1232:
46:
33:
2070:
362:
of other hosts, although this has not been established yet. Strains that lack the virulence plasmid are unable to proliferate in macrophages. This virulence plasmid has been characterised in detail from equine and porcine strains, although only the former has been functionally characterised. These
469:. In addition to these unique genes, the PAI contains genes that have a known function, in particular two regulatory genes encoding the LysR-type regulator VirR and the response regulator Orf8. These two proteins have been shown to control expression of a number of PAI genes including
1405:
473:. Other genes have homology to transport proteins and enzymes. However, the functionality of these genes or how the proteins encoded within PAI subvert the macrophage has not yet been established.
165:
bacterium. The organism is commonly found in dry and dusty soil and can be important for diseases of domesticated animals (horses and goats). The frequency of infection can reach near 60%.
592:
Makrai, L; Kobayashi, A; Matsuoka, M; Sasaki, Y; Kakuda, T; Dénes, B; Hajtós, I; Révész, I; Jánosi, K; Fodor, L; Varga, J; Takai, S (15 October 2008). "Isolation and characterisation of
2211:
786:
Sydor, T; von Bargen, K; Hsu, FF; Huth, G; Holst, O; Wohlmann, J; Becken, U; Dykstra, T; Söhl, K; Lindner, B; Prescott, JF; Schaible, UE; Utermöhlen, O; Haas, A (March 2013).
1398:
941:
Letek, M; Ocampo-Sosa, AA; Sanders, M; Fogarty, U; Buckley, T; Leadon, DP; González, P; Scortti, M; Meijer, WG; Parkhill, J; Bentley, S; Vázquez-Boland, JA (September 2008).
338:
to multiply within the phagosome where it is shielded from the immune system by the very cell that was supposed to kill it. After about 48 hours, the macrophage is killed by
994:
Takai, S; Hines, SA; Sekizaki, T; Nicholson, VM; Alperin, DA; Osaki, M; Takamatsu, D; Nakamura, M; Suzuki, K; Ogino, N; Kakuda, T; Dan, H; Prescott, JF (December 2000).
371:
plasmids. In addition to the conserved region, the virulence plasmids contain a highly variable region that has undergone substantial genetic rearrangements, including
2185:
1391:
1856:
1851:
553:
Muscatello, G; Leadon, DP; Klayt, M; Ocampo-Sosa, A; Lewis, DA; Fogarty, U; Buckley, T; Gilkerson, JR; Meijer, WG; Vazquez-Boland, JA (September 2007). "
334:
prevents the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome and acidification of the phagosome. Additionally, the respiratory burst is inhibited. This allows
2172:
2198:
1699:
346:. Necrosis is pro-inflammatory, attracting additional phagocytic cells to the site of infection, eventually resulting in massive tissue damage.
1485:
1318:
2272:
1601:
1694:
1414:
1669:
2267:
2021:
1738:
1728:
1635:
2203:
1047:
Ren, J; Prescott, JF (1 July 2003). "Analysis of virulence plasmid gene expression of intra-macrophage and in vitro grown
2060:
2001:
1846:
1479:
1987:
1893:
1832:
1758:
45:
1547:
326:
1878:
1662:
1596:
214:
387:. It is therefore assumed to be derived from a different bacterial species than the backbone of the plasmid via
2262:
2124:
2015:
1679:
1493:
399:
The variable region of the virulence plasmid contain genes that are highly expressed following phagocytosis of
892:
Lührmann, A; Mauder, N; Sydor, T; Fernandez-Mora, E; Schulze-Luehrmann, J; Takai, S; Haas, A (February 2004).
358:. This plasmid has been shown to be essential for infection of foals, and presumably plays a similar role for
269:
The most common route of infection in horses is likely via inhalation of contaminated dust particles. Inhaled
1917:
1903:
1684:
1513:
1455:
384:
1231:
2086:
1910:
1864:
1812:
1777:
1689:
1640:
1609:
1584:
686:
virulence-associated protein A is required for diversion of phagosome biogenesis but not for cytotoxicity"
2046:
1949:
1889:
1823:
1802:
1784:
1767:
1311:
Taxonomic guide to infectious diseases : understanding the biologic classes of pathogenic organisms
388:
372:
364:
130:
1141:"The LysR-type transcriptional regulator VirR is required for expression of the virulence gene vapA of
894:"Necrotic death of Rhodococcus equi-infected macrophages is regulated by virulence-associated plasmids"
2226:
2146:
1710:
1674:
1652:
1504:
1471:
1444:
947:
vap pathogenicity island seen through comparison of host-associated vapA and vapB virulence plasmids"
404:
1383:
1088:"Deletion of vapA encoding Virulence Associated Protein A attenuates the intracellular actinomycete
354:
All strains isolated from foals and the majority of human, cattle, and pig isolates contain a large
1945:
1840:
1743:
1723:
1630:
1552:
1464:
376:
485:, there has been taxonomic debate since the 1980s about whether this name is the valid name, with
209:
infection in these populations resemble the clinical and pathological signs of advanced pulmonary
2037:
1953:
1790:
1733:
1620:
1247:"Charting stormy waters: A commentary on the nomenclature of the equine pathogen variously named
1121:
768:
411:
282:
40:
2190:
2234:
2133:
1645:
1569:
1372:
1314:
1280:
1220:
1174:
1113:
1068:
1029:
976:
923:
874:
821:
760:
715:
662:
617:
574:
321:
194:
2239:
1435:
1362:
1354:
1270:
1212:
1164:
1156:
1103:
1060:
1019:
1011:
966:
958:
913:
905:
864:
856:
811:
803:
750:
705:
697:
652:
609:
566:
202:
367:
of the plasmid. This portion of the plasmid is highly conserved and found in nonpathogenic
1978:
1748:
1528:
502:
87:
2074:
1625:
1426:
1418:
971:
942:
816:
787:
710:
681:
680:
von Bargen, K; Polidori, M; Becken, U; Huth, G; Prescott, JF; Haas, A (December 2009).
317:
67:
1367:
1338:
1169:
1140:
1064:
918:
893:
869:
840:
410:
A hallmark of the pathogenicity island (PAI) is that many genes within it do not have
2256:
1615:
1537:
1450:
1160:
1108:
1087:
1024:
1015:
995:
860:
755:
734:
520:
313:
301:
162:
159:
77:
1358:
1125:
772:
493:
both proposed as official alternative names. Other names used in literature include
2138:
1936:
1870:
1574:
1561:
289:
278:
210:
186:
97:
32:
909:
733:
Fernandez-Mora, E; Polidori, M; Lührmann, A; Schaible, UE; Haas, A (August 2005).
414:
in other species. The most notable of these are the virulence-associated protein (
363:
circular plasmids consist of a conserved backbone responsible for replication and
613:
2216:
2118:
1959:
1139:
Russell, DA; Byrne, GA; O'Connell, EP; Boland, CA; Meijer, WG (September 2004).
532:
312:, which are activated by the low pH of the compartment. The macrophage produces
285:
107:
2069:
657:
636:
2007:
1993:
1657:
1589:
1565:
739:-containing vacuoles is arrested after completion of the early endosome stage"
454:
380:
2109:
570:
2159:
359:
343:
293:
182:
170:
1376:
1284:
1224:
1216:
1178:
1117:
1072:
1033:
980:
927:
825:
764:
719:
666:
621:
578:
878:
2103:
701:
509:
495:
423:
339:
309:
305:
297:
270:
198:
57:
962:
2177:
1719:
355:
1275:
1246:
807:
383:
from the rest of the plasmid, and is flanked by genes associated with
1245:
Goodfellow, M; Sangal, V; Jones, AL; Sutcliffe, IC (September 2015).
247:
2080:
2164:
146:(Magnusson 1923) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 (Approved Lists 1980)
252:
242:
237:
1205:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
635:
Kelly, B. G.; Wall, D. M.; Boland, C. A.; Meijer, W. G. (2002).
232:
174:
2151:
2084:
1387:
1199:(Magnusson 1923) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 and rejection of
257:
226:
637:"Isocitrate lyase of the facultative intracellular pathogen
403:
by macrophages. This variable region is believed to be a
304:. The internal environment of the phagolysosome contains
996:"DNA sequence and comparison of virulence plasmids from
438:
renders the resulting strain avirulent. In addition to
1339:"Phenotypic mutants of the intracellular actinomycete
2058:
2093:
2036:
1977:
1935:
1888:
1822:
1801:
1766:
1757:
1708:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1503:
1434:
1425:
788:"Diversion of phagosome trafficking by pathogenic
1343:created by in vivo Himar1 transposon mutagenesis"
1086:Jain, S; Bloom, BR; Hondalus, MK (October 2003).
1313:. London: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 266.
1190:
1188:
557:infection in foals: the science of 'rattles'".
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
407:that contains genes essential for virulence.
1399:
1195:Garrity, GM (January 2014). "Conservation of
596:from submaxillary lymph nodes of wild boars (
442:, the PAI encodes a further five full-length
8:
457:. The porcine PAI contains five full-length
2081:
1763:
1542:
1533:
1431:
1406:
1392:
1384:
481:While this organism is generally known as
31:
20:
1366:
1274:
1168:
1107:
1023:
970:
917:
868:
839:Hondalus, MK; Mosser, DM (October 1994).
815:
754:
709:
656:
260:may become infected if wound is exposed.
2065:
1700:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
545:
1486:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
1337:Ashour, J; Hondalus, MK (April 2003).
434:gene to be characterised. Deletion of
792:depends on mycolic acid chain length"
7:
2227:57bea65f-4955-4252-8770-48f561b47125
324:. However, like its close relative
1602:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
14:
1695:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
1415:Gram-positive bacterial infection
418:) genes. All foals infected with
169:is an important pathogen causing
2068:
1670:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
1230:
1161:10.1128/JB.186.17.5576-5584.2004
1109:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03689.x
1016:10.1128/iai.68.12.6840-6847.2000
861:10.1128/IAI.62.10.4167-4175.1994
756:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00304.x
44:
2022:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
1359:10.1128/jb.185.8.2644-2652.2003
292:, bacteria are enclosed by the
1739:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
1729:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
1636:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
379:. This region has a different
1:
1065:10.1016/S0378-1135(03)00099-3
910:10.1128/iai.72.2.853-862.2004
841:"Survival and replication of
2002:Corynebacterium minutissimum
1847:Mycobacterium intracellulare
1480:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
1203:(Morse 1912) Eberson 1918".
614:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.04.009
1988:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2289:
2273:Bacteria described in 1923
658:10.1099/00221287-148-3-793
516:Corynebacterium purulentus
446:homologues, one truncated
327:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1663:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
1597:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
1309:Berman, Jules J. (2012).
1263:Equine Veterinary Journal
559:Equine Veterinary Journal
215:facultative intracellular
181:has been known to infect
136:
129:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2016:Corynebacterium jeikeium
1680:Tuberculous pericarditis
1494:Actinomyces gerencseriae
571:10.2746/042516407X209217
527:Mycobacterium restrictum
217:mycobacterial pathogen.
1685:Urogenital tuberculosis
1514:Propionibacterium acnes
1456:Cutaneous actinomycosis
1347:Journal of Bacteriology
1149:Journal of Bacteriology
1053:Veterinary Microbiology
951:Journal of Bacteriology
602:Veterinary Microbiology
422:produce high levels of
385:mobile genetic elements
296:, which fuses with the
2268:Gram-positive bacteria
1690:Tuberculous dactylitis
1641:Tuberculous cellulitis
1217:10.1099/ijs.0.059741-0
1201:Corynebacterium hoagii
1096:Molecular Microbiology
1004:Infection and Immunity
898:Infection and Immunity
849:Infection and Immunity
690:Infection and Immunity
2047:Gardnerella vaginalis
1950:Nocardia brasiliensis
796:Cellular Microbiology
461:genes, including the
389:lateral gene transfer
365:bacterial conjugation
213:. This organism is a
2125:Corynebacterium equi
1653:Lichen scrofulosorum
1505:Propionibacteriaceae
1445:Actinomyces israelii
702:10.1128/IAI.00856-09
405:pathogenicity island
395:Pathogenicity island
16:Species of bacterium
1946:Nocardia asteroides
1841:Mycobacterium avium
1744:Lepromatous leprosy
1724:Tuberculoid leprosy
1465:Tropheryma whipplei
1000:ATCC 33701 and 103"
963:10.1128/JB.00468-08
229:(wild and domestic)
2038:Bifidobacteriaceae
1979:Corynebacteriaceae
1954:Nocardia farcinica
1791:Aquarium granuloma
1734:Borderline leprosy
1621:Erythema induratum
1257:Rhodococcus hoagii
943:"Evolution of the
487:Rhodococcus hoagii
2250:
2249:
2235:Open Tree of Life
2087:Taxon identifiers
2056:
2055:
2032:
2031:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1646:Tuberculous gumma
1529:Corynebacterineae
1523:
1522:
1472:Whipple's disease
1320:978-0-12-415895-5
1276:10.1111/evj.12399
1249:Prescottella equi
808:10.1111/cmi.12050
651:(Pt 3): 793–798.
491:Prescottella equi
350:Virulence plasmid
322:respiratory burst
316:compounds (e.g.,
195:immunocompromised
151:
150:
2280:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2217:rhodococcus-equi
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2095:Rhodococcus equi
2082:
2073:
2072:
2064:
1968:Rhodococcus equi
1764:
1631:Prosector's wart
1543:
1538:Mycobacteriaceae
1534:
1436:Actinomycetaceae
1432:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1341:Rhodococcus equi
1325:
1324:
1306:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1253:Rhodococcus equi
1242:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1197:Rhodococcus equi
1192:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1143:Rhodococcus equi
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1090:Rhodococcus equi
1083:
1077:
1076:
1049:Rhodococcus equi
1044:
1038:
1037:
1027:
998:Rhodococcus equi
991:
985:
984:
974:
957:(17): 5797–805.
945:Rhodococcus equi
938:
932:
931:
921:
889:
883:
882:
872:
843:Rhodococcus equi
836:
830:
829:
819:
790:Rhodococcus equi
783:
777:
776:
758:
737:Rhodococcus equi
730:
724:
723:
713:
684:Rhodococcus equi
677:
671:
670:
660:
639:Rhodococcus equi
632:
626:
625:
594:Rhodococcus equi
589:
583:
582:
555:Rhodococcus equi
550:
483:Rhodococcus equi
477:Taxonomic debate
320:) following the
288:. During normal
207:Rhodococcus equi
203:organ transplant
197:people, such as
155:Rhodococcus equi
142:
140:Rhodococcus equi
49:
48:
35:
25:Rhodococcus equi
21:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2263:Mycobacteriales
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2089:
2079:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2028:
1973:
1923:
1884:
1818:
1797:
1753:
1749:Histoid leprosy
1704:
1551:
1548:M. tuberculosis
1519:
1499:
1421:
1412:
1336:
1333:
1331:Further reading
1328:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1292:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1211:(Pt 1): 311–2.
1194:
1193:
1186:
1155:(17): 5576–84.
1138:
1137:
1133:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1046:
1045:
1041:
993:
992:
988:
940:
939:
935:
891:
890:
886:
855:(10): 4167–75.
845:in macrophages"
838:
837:
833:
785:
784:
780:
735:"Maturation of
732:
731:
727:
696:(12): 5676–81.
679:
678:
674:
634:
633:
629:
608:(3–4): 318–23.
591:
590:
586:
552:
551:
547:
543:
503:Corynebacterium
479:
397:
352:
318:oxygen radicals
267:
223:
177:. Since 2008,
147:
144:
138:
125:
88:Mycobacteriales
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2221:
2208:
2195:
2182:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2115:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1879:M. haemophilum
1875:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1759:Nontuberculous
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Lupus vulgaris
1623:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1570:Ghon's complex
1558:
1556:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1427:Actinomycineae
1423:
1422:
1419:Actinomycetota
1413:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1353:(8): 2644–52.
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1290:
1269:(5): 508–509.
1237:
1184:
1131:
1078:
1039:
1010:(12): 6840–7.
986:
933:
884:
831:
778:
725:
672:
627:
584:
544:
542:
539:
478:
475:
450:gene, and two
396:
393:
351:
348:
266:
263:
262:
261:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
222:
219:
149:
148:
145:
134:
133:
127:
126:
119:
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
68:Actinomycetota
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:MAI infection
1855:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Scrofuloderma
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Actinomycosis
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1102:(1): 115–28.
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:(2): 167–82.
1058:
1054:
1051:ATCC 33701".
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
990:
987:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
946:
937:
934:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
904:(2): 853–62.
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
835:
832:
827:
823:
818:
813:
809:
805:
802:(3): 458–73.
801:
797:
793:
791:
782:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
752:
749:(8): 635–53.
748:
744:
740:
738:
729:
726:
721:
717:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
676:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
640:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
546:
540:
538:
536:
534:
528:
524:
522:
521:Mycobacterium
517:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:specific for
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
314:bacteriocidal
311:
307:
303:
302:phagolysosome
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:domestic pigs
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:coccobacillus
161:
160:Gram-positive
157:
156:
143:
141:
135:
132:
131:Binomial name
128:
124:
123:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Actinomycetia
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2094:
2045:
2014:
2000:
1986:
1967:
1966:
1944:
1937:Nocardiaceae
1918:M. abscessus
1916:
1909:
1904:M. fortuitum
1902:
1877:
1871:Buruli ulcer
1863:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1811:
1783:
1776:
1709:
1608:
1579:
1575:Pott disease
1562:Tuberculosis
1546:
1512:
1492:
1478:
1463:
1443:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1310:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1007:
1003:
997:
989:
954:
950:
944:
936:
901:
897:
887:
852:
848:
842:
834:
799:
795:
789:
781:
746:
742:
736:
728:
693:
689:
683:
675:
648:
645:Microbiology
644:
638:
630:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
565:(5): 470–8.
562:
558:
554:
548:
530:
526:
519:
515:
508:
501:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:, the first
427:
419:
415:
409:
400:
398:
368:
353:
335:
331:
325:
300:to become a
290:phagocytosis
279:phagocytosed
274:
268:
211:tuberculosis
206:
205:recipients.
201:patients or
190:
178:
166:
154:
153:
152:
139:
137:
122:R. equi
121:
120:
108:
98:Nocardiaceae
24:
18:
2119:Wikispecies
1960:Nocardiosis
1911:M. chelonae
1865:M. ulcerans
1813:M. gordonae
1778:M. kansasii
1145:ATCC 33701"
533:actinomyces
465:homologue,
455:pseudogenes
286:macrophages
273:strains of
193:can infect
109:Rhodococcus
2257:Categories
2008:Erythrasma
1994:Diphtheria
1785:M. marinum
1658:Tuberculid
1590:Rich focus
1585:Meningitis
1566:Ghon focus
598:Sus scrofa
541:References
535:restrictus
424:antibodies
412:homologues
381:GC-content
369:Rhodococci
1711:M. leprae
1610:cutaneous
498:restricta
377:deletions
373:inversion
360:infection
344:apoptosis
310:proteases
306:nucleases
294:phagosome
265:Virulence
183:wild boar
171:pneumonia
116:Species:
2191:11433294
2104:Wikidata
1834:M. avium
1553:M. bovis
1377:12670990
1285:25912143
1225:24408953
1179:15317761
1126:42313934
1118:14507368
1073:12781484
1034:11083803
981:18606735
928:14742529
826:23078612
773:30122137
765:15998320
720:19797071
667:11882714
622:18499361
579:17910275
510:Bacillus
496:Nocardia
340:necrosis
298:lysosome
283:alveolar
271:virulent
199:HIV-AIDS
94:Family:
64:Phylum:
58:Bacteria
54:Domain:
2178:5427801
2110:Q293148
2075:Biology
1836:complex
1720:Leprosy
1675:Miliary
972:2519538
879:7927672
817:3864644
743:Traffic
711:2786453
420:R. equi
401:R. equi
356:plasmid
336:R. equi
332:R. equi
275:R. equi
191:R. equi
179:R. equi
167:R. equi
104:Genus:
84:Order:
74:Class:
2240:810062
2224:NZOR:
2204:965596
2165:RHDCEQ
2152:970599
2061:Portal
1375:
1368:152612
1365:
1317:
1283:
1223:
1177:
1170:516814
1167:
1124:
1116:
1071:
1032:
1022:
979:
969:
926:
919:321572
916:
877:
870:303092
867:
824:
814:
771:
763:
718:
708:
665:
620:
577:
529:, and
512:hoagii
342:, not
253:Humans
248:Cattle
238:Horses
2186:IRMNG
2139:7974X
1580:brain
1122:S2CID
1025:97788
769:S2CID
243:Sheep
233:Goats
221:Hosts
175:foals
158:is a
2212:LPSN
2199:ITIS
2173:GBIF
2160:EPPO
1373:PMID
1315:ISBN
1281:PMID
1255:and
1221:PMID
1175:PMID
1114:PMID
1069:PMID
1030:PMID
977:PMID
924:PMID
875:PMID
822:PMID
761:PMID
716:PMID
663:PMID
618:PMID
600:)".
575:PMID
523:equi
505:equi
489:and
471:vapA
467:vapB
463:vapA
440:vapA
436:vapA
428:vapA
375:and
308:and
277:are
258:Cats
227:Pigs
185:and
2147:EoL
2134:CoL
1852:MAP
1363:PMC
1355:doi
1351:185
1271:doi
1213:doi
1165:PMC
1157:doi
1153:186
1104:doi
1061:doi
1020:PMC
1012:doi
967:PMC
959:doi
955:190
914:PMC
906:doi
865:PMC
857:doi
812:PMC
804:doi
751:doi
706:PMC
698:doi
653:doi
649:148
610:doi
606:131
567:doi
531:Pro
459:vap
452:vap
448:vap
444:vap
432:vap
416:vap
281:by
173:in
2259::
2237::
2214::
2201::
2188::
2175::
2162::
2149::
2136::
2121::
2106::
1894:RG
1890:R4
1824:R3
1803:R2
1768:R1
1722::
1564::
1468:"
1417::
1371:.
1361:.
1349:.
1345:.
1293:^
1279:.
1267:47
1265:.
1261:.
1251:,
1219:.
1209:64
1207:.
1187:^
1173:.
1163:.
1151:.
1147:.
1120:.
1112:.
1100:50
1098:.
1094:.
1067:.
1057:94
1055:.
1028:.
1018:.
1008:68
1006:.
1002:.
975:.
965:.
953:.
949:.
922:.
912:.
902:72
900:.
896:.
873:.
863:.
853:62
851:.
847:.
820:.
810:.
800:15
798:.
794:.
767:.
759:.
745:.
741:.
714:.
704:.
694:77
692:.
688:.
661:.
647:.
643:.
616:.
604:.
573:.
563:39
561:.
537:.
525:,
518:,
514:,
507:,
500:,
391:.
330:,
189:.
2063::
1952:/
1948:/
1896::
1892:/
1850:/
1844:/
1838:/
1826::
1805::
1770::
1568:/
1550:/
1462:"
1407:e
1400:t
1393:v
1379:.
1357::
1323:.
1287:.
1273::
1259:"
1227:.
1215::
1181:.
1159::
1128:.
1106::
1092:"
1075:.
1063::
1036:.
1014::
983:.
961::
930:.
908::
881:.
859::
828:.
806::
775:.
753::
747:6
722:.
700::
682:"
669:.
655::
641:"
624:.
612::
581:.
569::
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