217:
451:, named for the fact they have a "apical complex", used for gaining entry into the cell. The apicomplexan first moves on the cell looking for an ideal receptor. When the receptor is found, it re-orients itself so the apical complex points at the cell. It then secretes a number of proteins to form a
509:
Other intracellular parasites have developed different ways to enter a host cell that do not require a specific component or action from within the host cell. An example is intracellular parasites using a method called gliding motility. This is the use of an actin-myosin motor that is connected to
518:
The majority of intracellular parasites must keep host cells alive as long as possible while they are reproducing and growing. In order to grow, they need nutrients that might be scarce in their free form in the cell. To study the mechanism that intracellular parasites use to obtain nutrients,
59:
Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing in or outside of host cells. Obligate intracellular parasites, on the other hand, need a host cell to live and reproduce. Many of these types of cells require specialized host types, and invasion of host cells occurs in
477:
attaches to the target cell then increases the calcium concentration inside, disrupting the actin network and triggering the repair mechanism. Lysosomes are recruited to this disruption and release their contents to the extracellular side, as a way to replenish the plasma membrane.
433:
Bacteria are also generally small enough to be engulfed by endocytosis, which they trigger with adhesins. Unlike viruses, they can and often do manipulate the cell's behavior beforehand, by injecting effector proteins into the
418:
When an intracellular parasite goes to enter a host cell, it is particular about the type of host cell. This is because most intracellular parasites are able to infect only a few different cell types.
410:
is a rare metazoan (animal) intracellular parasite, distinct from most if not all other intracellular parasites for this reason. It lives inside the unfertilized egg cells (oocytes) of fish.
1691:
Price, C. T. D; Al-Quadan, T; Santic, M; Rosenshine, I; Abu Kwaik, Y (2011). "Host
Proteasomal Degradation Generates Amino Acids Essential for Intracellular Bacterial Growth".
216:
383:
Study of obligate pathogens is difficult because they cannot usually be reproduced outside the host. However, in 2009 scientists reported a technique allowing the
482:
take advantage of the excess membrane to form a vacuole in the host cell, gaining entry. Because this repair mechanism is universal to all cells with a nucleus,
757:
1287:"Antigen diversity in the parasitic bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum arises from selectively-represented, spatially clustered functional pseudogenes"
1073:
Sebghati TS, Engle JT, Goldman WE (November 2000). "Intracellular parasitism by
Histoplasma capsulatum: fungal virulence and calcium dependence".
657:
Leon-Sicairos, Nidia; Reyes-Cortes, Ruth; Guadrón-Llanos, Alma M.; Madueña-Molina, Jesús; Leon-Sicairos, Claudia; Canizalez-Román, Adrian (2015).
1396:
1751:
1352:
Deng, M.; Lancto, C. A.; Abrahamsen, M. S. (2004). "Cryptosporidium parvum regulation of human epithelial cell gene expression".
503:
Microsporidians, which are tiny protozoans related to fungi, seems to form "polar tubes" that poke into the target cell.
1650:
Horta, Maria Fátima; Andrade, Luciana
Oliveira; Martins-Duarte, Érica Santos; Castro-Gomes, Thiago (15 February 2020).
611:
Horta, Maria Fátima; Andrade, Luciana
Oliveira; Martins-Duarte, Érica Santos; Castro-Gomes, Thiago (15 February 2020).
845:
Jantsch, J.; Chikkaballi, D.; Hensel, M. (2011). "Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular
Salmonella enterica".
173:
1457:
Omsland A, Cockrell DC, Howe D, Fischer ER, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, Porcella SF, Heinzen RA (March 17, 2009).
764:
296:
1526:
203:
196:
1777:
521:
361:
327:
188:
94:
87:
1772:
255:
166:
1700:
1535:
1470:
1423:
1298:
1241:
1082:
377:
285:
271:
985:"Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Modulates Host Central Carbon Metabolism To Activate Autophagy"
1387:
David
Anthony Burns; Stephen M. Breathnach; Neil H. Cox; Christopher E. M. Griffiths, eds. (2010).
1117:
546:
405:
373:
80:
1724:
1035:
870:
1584:
Leirião, Patrícia; Rodrigues, Cristina D; Albuquerque, Sónia S; Mota, Maria M (December 2004).
1747:
1716:
1673:
1623:
1605:
1563:
1498:
1439:
1392:
1369:
1334:
1316:
1267:
1210:
1192:
1153:
1098:
1055:
1016:
965:
924:
862:
827:
809:
739:
698:
680:
634:
500:. It is able to withstand the degradation process the cell carries out following phagocytosis.
459:
389:
345:
321:
222:
525:, a bacterial facultative intracellular parasite, has been used as a model. It is known that
1708:
1663:
1613:
1597:
1553:
1543:
1488:
1478:
1431:
1361:
1324:
1306:
1257:
1249:
1228:
Amann R, Springer N, Schönhuber W, Ludwig W, Schmid EN, Müller KD, Michel R (January 1997).
1200:
1184:
1143:
1133:
1090:
1047:
1006:
996:
955:
914:
906:
854:
817:
801:
729:
688:
670:
624:
152:
116:
100:
470:
372:
in eukaryotic cells may also have originally been such parasites, but ended up forming a
17:
1704:
1539:
1474:
1427:
1302:
1245:
1086:
1618:
1585:
1558:
1517:
1493:
1458:
1329:
1286:
1205:
1172:
1148:
1121:
1011:
984:
919:
894:
822:
789:
693:
658:
473:
repair. All nucleated cells use calcium concentration as a signal for membrane damage.
334:
38:
1262:
1230:"Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp"
1229:
1171:
Sterkel, Alana K.; Mettelman, Robert; Wüthrich, Marcel; Klein, Bruce S. (2015-02-15).
1122:"The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes"
437:
Protists are generally too big to enter through endocytosis; they use alternate ways.
1766:
1728:
1435:
858:
448:
422:
Viruses use a number of host receptors to gain entry to the cell, usually by causing
279:
238:
131:
34:
874:
1414:
497:
369:
310:
234:
1253:
1094:
1036:"The capsule of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its implications for pathogenicity"
1365:
1311:
1285:
Foley, Janet E.; Nieto, Nathan C.; Barbet, Anthony; Foley, Patrick (2009-12-15).
1742:
Bannister, Barbara A.; Gillespie, Stephen H.; Jones, Jane (2006). "Chapter 22".
910:
558:
534:
427:
423:
397:
culture and suggested the technique may be useful for study of other pathogens.
960:
943:
659:"Strategies of Intracellular Pathogens for Obtaining Iron from the Environment"
56:
There are two main types of intracellular parasites: Facultative and
Obligate.
530:
465:
339:
315:
264:
124:
1609:
1601:
1516:
Evans N. M.; Lindner A.; Raikova E. V.; Collins A. G.; Cartwright P. (2008).
1320:
1196:
1188:
1001:
944:"Isocitrate lyase of the facultative intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi"
813:
718:"Intracellular Pathogens: Host Immunity and Microbial Persistence Strategies"
684:
1712:
1548:
1483:
563:
290:
145:
1720:
1677:
1627:
1567:
1502:
1443:
1373:
1338:
1214:
1157:
1138:
1102:
1059:
1051:
1020:
969:
928:
866:
831:
743:
734:
717:
702:
638:
1271:
805:
675:
303:
159:
138:
109:
45:
1652:"Cell invasion by intracellular parasites – the many roads to infection"
613:"Cell invasion by intracellular parasites – the many roads to infection"
1668:
1651:
1173:"The unappreciated intracellular lifestyle of Blastomyces dermatitidis"
629:
612:
384:
233:
cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's
71:
are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells.
394:
353:
1459:"Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii"
245:
215:
37:
that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a
537:
provides the parasite with its primary carbon and energy source.
942:
Kelly, B. G.; Wall, D. M.; Boland, C. A.; Meijer, W. G. (2002).
1586:"Survival of protozoan intracellular parasites in host cells"
226:, within their host cell. Transmission electron microscopy
1391:(8th ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 28.
549:
are particularly susceptible to intracellular pathogens.
27:
Microparasite that can grow and reproduce in a host cell
1412:
Lynn Sagan (1967). "On the origin of mitosing cells".
582:
Only in animal study at initial stages of infection.
533:
degradation. Self-degradation of host proteins into
1518:"Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite,
1463:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA
591:Some sources say that it's parasite, but some not.
788:Dramsi, Shaynoor; Cossart, Pascale (2002-03-18).
251:Bacterial examples (that affect humans) include:
716:Thakur, A; Mikkelsen, H; Jungersen, G (2019).
8:
1746:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 432.
893:Cossart, P.; Helenius, A. (1 August 2014).
510:the intracellular parasites' cytoskeleton.
899:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1667:
1617:
1557:
1547:
1492:
1482:
1328:
1310:
1261:
1204:
1147:
1137:
1010:
1000:
959:
918:
888:
886:
884:
821:
733:
692:
674:
628:
486:is not picky about the target cell type.
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
603:
575:
356:examples (that affect humans) include:
306:examples (that affect humans) include:
1744:Infection: Microbiology and Management
1389:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. Vol. 4
1354:International Journal for Parasitology
1234:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
248:are obligate intracellular parasites.
1579:
1577:
895:"Endocytosis of Viruses and Bacteria"
469:enter by subverting the pathways for
7:
1034:Daffé, M.; Etienne, G. (June 1999).
652:
650:
648:
529:obtains nutrients by promoting host
430:for more on this well-studied topic.
983:Bravo-Santano; et al. (2018).
69:Facultative intracellular parasites
25:
1116:Alvarez, M.; Burns, T.; Luo, Y.;
989:American Society for Microbiology
120:, specifically uropathogenic ones
859:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00981.x
231:Obligate intracellular parasites
564:Pathogen evasion and resistance
455:, through which it gains entry.
722:Journal of Immunology Research
260:, and closely related species.
1:
1522:, within the Phylum Cnidaria"
1254:10.1128/AEM.63.1.115-121.1997
1095:10.1126/science.290.5495.1368
663:BioMed Research International
1436:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3
1366:10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.001
1312:10.1371/journal.pone.0008265
74:Bacterial examples include:
911:10.1101/cshperspect.a016972
794:The Journal of Cell Biology
1794:
961:10.1099/00221287-148-3-793
174:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1120:; Casadevall, A. (2009).
1040:Tubercle and Lung Disease
490:also uses this mechanism.
297:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
182:Fungal examples include:
18:Facultative intracellular
1602:10.1038/sj.embor.7400299
1527:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1189:10.4049/jimmunol.1303089
1002:10.1128/mSphere.00374-18
204:Blastomyces dermatitidis
177:(within the macrophages)
1713:10.1126/science.1212868
1656:Journal of Cell Science
1549:10.1186/1471-2148-8-139
1484:10.1073/pnas.0812074106
617:Journal of Cell Science
237:is entirely reliant on
197:Cryptococcus neoformans
41:. They are also called
31:Intracellular parasites
1139:10.1186/1471-2180-9-51
1052:10.1054/tuld.1998.0200
527:Legionella pneumophila
522:Legionella pneumophila
362:Pneumocystis jirovecii
328:Cryptosporidium parvum
227:
189:Histoplasma capsulatum
95:Listeria monocytogenes
88:Francisella tularensis
1520:Polypodium hydriforme
1177:Journal of Immunology
847:Immunological Reviews
806:10.1083/jcb.200202121
758:"Bartonella henselae"
219:
167:Staphylococcus aureus
735:10.1155/2019/1356540
378:endosymbiotic theory
286:Mycobacterium leprae
1705:2011Sci...334.1553P
1540:2008BMCEE...8..139E
1475:2009PNAS..106.4430O
1428:1967JThBi..14..225S
1303:2009PLoSO...4.8265F
1246:1997ApEnM..63..115A
1087:2000Sci...290.1368S
676:10.1155/2015/476534
547:T cell deficiencies
277:Certain species of
220:Two apicomplexans,
81:Bartonella henselae
1669:10.1242/jcs.232488
630:10.1242/jcs.232488
289:, that survive in
228:
1596:(12): 1142–1147.
1398:978-1-4051-6169-5
1081:(5495): 1368–72.
954:(Pt 3): 793–798.
790:"Listeriolysin O"
570:Explanatory notes
496:can also trigger
460:Trypanosoma cruzi
445:Toxoplasma gondii
390:Coxiella burnetii
346:Trypanosoma cruzi
322:Toxoplasma gondii
223:Toxoplasma gondii
16:(Redirected from
1785:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1699:(6062): 1553–7.
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1314:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1183:(4): 1796–1805.
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1126:BMC Microbiology
1113:
1107:
1106:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1004:
995:(4): e00374–18.
980:
974:
973:
963:
939:
933:
932:
922:
890:
879:
878:
842:
836:
835:
825:
785:
779:
778:
776:
775:
769:
763:. Archived from
762:
754:
748:
747:
737:
713:
707:
706:
696:
678:
654:
643:
642:
632:
608:
592:
589:
583:
580:
401:Unusual examples
153:Rhodococcus equi
117:Escherichia coli
60:different ways.
21:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1649:
1648:
1635:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1118:Pirofski, L. A.
1115:
1114:
1110:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1033:
1032:
1028:
982:
981:
977:
941:
940:
936:
892:
891:
882:
844:
843:
839:
787:
786:
782:
773:
771:
767:
760:
756:
755:
751:
715:
714:
710:
656:
655:
646:
610:
609:
605:
601:
596:
595:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
555:
543:
516:
471:plasma membrane
453:moving junction
416:
403:
335:Trypanosomatids
214:
209:
180:
66:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1734:
1683:
1633:
1573:
1508:
1469:(11): 4430–4.
1449:
1422:(3): 255–274.
1404:
1397:
1379:
1344:
1277:
1220:
1163:
1108:
1065:
1046:(3): 153–169.
1026:
975:
934:
905:(8): a016972.
880:
853:(1): 185–195.
837:
800:(6): 943–946.
780:
749:
708:
644:
602:
600:
597:
594:
593:
584:
574:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
561:
554:
551:
542:
541:Susceptibility
539:
515:
512:
507:
506:
505:
504:
501:
491:
456:
435:
431:
415:
412:
402:
399:
393:to grow in an
376:relationship (
366:
365:
351:
350:
332:
301:
300:
293:
275:
268:
261:
213:
210:
208:
207:
200:
193:
184:
179:
178:
170:
163:
156:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
113:
106:
98:
91:
84:
76:
65:
62:
53:
50:
35:microparasites
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1790:
1779:
1778:Endoparasites
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1753:1-4051-2665-5
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:(12): e8265.
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:(1): 115–21.
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
838:
833:
829:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
781:
770:on 2020-11-01
766:
759:
753:
750:
745:
741:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
709:
704:
700:
695:
690:
686:
682:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
651:
649:
645:
640:
636:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
604:
598:
588:
585:
579:
576:
569:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
513:
511:
502:
499:
495:
492:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
461:
457:
454:
450:
449:apicomplexans
446:
442:
439:
438:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
420:
419:
413:
411:
409:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
364:
363:
359:
358:
357:
355:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
333:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:Apicomplexans
309:
308:
307:
305:
299:
298:
294:
292:
288:
287:
282:
281:
280:Mycobacterium
276:
274:
273:
269:
267:
266:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
242:
240:
239:intracellular
236:
232:
225:
224:
218:
211:
206:
205:
201:
199:
198:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
183:
176:
175:
171:
169:
168:
164:
162:
161:
157:
155:
154:
150:
148:
147:
143:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:
132:Mycobacterium
129:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
112:
111:
107:
105:
103:
99:
97:
96:
92:
90:
89:
85:
83:
82:
78:
77:
75:
72:
70:
63:
61:
57:
51:
49:
47:
44:
43:intracellular
40:
36:
32:
19:
1773:Parasitology
1743:
1737:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1659:
1655:
1593:
1590:EMBO Reports
1589:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1419:
1415:J Theor Biol
1413:
1407:
1388:
1382:
1360:(1): 73–82.
1357:
1353:
1347:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1129:
1125:
1111:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1043:
1039:
1029:
992:
988:
978:
951:
948:Microbiology
947:
937:
902:
898:
850:
846:
840:
797:
793:
783:
772:. Retrieved
765:the original
752:
725:
721:
711:
666:
662:
620:
616:
606:
587:
578:
545:People with
544:
526:
520:
517:
508:
498:phagocytosis
493:
487:
483:
479:
474:
464:
458:
452:
444:
440:
417:
406:
404:
388:
382:
370:mitochondria
367:
360:
352:
344:
338:
326:
320:
314:
302:
295:
284:
278:
270:
263:
256:
250:
243:
235:reproduction
230:
229:
221:
202:
195:
187:
181:
172:
165:
158:
151:
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
108:
101:
93:
86:
79:
73:
68:
67:
58:
55:
42:
30:
29:
728:: 1356540.
559:Myzocytosis
535:amino acids
531:proteasomal
428:viral entry
424:endocytosis
374:mutualistic
241:resources.
64:Facultative
1767:Categories
1534:(1): 139.
774:2018-01-20
599:References
494:Leishmania
488:Leishmania
466:Leishmania
441:Plasmodium
407:Polypodium
340:Leishmania
316:Plasmodium
291:phagocytes
265:Rickettsia
125:Legionella
102:Salmonella
1729:206537041
1610:1469-221X
1321:1932-6203
1197:1550-6606
814:0021-9525
685:2314-6133
514:Nutrition
387:pathogen
343:spp. and
304:Protozoan
257:Chlamydia
146:Neisseria
46:pathogens
1721:22096100
1678:32079731
1628:15577928
1568:18471296
1503:19246385
1444:11541392
1374:14711592
1339:20016821
1291:PLOS ONE
1215:25589071
1158:19265539
1103:11082066
1060:10656114
1021:30089650
970:11882714
929:25085912
875:19344119
867:21349094
832:11901162
744:31111075
703:26120582
669:: 1–17.
639:32079731
553:See also
484:T. cruzi
480:T. cruzi
475:T. cruzi
434:cytosol.
414:Invasion
283:such as
272:Coxiella
212:Obligate
160:Yersinia
139:Nocardia
110:Brucella
1701:Bibcode
1693:Science
1619:1299194
1559:2396633
1536:Bibcode
1494:2657411
1471:Bibcode
1424:Bibcode
1330:2789410
1299:Bibcode
1272:8979345
1242:Bibcode
1206:4373353
1149:2670303
1083:Bibcode
1075:Science
1012:6083095
920:4107984
823:2173465
694:4450229
385:Q-fever
246:viruses
1750:
1727:
1719:
1676:
1626:
1616:
1608:
1566:
1556:
1501:
1491:
1442:
1395:
1372:
1337:
1327:
1319:
1270:
1263:168308
1260:
1213:
1203:
1195:
1156:
1146:
1132:: 51.
1101:
1058:
1019:
1009:
968:
927:
917:
873:
865:
830:
820:
812:
742:
701:
691:
683:
637:
426:. See
395:axenic
354:Fungal
319:spp.,
1725:S2CID
1662:(4).
871:S2CID
768:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
623:(4).
104:Typhi
52:Types
33:are
1748:ISBN
1717:PMID
1674:PMID
1624:PMID
1606:ISSN
1564:PMID
1499:PMID
1440:PMID
1393:ISBN
1370:PMID
1335:PMID
1317:ISSN
1268:PMID
1211:PMID
1193:ISSN
1154:PMID
1099:PMID
1056:PMID
1017:PMID
966:PMID
925:PMID
863:PMID
828:PMID
810:ISSN
740:PMID
726:2019
699:PMID
681:ISSN
667:2015
635:PMID
463:and
447:are
443:and
368:The
325:and
244:All
39:host
1709:doi
1697:334
1664:doi
1660:133
1614:PMC
1598:doi
1554:PMC
1544:doi
1489:PMC
1479:doi
1467:106
1432:doi
1362:doi
1325:PMC
1307:doi
1258:PMC
1250:doi
1201:PMC
1185:doi
1181:194
1144:PMC
1134:doi
1091:doi
1079:290
1048:doi
1007:PMC
997:doi
956:doi
952:148
915:PMC
907:doi
855:doi
851:240
818:PMC
802:doi
798:156
730:doi
689:PMC
671:doi
625:doi
621:133
380:).
1769::
1723:.
1715:.
1707:.
1695:.
1672:.
1658:.
1654:.
1636:^
1622:.
1612:.
1604:.
1592:.
1588:.
1576:^
1562:.
1552:.
1542:.
1530:.
1524:.
1497:.
1487:.
1477:.
1465:.
1461:.
1438:.
1430:.
1420:14
1418:.
1368:.
1358:34
1356:.
1333:.
1323:.
1315:.
1305:.
1293:.
1289:.
1266:.
1256:.
1248:.
1238:63
1236:.
1232:.
1209:.
1199:.
1191:.
1179:.
1175:.
1152:.
1142:.
1128:.
1124:.
1097:.
1089:.
1077:.
1054:.
1044:79
1042:.
1038:.
1015:.
1005:.
991:.
987:.
964:.
950:.
946:.
923:.
913:.
901:.
897:.
883:^
869:.
861:.
849:.
826:.
816:.
808:.
796:.
792:.
738:.
724:.
720:.
697:.
687:.
679:.
665:.
661:.
647:^
633:.
619:.
615:.
48:.
1756:.
1731:.
1711::
1703::
1680:.
1666::
1630:.
1600::
1594:5
1570:.
1546::
1538::
1532:8
1505:.
1481::
1473::
1446:.
1434::
1426::
1401:.
1376:.
1364::
1341:.
1309::
1301::
1295:4
1274:.
1252::
1244::
1217:.
1187::
1160:.
1136::
1130:9
1105:.
1093::
1085::
1062:.
1050::
1023:.
999::
993:3
972:.
958::
931:.
909::
903:6
877:.
857::
834:.
804::
777:.
746:.
732::
705:.
673::
641:.
627::
349:)
337:(
331:)
313:(
192:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
