must have its class written on it, along with the name of the standard and its year of publication, as well as any applicable option codes, e.g. âEN 149:2001 FFP1 NR Dâ. Some manufacturers use in addition the colour of the elastic band to identify the mask class,
352:
aerosols after storing the filters at 70 °C (158 °F) and â30 °C (â22 °F) for 24 h each. The standards include testing mechanical strength, breathing resistance and clogging. EN 149 tests the inward leakage between the mask and face, where 10 human subjects perform 5 exercises
724:. Nevertheless, FFP2 and FFP3 masks are commonly used for this purpose in medical practice. A researcher at the MRC Biostatistics Unit at Cambridge University claimed in 2021 that switching to FFP3 in Addenbrooke hospital in Cambridge may have cut ward-based Covid infection of staff to zero.
621:
132:
filters of China, and EN 149 FFP3 masks have similar performance requirements to N99 masks in the United States. However EN 149 test requirements differ somewhat from the U.S./Chinese/Japanese standards: EN 149 requires an additional paraffin oil
688:
CE number of the certification body (only FFP3) + EN 149: 2009 + the mask class (FFP1, FFP2 or FFP3) + acronym (NR or R) (Note: in case of FFP1 the conformity assessment procedures are done by the manufacturer itself as per Annex IV (Module
123:
Almost identical tests (but different markings) are used in
Australia, New Zealand, Korea and Brazil. Similar standards are used in the United States, China and Japan. For example, EN 149 FFP2 masks have similar performance requirements to
1293:
1144:
1066:
1054:
1248:"Once FFP3 respirators were introduced, the number of cases attributed to exposure on Covid-19 wards dropped dramatically â in fact, our model suggests that FFP3 respirators may have cut ward-based infection to zero."
763:
Japan (JMHLW-Notification 214, 2018): similar grades with a different coding scheme for NR/R and S/L types. Written with a two-letter prefix D/R and S/L that maps to NR/R and S/L respectively. Leakage requirement not
1049:
860:
636:
With the publication of the 2009 version of the standard, the designation of the respiratory protection mask is now "particulate filtering half mask". The abbreviation NR or R is added after FFP1, FFP2, FFP3:
50:
of testing and marking requirements for respirators. FFP standard masks (where FFP stands for filtering facepiece) cover the nose, mouth and chin and may have inhalation and/or exhalation valves.
1233:"Cambridge hospital's mask upgrade appears to eliminate Covid risk to staff Hospital: infection study shows use of FFP3 respirators at Addenbrooke's 'may have cut ward-based infection to zero'"
1074:
708:
tests the ability of masks to protect the wearers against inhaling liquid and dry aerosols. It makes no statement about, and does not specifically test the suitability of such masks for,
1096:
1207:
1028:
919:
836:
745:
South Korea (KMOEL - 2017â64): considered identical to pre-2009 version. FFP1 is called "2nd grade" or KF80, FFP2 "1st grade" or KF94, and FFP3 "special grade" or KF99.
820:
1356:
1310:
1232:
158:
half masks: FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3. The protection provided by an FFP2 (or FFP3) mask includes the protection provided by a mask of the lower-numbered classes.
2025:
241:
EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask. These filters are typically used on reusable respirators, like
945:
605:
There are some
European organizations that issue an examination certificate confirming conformity and specifying the characteristics of the products:
1262:"Comparison of Filtration Efficiency and Pressure Drop in Anti-Yellow Sand Masks, Quarantine Masks, Medical Masks, General Masks, and Handkerchiefs"
662:
Particulate type. The letters S or L respectively specify the filtration of solid dust (NaCl-only) or liquid mist (paraffin oil). Example: FFP3 SLV.
797:
588:
EN 149 defines laboratory tests, field tests and certain requirements to ensure the conformity of the masks. The following points are analyzed:
1067:"Risques infectieux en milieu de soins - masques médicaux ou appareils de protection respiratoire jetables : quel matériel choisir ?"
849:
1176:
693:
The marking must comply with
European Union Directive 89/686 / EEC on PPE. If any of these entries are missing, the mask will be considered
1123:
1100:
1869:
1592:
1466:
1401:
973:
162:
however, the EN 149 standard does not specify any such colour coding and different manufacturers have used different colour schemes.
1759:
1471:
1378:
1349:
522:
1919:
1904:
1493:
738:
Several regions use standards based on nearly identical tests and thresholds as those in EN 149, but with different markings:
1728:
1655:
1548:
1478:
2013:
2052:
884:
675:
2001:
1389:
1342:
733:
82:
65:, according to their filtering efficiency. It also classifies masks into "single shift use only" (not re-usable, marked
748:
Australia and New
Zealand (AS/NZ 1716:2012): similar grades with a different test agent. Grades are written simply "P".
1914:
1899:
1571:
1536:
1531:
1440:
782:
1884:
1810:
822:
Respiratory protective devices â Filtering half masks to protect against particles â Requirements, testing, marking
1318:
1946:
1641:
891:
294:
Not fluid-resistant, 98% droplet filtration, intended for use by healthcare workers in droplet-free environments
641:
NR (not reusable): if the use of the filtering half-face mask is limited to one working day. It is not reusable.
1650:
1624:
137:) aerosol test and it tests at a range of different flow rates and defines several associated and permissible
2047:
1961:
1929:
1874:
1781:
1697:
1461:
1394:
644:
R (reusable): if the filtering half-face mask can be used for more than one working day, so it is reusable.
2062:
1513:
1260:
Jung, Hyejung; Kim, Jongbo; Lee, Seungju; Lee, Jinho; Kim, Jooyoun; Tsai, Perngjy; Yoon, Chungsik (2014).
242:
134:
117:
1294:"ABNT/NBR 13698:2011 E quip amento de proteção respiratĂłria â Peça semifacial fi ltrante para partĂculas"
1791:
1769:
1754:
1159:
713:
656:
dust test, a letter D can be added to indicate that the service life may exceed 8 h. Example: FFP3 NR D.
549:
470:
365:
568:
The FFP3 mask is the most filtering of the FFP masks. It protects against very fine particles such as
2057:
1879:
1774:
230:
1966:
1909:
1677:
1660:
1636:
1582:
1365:
721:
514:
1183:
666:
Masks manufactured before the new standard was taken into account may still have the old marking.
104:
EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask, which are
1924:
1764:
1739:
1500:
653:
577:
78:
1018:"Fiche pratique de sécurité ED 105. Appareils de protection respiratoire et métiers de la santé"
909:"Fiche pratique de sécurité ED 105. Appareils de protection respiratoire et métiers de la santé"
767:
Taiwan (CNS 14755): D1/D2/D3 grades for 80/95/99 efficiency. No requirements for inward leakage.
1978:
1973:
1956:
1749:
1670:
1454:
885:"COVID-19 Technical Specifications for Personal Protective Equipment and Related IPC supplies"
709:
238:
101:
47:
1702:
1273:
530:
518:
513:. It effectively stops powdered chemicals. This mask can also serve as protection against
345:
751:
Brazil (ABNT/NBR 13698:2011): identical to pre-2009 version. Grades are written as "PFF".
1824:
1631:
1602:
1483:
538:
506:
354:
974:"Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Respirators: Crisis/Alternate Strategies"
2041:
1864:
1834:
1744:
1665:
995:
792:
616:
138:
1017:
946:"Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes"
908:
622:
Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance
1934:
1786:
1707:
1597:
534:
502:
403:
86:
826:, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), May 2009, EN 149:2001+A1:2009 (E)
357:
of average leakage from 8 individuals must not exceed the aforementioned values.
1951:
1894:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1607:
1587:
510:
411:
349:
1941:
1614:
1508:
1431:
1278:
1261:
787:
419:
380:
155:
1889:
1829:
1619:
1488:
756:
717:
459:
439:
415:
407:
391:
755:
Other regions use similar tests that (in parts) resemble more closely the
344:
Both
European standard EN 143 and EN 149 test filter penetration with dry
154:
The EN 149 standard defines performance requirements for three classes of
1449:
777:
569:
526:
431:
125:
93:
17:
573:
558:
498:
377:
97:
1334:
116:. The EN 143 filters are typically used on reusable respirators, like
610:
601:
Leakage: total leakage inwards and penetration of the filter material
443:
423:
678:(PPE). Here is the notice that should appear on every mask :
548:
494:
364:
229:
100:. EN 14683 defines respirators for use in medical settings, while
994:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
523:
severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with the coronavirus
77:
indicates that a mask has passed an optional clogging test using
53:
EN 149 defines three classes of such particle half masks, called
659:
Valve. The presence of a valve can be indicated by the letter V.
435:
427:
399:
129:
90:
1853:
1808:
1726:
1569:
1418:
1376:
1338:
1097:"Vélib' et pollution, les réponses du docteur Jean-Luc Saladin"
850:"WIP-Richtlijn Persoonlijke beschermingsmiddelen [ZKH]"
280:
Less than 98% droplet filtration, intended for use by patients
652:
Anti-clogging NR masks (D). When the half mask has passed the
395:
493:
This mask offers protection in various areas such as the
576:. It does not protect against gases and in particular
1182:. VENUS Safety & Health Pvt. Ltd. Archived from
1524:
1438:
34:refer to the filtering half mask classification by
819:
302:Fluid-resistant, 98% droplet filtration, surgical
479:FFP2 face masks with and without exhalation valve
814:
812:
260:Filter penetration limit (at 95 L/min air flow)
171:Filter penetration limit (at 95 L/min air flow)
978:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
940:
938:
936:
69:) or "re-usable (more than one shift)" (marked
1231:Nicola Davis; Denis Campbell (June 29, 2021).
338:Filters at least 99.95% of airborne particles
1350:
1145:"Department of Personal Protective Equipment"
373:It is the least filtering mask of the three.
8:
330:Filters at least 94% of airborne particles
316:Filters at least 80% of airborne particles
213:Filters at least 99% of airborne particles
199:Filters at least 94% of airborne particles
185:Filters at least 80% of airborne particles
2020:
1850:
1805:
1723:
1566:
1426:
1415:
1373:
1357:
1343:
1335:
1208:"BLS Zer0 30 FFP3 Carbon Valved Face Mask"
486:Aerosol filtration percentage: 94% minimum
1277:
1052:. www.boutique.afnor.org. September 2009.
742:Russia (GOST R 12.4.191-2011): identical.
879:
877:
247:
164:
903:
901:
808:
798:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
73:), while an additional marking letter
27:European filtering face mask standards
595:Materials: resistance to manipulation
7:
2008:
1870:Breathing performance of regulators
1593:Continuous positive airway pressure
759:requirements in the United States:
537:. It is similar to the US-standard
1467:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1402:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
561:filtration percentage: 99% minimum
234:3M 2091 filter with P3-BR approval
85:protect against the inhalation of
25:
1760:Surface-supplied diving equipment
1472:Self-contained self-rescue device
1379:High altitude breathing apparatus
2019:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1920:Respiratory protective equipment
1905:Open circuit breathing apparatus
1494:Powered air-purifying respirator
1420:Occupational breathing apparatus
1266:Aerosol and Air Quality Research
1073:. 27 August 2009. Archived from
989:
859:. Werkgroep Infectie Preventie,
837:Respiratory Protective Equipment
469:
458:
1212:AES Industrial Supplies Limited
525:(SARS), as well as against the
446:are common particulate risks).
386:Internal leak rate: maximum 22%
1729:Underwater breathing apparatus
1656:Respiratory gas humidification
674:FFP respirators are a type of
564:Internal leak rate: maximum 2%
489:Internal leak rate: maximum 8%
1:
676:personal protective equipment
648:Additional suffixes include:
83:mechanical filter respirators
32:European respirator standards
1390:Aviation breathing apparatus
734:Mechanical filter respirator
1915:Positive pressure breathing
1900:Negative pressure breathing
1572:Medical breathing apparatus
783:NIOSH air filtration rating
2079:
1885:Escape breathing apparatus
1811:User respiratory interface
1549:GB2626 (China), and others
1299:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
953:3M Technical Data Bulletin
731:
598:Practical performance test
1991:
1947:Closed circuit rebreather
1860:
1849:
1817:
1804:
1735:
1722:
1642:Built-in breathing system
1578:
1565:
1544:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
1532:42 CFR 84 (United States)
1429:
1425:
1414:
1385:
1372:
1279:10.4209/aaqr.2013.06.0201
892:World Health Organization
422:(in particular dust from
321:
318:
312:
306:
285:
282:
276:
270:
128:in the United States and
1651:Positive airway pressure
1625:Non-invasive ventilation
1311:"Standard for Dust Mask"
1962:Carbon dioxide scrubber
1930:Constant flow regulator
1782:Atmospheric diving suit
1698:Partial rebreather mask
1462:Supplied-air respirator
1395:Emergency oxygen system
390:It is mainly used as a
383:percentage: 80% minimum
243:elastomeric respirators
118:elastomeric respirators
1514:Elastomeric respirator
1479:Particulate respirator
554:
370:
235:
135:paraffinum perliquidum
1792:Helium reclaim system
1770:Helicopter escape set
1755:Full-face diving mask
1122:European Commission.
714:airborne transmission
552:
368:
266:Typical elastic band
233:
177:Typical elastic band
2053:Mechanical standards
1880:Emergency gas supply
1775:Submarine escape set
1103:on 17 September 2014
804:Notes and references
722:respiratory droplets
1967:Semi-closed circuit
1910:Oxygen concentrator
1678:Non-rebreather mask
1661:Supplemental oxygen
1637:Hyperbaric medicine
1583:Anaesthetic machine
1366:Breathing apparatus
1160:"La série 3000 FFP"
682:Manufacturer's name
627:CIOP-PIB in Poland
609:INRS then APAVE in
515:respiratory viruses
226:EN 14683 and EN 143
1925:Pressure regulator
1740:Open-circuit scuba
1501:Chemical cartridge
1055:alternative source
578:oxides of nitrogen
555:
371:
236:
156:particle-filtering
48:European standards
2035:
2034:
1987:
1986:
1979:Escape respirator
1974:Work of breathing
1957:Oxygen rebreather
1845:
1844:
1800:
1799:
1750:Diving rebreather
1718:
1717:
1671:Reservoir cannula
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1410:
1409:
728:Similar standards
710:infection control
394:(for example for
342:
341:
239:European standard
223:
222:
102:European standard
16:(Redirected from
2070:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1851:
1806:
1724:
1703:Simple face mask
1567:
1427:
1416:
1374:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1177:"2016 Catalogue"
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1099:. Archived from
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1077:on 13 April 2015
1063:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1014:
999:
993:
992:
988:
986:
985:
970:
964:
963:
961:
960:
950:
942:
931:
930:
928:
926:
913:
905:
896:
895:
889:
881:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:. September 2015
854:
846:
840:
834:
828:
827:
825:
816:
531:pneumonic plague
473:
462:
248:
165:
96:, droplets, and
21:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
1983:
1856:
1841:
1821:Breathing mask
1813:
1796:
1731:
1714:
1574:
1553:
1537:ANSI K13.1-1973
1520:
1434:
1421:
1406:
1381:
1368:
1363:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1272:(3): 991â1002.
1259:
1258:
1254:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:MOLDEX-METRIC.
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1002:
990:
983:
981:
972:
971:
967:
958:
956:
948:
944:
943:
934:
924:
922:
911:
907:
906:
899:
887:
883:
882:
875:
866:
864:
852:
848:
847:
843:
835:
831:
818:
817:
810:
806:
774:
736:
730:
703:
672:
634:
586:
547:
519:avian influenza
483:
482:
481:
480:
476:
475:
474:
465:
464:
463:
452:
363:
346:sodium chloride
263:Inward leakage
228:
174:Inward leakage
152:
147:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:European Union
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Full facepiece
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1632:Oxygen therapy
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1603:Bag valve mask
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:N95 respirator
1476:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1302:
1285:
1252:
1223:
1199:
1168:
1150:
1135:
1124:"Notification"
1114:
1088:
1058:
1050:"NF EN 149+A1"
1041:
1000:
965:
932:
897:
873:
841:
829:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
753:
752:
749:
746:
743:
732:Main article:
729:
726:
702:
699:
691:
690:
686:
683:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
646:
645:
642:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
619:
613:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
585:
582:
566:
565:
562:
553:FFP3 face mask
546:
543:
539:N95 respirator
507:pharmaceutical
491:
490:
487:
478:
477:
468:
467:
466:
457:
456:
455:
454:
453:
451:
448:
388:
387:
384:
369:FFP1 face mask
362:
359:
355:truncated mean
340:
339:
336:
332:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
207:
206:
205:Blue or White
203:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
179:
178:
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145:Classification
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2024:
2012:
2000:
1935:Demand valve
1787:Gas extender
1708:Venturi mask
1598:Resuscitator
1543:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1314:
1305:
1288:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1247:
1240:. Retrieved
1237:The Guardian
1236:
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1171:
1153:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1070:
1061:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1024:
982:. Retrieved
980:. 2020-03-17
977:
968:
957:. Retrieved
955:. 2020-01-01
952:
923:. Retrieved
915:
865:. Retrieved
856:
844:
832:
821:
754:
737:
705:
704:
694:
692:
673:
665:
647:
635:
632:2009 version
604:
587:
584:Requirements
567:
535:tuberculosis
503:construction
492:
389:
372:
350:paraffin oil
343:
257:Filter type
237:
160:
153:
122:
113:
109:
105:
87:particulates
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
2058:Respirators
1952:Counterlung
1895:Hazmat suit
1693:Oxygen tent
1688:Oxygen mask
1683:Oxygen hood
1608:Pocket mask
1588:Bubble CPAP
1525:Regulations
1505:Facepieces
1315:JICOSH Home
701:Medical use
511:agriculture
412:anthracosis
313:Attachment
81:dust. Such
2042:Categories
1942:Rebreather
1875:Dead space
1615:Ventilator
1509:Smoke hood
1443:and others
1432:Respirator
1325:2020-04-30
1217:2021-02-19
1193:2020-04-08
1143:CIOP-PIB.
1129:2021-02-19
984:2020-03-28
959:2020-03-28
867:2020-04-30
788:Respirator
624:in Germany
615:INSPEC in
497:industry,
420:asbestosis
406:, such as
402:can cause
381:filtration
353:each. The
1890:Facepiece
1830:Half mask
1620:Iron lung
1489:Dust mask
757:42 CFR 84
718:pathogens
592:Packaging
545:FFP3 mask
450:FFP2 mask
440:aluminium
416:siderosis
408:silicosis
392:dust mask
361:FFP1 mask
299:Type IIR
271:EN 14683
251:Standard
126:N95 masks
94:particles
2026:Glossary
2002:Category
1455:Canister
1450:Gas mask
1242:June 29,
778:Gas mask
772:See also
764:present.
720:through
712:against
654:dolomite
570:asbestos
527:bacteria
517:such as
432:iron ore
291:Type II
188:<22%
141:levels.
98:aerosols
89:such as
79:dolomite
40:EN 14683
18:FFP mask
2014:Commons
1855:General
1765:Snorkel
1081:16 June
1034:7 April
1025:inrs.fr
925:7 April
916:inrs.fr
857:rivm.nl
670:Marking
574:ceramic
559:Aerosol
499:foundry
398:jobs).
378:Aerosol
307:EN 143
274:Type I
216:<2%
202:<8%
191:Yellow
1107:1 June
839:hsa.ie
706:EN 149
611:France
444:cement
424:silica
254:Class
168:Class
150:EN 149
112:, and
46:, all
44:EN 143
42:, and
36:EN 149
1441:NIOSH
1297:(PDF)
1187:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
1163:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
949:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
853:(PDF)
495:glass
277:Mask
210:FFP3
196:FFP2
182:FFP1
1244:2021
1109:2015
1083:2015
1036:2020
1029:INRS
927:2020
920:INRS
861:RIVM
685:Mask
572:and
533:and
436:zinc
428:coal
418:and
400:Dust
348:and
322:N/A
319:N/A
286:N/A
283:N/A
219:Red
130:KN95
91:dust
63:FFP3
61:and
59:FFP2
55:FFP1
30:The
1274:doi
716:of
529:of
521:or
442:or
396:DIY
335:P3
327:P2
310:P1
2044::
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1270:14
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114:P3
110:P2
108:,
106:P1
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1111:.
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987:.
962:.
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870:.
133:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
