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soldiers, he wrote in French, "On ne tue point les idees" (misquoted from "on ne tire pas des coups de fusil aux idees", which means "ideas cannot be killed by guns"). The government decided to decipher the message, and on learning the translation, said, "So! What does this mean?". With the failure of his oppressors to understand his meaning, Sarmiento is able to illustrate their ineptitude. His words are presented as a "code" that needs to be "deciphered", and unlike
Sarmiento those in power are barbaric and uneducated. Their bafflement not only demonstrates their general ignorance, but also, according to Sorensen, illustrates "the fundamental displacement which any cultural transplantation brings about", since Argentine rural inhabitants and Rosas's associates were unable to accept the civilized culture which Sarmiento believed would lead to progress in Argentina.
1051:. More recently, Kathleen Ross has undertaken a modern and complete translation, published in 2003 by the University of California Press. In Ross's "Translator's Introduction," she notes that Mann's 19th-century version of the text was influenced by Mann's friendship with Sarmiento and by the fact that he was at the time a candidate in the Argentine presidential election: "Mann wished to further her friend's cause abroad by presenting Sarmiento as an admirer and emulator of United States political and cultural institutions". Hence Mann's translation cut much of what made Sarmiento's work distinctively part of the Hispanic tradition. Ross continues: "Mann's elimination of metaphor, the stylistic device perhaps most characteristic of Sarmiento's prose, is especially striking".
514:, was respected and he was praised for his ability to maintain harmony between Buenos Aires and the rural areas. The country fell into disorder after Rosas's resignation in 1832, and in 1835 he was once again called to lead the country. He ruled the country not as he did during his first term as governor, but as a dictator, forcing all citizens to support his Federalist regime. According to Nicolas Shumway, Rosas "forced the citizens to wear the red Federalist insignia, and his picture appeared in all public places... Rosas's enemies, real and imagined, were increasingly imprisoned, tortured, murdered, or driven into exile by the
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order. Sarmiento criticizes Rosas by using the words of the dictator, making sarcastic remarks about Rosas's actions, and describing the "terror" established during the dictatorship, the contradictions of the government, and the situation in the provinces that were ruled by
Facundo. Sarmiento writes, "The red ribbon is a materialization of the terror that accompanies you everywhere, in the streets, in the bosom of the family; it must be thought about when dressing, when undressing, and ideas are always engraved upon us by association".
551:, Sarmiento is both the narrator and a main character. The book contains autobiographical elements from Sarmiento's life, and he comments on the entire Argentine circumstance. He also expresses and analyzes his own opinion and chronicles some historic events. Within the book's dichotomy between civilization and barbarism, Sarmiento's character represents civilization, steeped as he is in European and North American ideas; he stands for education and development, as opposed to Rosas and Facundo, who symbolize barbarism.
655:, in which Argentina gained independence from Spain. Although Argentina's war of independence was prompted by the influence of European ideas, Buenos Aires was the only city that could achieve civilization. Rural people participated in the war to demonstrate their physical strengths rather than because they wanted to civilize the country. In the end, the revolution was a failure because the barbaric instincts of the rural population led to the loss and dishonor of the civilized city—Buenos Aires.
690:(the player)—in fact, Sarmiento describes his gambling as "an ardent passion burning in his belly". As a youth Facundo was antisocial and rebellious, refusing to mix with other children, and these traits became more pronounced as he matured. Sarmiento describes an incident in which Facundo killed a man, writing that this type of behaviour "marked his passage through the world". Sarmiento gives a physical description of the man he considers to personify the
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only a powerful founding text but "the first Latin
American classic, and the most important book written about Latin America by a Latin American in any discipline or genre". The book's political influence can be seen in Sarmiento's eventual rise to power. He became president of Argentina in 1868 and was able to apply his theories to ensure that his nation achieved civilization. Although Sarmiento wrote several books, he viewed
628:, the capital. Through his discussion of Argentina's geography, Sarmiento demonstrates Buenos Aires' advantages; the river systems were communications arteries which, by enabling trade, helped the city to achieve civilization. Buenos Aires failed to spread civilization to the rural areas and as a result, much of the rest of Argentina was doomed to barbarism. Sarmiento also argues that the
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854:. Sarmiento summarizes the book's message in the phrase "That is the point: to be or not to be savages". The dichotomy between civilization and barbarism is the book's central idea; Facundo Quiroga is portrayed as wild, untamed, and standing opposed to true progress through his rejection of European cultural ideals—found at that time in the metropolitan society of Buenos Aires.
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government. In
Sarmiento's words, the reason why he chose to provide Argentine context and use Facundo Quiroga to condemn Rosas's dictatorship is that "in Facundo Quiroga I do not only see simply a caudillo, but rather a manifestation of Argentine life as it has been made by colonization and the peculiarities of the land".
920:; the main story is based around the dictator figure, his behaviour, characteristics and the situation of the people under his regime. Writers such as Sarmiento used the power of the written word in order to criticize government, using literature as a tool, an instance of resistance and as a weapon against repression.
821:, Sarmiento outlines his argument that Rosas's dictatorship is the main cause of Argentina's problems. The themes of barbarism and savagery that run through the book are, to Sarmiento, consequences of Rosas's dictatorial government. To make his case, Sarmiento often has recourse to strategies drawn from literature.
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to reinforce his social analysis, he characterizes those who were isolated and opposed to political dialogue as ignorant and anarchic—symbolized by
Argentina's desolate physical geography. Conversely, Latin America was connected to barbarism, which Sarmiento used mainly to illustrate the way in
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between civilization and barbarism. As
Kimberly Ball observes, "civilization is identified with northern Europe, North America, cities, Unitarians, Paz, and Rivadavia", while "barbarism is identified with Latin America, Spain, Asia, the Middle East, the countryside, Federalists, Facundo, and Rosas".
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and representatives of a barbarism that derives from the nature of the
Argentine countryside. As Ross explains, Sarmiento's book is therefore engaged in describing the "Argentine national character, explaining the effects of Argentina's geographical conditions on personality, the 'barbaric' nature
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The conflict between civilization and barbarism mirrors Latin
America's difficulties in the post-Independence era. Literary critic Sorensen Goodrich argues that although Sarmiento was not the first to articulate this dichotomy, he forged it into a powerful and prominent theme that would impact Latin
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France's blockade had lasted for two years, and the 'American' government, inspired by 'American' spirit, was facing off with France, European principles, European pretensions. The social results of the French blockade, however, had been fruitful for the
Argentine Republic, and served to demonstrate
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Sarmiento then moves on to the
Argentine peasants, who are "independent of all need, free of all subjection, with no idea of government". The peasants gather at taverns, where they spend their time drinking and gambling. They display their eagerness to prove their physical strength with horsemanship
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and these characterizations aid in understanding Argentine leaders, such as Juan Manuel de Rosas. Sarmiento argues that without an understanding of these Argentine character types, "it is impossible to understand our political personages, or the primordial, American character of the bloody struggle
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from 1829 to 1852". He was born into a wealthy family of high social status, but Rosas's strict upbringing had a deep psychological influence on him. Sarmiento asserts that because of Rosas's mother, "the spectacle of authority and servitude must have left lasting impressions on him". Shortly after
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fought with physical weapons, Sarmiento used his voice and language. Sorensen states that Sarmiento used "text as weapon". Sarmiento was writing not only for Argentina but for a wider audience too, especially the United States and Europe; in his view, these regions were close to civilization; his
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of literature. According to González Echevarría, the book is at once an "essay, biography, autobiography, novel, epic, memoir, confession, political pamphlet, diatribe, scientific treatise, travelogue". Sarmiento's style and his exploration of the life of Facundo unify the three distinct parts of
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On return to his San Juan home, which Sarmiento says Facundo governed "solely with his terrifying name", he realized that his government lacked support from Rosas. He went to Buenos Aires to confront Rosas, who sent him on another political mission. On his way back, Facundo was shot and killed at
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became the new governor. Sarmiento contends that Dorrego, a Federalist, was interested neither in social progress nor in ending barbaric behaviour in Argentina by improving the level of civilization and education of its rural inhabitants. In the turmoil that characterized Argentine politics at the
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s fifteen chapters divide broadly into three sections: chapters one to four outline Argentine geography, anthropology, and history; chapters five to fourteen recount the life of Juan Facundo Quiroga; and the concluding chapter expounds Sarmiento's vision of a future for Argentina under a Unitarist
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provided the impetus for other writers to examine dictatorship in Latin America, and contends that it is still read today because Sarmiento created "a voice for modern Latin American authors". The reason for this, according to González Echevarría, is that "Latin American authors struggle with its
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is "one of the foundational works of Spanish American literary history". It has been enormously influential in setting out a "blueprint for modernization", with its practical message enhanced by a "tremendous beauty and passion". However, according to literary critic González Echevarría it is not
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and stayed there for about thirty years. In time, he learned how to manage the ranch and he established an authoritarian government in the area. While in power, Rosas incarcerated residents for unspecified reasons, acts which Sarmiento argues were similar to Rosas's treatment of cattle. Sarmiento
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wanted more autonomy for the provinces and were inclined to reject European culture. The Unitarists defended Rivadavia's presidency, as it created educational opportunities for rural inhabitants through a European-staffed university program. However, under Rivadavia's rule, the salaries of common
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was the country's largest and wealthiest city as a result of its access to river trade routes and the South Atlantic. Buenos Aires was exposed not only to trade but to fresh ideas and European culture. These economic and cultural differences caused tension between Buenos Aires and the land-locked
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argues that "contemporary opponents reviled Rosas as a bloody tyrant and a symbol of barbarism". Sarmiento attacked Rosas through his book by promoting education and "civilized" status, whereas Rosas used political power and brute force to dispose of any kind of hindrance. In linking Europe with
634:, Argentina's wide and empty plains, provided "no place for people to escape and hide for defense and this prohibits civilization in most parts of Argentina". Despite the barriers to civilization caused by Argentina's geography, Sarmiento argues that many of the country's problems were caused by
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Sarmiento was an educator, a civilized man who was a militant adherent to the Unitarist movement. During the Argentine civil war he fought against Facundo several times, and while in Spain he became a member of the Literary Society of Professors. Exiled to Chile by Rosas when he started to write
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In the book's final chapters, Sarmiento explores the consequences of Facundo's death for the history and politics of the Argentine Republic. He further analyzes Rosas's government and personality, commenting on dictatorship, tyranny, the role of popular support, and the use of force to maintain
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after Rosas's fall and president of Argentina for six years (1868–1874). During his presidency, Sarmiento concentrated on migration, sciences, and culture. His ideas were based on European civilization; for him, the development of a country was rooted in education. To this end, he founded
1013:, he also transformed him into a "national symbol". González Echevarría further argues that Juan Facundo Quiroga also continues to exist, since he represents "our unresolved struggle between good and evil, and our lives' inexorable drive toward death". According to translator Kathleen Ross, "
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being the most prominent example. He elevates his own status at the expense of the ruling elite, almost portraying himself as invincible due to the power of writing. Toward the end of 1840, Sarmiento was exiled for his political views. Covered with bruises received the day before from unruly
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like Facundo Quiroga are seen, at the beginning of the book, as the antithesis of education, high culture, and civil stability; barbarism was like a never ending litany of social ills. They are the agents of instability and chaos, destroying societies through their blatant disregard for
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civilization, and civilization with education, Sarmiento conveyed an admiration of European culture and civilization which at the same time gave him a sense of dissatisfaction with his own culture, motivating him to drive it towards civilization. Using the wilderness of the
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set forth an oppositional message that promoted a more beneficial alternative for society at large. Although Sarmiento advocated various changes, such as honest officials who understood enlightenment ideas of European and Classical origin, for him education was the key.
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Finally, Sarmiento examines the legacy of Rosas's government by attacking the dictator and widening the civilization–barbarism dichotomy. By setting France against Argentina—representing civilization and barbarism respectively—Sarmiento contrasts culture and savagery:
725:, Facundo was appointed to a leadership position in the Llanos Militia. He built his reputation and won his comrades' respect through his fierce battlefield performances, but hated and tried to destroy those who differed from him by being civilized and well-educated.
38:
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explores the life of its titular character, Juan Facundo Quiroga—the "Tiger of the Plains". Despite being born into a wealthy family, Facundo received only a basic education in reading and writing. He loved gambling, being called
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articulates this opposition that Sarmiento's book has had such a profound influence. In the words of González Echevarría: "in proposing the dialectic between civilization and barbarism as the central conflict in Latin American culture
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were deeply influenced by the struggles that preceded and followed Rosas's dictatorship, and their views sprang from their relationship to the strife for interpretive and political hegemony". González Echevarría notes that
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led by Rosas. By the end of 1829, the legislature had appointed Rosas as governor of Buenos Aires. Under Rosas's rule, many intellectuals fled either to Chile, as did Sarmiento, or to Uruguay, as Sarmiento himself notes.
356:—strongmen who did not submit to the law. However, if Facundo's portrait is linked to the wild nature of the countryside, Rosas is depicted as an opportunist who exploits the situation to perpetuate himself in power.
845:
is not only a critique of Rosas's dictatorship, but a broader investigation into Argentine history and culture, which Sarmiento charts through the rise, controversial rule, and downfall of Juan Facundo Quiroga, an
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was published in installments in 1845. Sarmiento removed the last two chapters of the second edition (1851), but restored them in the 1874 edition, deciding that they were important to the book's development.
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became the governor of the Buenos Aires province, he held a meeting with representatives from all provinces in Argentina. Facundo was present as the governor of La Rioja. Rivadavia was soon overthrown, and
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like Juan Manuel de Rosas, who were barbaric, uneducated, ignorant, and arrogant; their character prevented Argentine society's progress toward civilization. Sarmiento then describes the four main types of
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ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1832 and again from 1835 to 1852; it was because of Rosas that Sarmiento was in exile in Chile, where he wrote the book. Sarmiento sees Rosas as heir to Facundo: both are
762:, Córdoba. According to Sarmiento, the murder was plotted by Rosas: "An impartial history still awaits facts and revelations, in order to point its finger at the instigator of the assassins".
742:. Facundo escaped to Buenos Aires and joined the Federalist government of Juan Manuel de Rosas. During the ensuing civil war between the two ideologies, Facundo conquered the provinces of
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and knife fights. Rarely these displays led to deaths, and Sarmiento notes that Rosas's residence was sometimes used as a refuge on such occasions, before he became politically powerful.
694:: " short and well built stature; his broad shoulders supported, on a short neck, a well-formed head covered with very thick, black and curly hair", with "eyes ... full of fire".
1037:, an exiled Argentinian lawyer and politician. However, the missing sections reappeared in 1874 in a later edition, because Sarmiento saw them as crucial to the book's development.
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in all their nakedness the current state of mind and the new elements of struggle, which were to ignite a fierce war that can end only with the fall of that monstrous government.
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his work. Even the first section, describing Argentina's geography, follows this pattern, since Sarmiento contends that Facundo is a natural product of this environment.
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by Sarmiento as a historical work, nor do I think it can be very valued in that regard. I always thought of it as a literary work, as a historical novel". However,
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of the countryside versus the 'civilizing' influence of the city, and the great future awaiting Argentina when it opened its doors wide to European immigration".
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2043:, vol. 1, World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events That Influenced Them, Detroit: Gale Group, pp.
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Making use of the connection between writing and power was one of Sarmiento's strategies. For him, writing was intended to be a catalyst for action. While the
1033:. The second edition, also published in Chile (in 1851), contained significant alterations—Sarmiento removed the last two chapters on the advice of
2377:
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422:. Supporters of decentralized government challenged the Unitarist Party, leading to the outbreak of violence. Federalists Juan Facundo Quiroga and
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580:. For Sarmiento, this bleak, featureless geography was a key factor in Argentina's 'failure' to achieve civilization by the mid-19th century.
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continues to inspire controversy and debate because it contributes to national myths of modernization, anti-populism, and racist ideology".
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that began in 1814. A frail agreement was reached in the early 1820s, which led to the unification of the Republic just in time to wage the
359:
Sarmiento's book is a critique and also a symptom of Argentina's cultural conflicts. In 1810, the country had gained independence from the
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has become "an object of nostalgia, a lost origin around which to build a national mythology". While Sarmiento was trying to eliminate the
2370:
900:. She links Sarmiento's remarks on modernization and culture to the American discourse of expansion and progress of the 19th century.
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regions of the country. Despite his Unitarian sympathies, Sarmiento himself came from the provinces, a native of the Western town of
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In the history of post-independence Latin America, dictatorships have been relatively common—examples range from Paraguay's
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The book is partly fictional, as well: Sarmiento draws on his imagination in addition to historical fact in describing Rosas. In
363:, but Sarmiento complains that Argentina had yet to cohere as a unified entity. The country's chief political division saw the
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that helped to define the parameters for thinking about the region's development, modernization, power, and culture. Subtitled
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One irony of the impact of Sarmiento's essay genre and fictional literature is that, according to González Echevarría, the
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Since his books often serve as vehicles for his political manifesto, Sarmiento's writings commonly mock governments, with
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as the governor of Buenos Aires. However, Dorrego's government was very soon overthrown and replaced by that of Unitarist
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in the west to the eastern Atlantic coast, where two main river systems converge at the boundary between Argentina and
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Juan Manuel de Rosas's first term as governor lasted only three years. His rule, assisted by Juan Facundo Quiroga and
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which Argentina was disconnected from the numerous resources surrounding it, limiting the growth of the country.
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in the 20th. In this context, Latin American literature has been distinguished by the protest novel, or
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A series of governors were installed and replaced beginning in 1828 with the appointment of Federalist
318:, was published in 1868. A modern and complete translation by Kathleen Ross appeared in 2003 from the
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purpose was to seduce his readers toward his own political viewpoint. In the numerous translations of
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argues that this was one method of making his citizens like the "tamest, most orderly cattle known".
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Bravo, Héctor Félix (1990), "Profiles of educators: Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811–88)",
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367:(or Unitarians, with whom Sarmiento sided), who favored centralization, counterposed against the
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calls the work "the most important book written by a Latin American in any discipline or genre".
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Mann, Horace (1868), "Biographical Sketch of the Author", in Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (ed.),
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gave shape to a polemic that began in the colonial period and continues to the present day".
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time, Dorrego was assassinated by Unitarists and Facundo was defeated by Unitarist General
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was published in instalments in 1845, in the literary supplement of the Chilean newspaper
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American literature. He explores the issue of civilization versus the cruder aspects of a
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Ross, Kathleen (2003), "Translator's Introduction", in Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (ed.),
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Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the Tyrants, or, Civilization and Barbarism
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Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the Tyrants; or, Civilization and Barbarism
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Facundo's relations with his family eventually broke down, and, taking on the life of a
375:. This division was in part a split between the city and the countryside. Then as now,
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in their works even as they try to untangle themselves from its discourse". Subsequent
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who had terrorized provincial Argentina in the 1820s and 1830s. Kathleen Ross, one of
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2262:, trans. Kathleen Ross, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 17–26
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The Voice of the Masters: Writing and Authority in Modern Latin American Literature
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2065:, 20, number 2 (74), Paris: UNESCO: International Bureau of Education: 247–256,
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According to Sarmiento, these elements are crucial to an understanding of the
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338:, the Argentine dictator at the time. The book was a critical analysis of
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to "denounce the tyranny of the Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas".
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If Sarmiento viewed himself as civilized, Rosas was barbaric. Historian
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559:, Sarmiento would later return as a politician. He was a member of the
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as he saw it, represented in men such as Rosas and the regional leader
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University of California Press (Kathleen Ross translation, English)
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prisoners after a jailbreak saw him acclaimed as a hero among the
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Domingo Sarmiento and the Cultural History of Law in the Americas
2274:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (published 1845),
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s English translators, points out that the author also published
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reached again the point of breaking-off in 1826, when Unitarist
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begins with a geographical description of Argentina, from the
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The first complete English translation. Trans. Kathleen Ross.
2152:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 1–16
2089:(in Spanish), Buenos Aires: Universidad nacional de Tucumán,
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Portrait of Sarmiento at the time of his exile in Chile; by
452:. Lavalle's rule ended when he was defeated by a militia of
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enhances the reader's understanding of these later books.
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as seen in early 19th-century Argentina. Literary critic
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2148:: An Introduction", in Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (ed.),
441:") were either imprisoned or forced to work without pay.
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Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas 1829–1852
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Prospects: The Quarterly Review of Comparative Education
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American critic Doris Sommer sees a connection between
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newspapers became tedious apologizers for the regime".
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de Chile (first, serial, edition in original Spanish)
2217:(in Spanish), Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana,
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2309:Facundo and the Construction of Argentine Culture
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774:Assassination of Facundo Quiroga at Barranca Yaco
491:, Juan Manuel de Rosas was "a landowner, a rural
2293:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
219:, a writer and journalist who became the second
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2162:The Gaucho Genre: A Treatise on the Motherland
809:cannot be classified as a novel or a specific
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2109:(in Spanish), New York: Heinle & Heinle,
2039:, in Moss, Joyce; Valestuk, Lorraine (eds.),
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418:was elected president and tried to enforce a
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2130:, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press,
2105:Voces de Hispanoamérica: antología literaria
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289:Throughout the text, Sarmiento explores the
42:The cover of the original version from 1845.
30:
1433:
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998:, drew upon its ideas, and a knowledge of
644:that tears apart the Argentine Republic".
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2244:, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
2186:, New York, US: Oxford University Press,
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960:According to Sorensen, "early readers of
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564:Argentina's military and naval colleges.
350:. For Sarmiento, Rosas and Quiroga were
2334:, Newark, New Jersey: Rutgers Law Review
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1047:, a friend of Sarmiento, with the title
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673:As the central character of Sarmiento's
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2242:Sarmiento's Travels in the U.S. in 1847
2041:Latin American Literature and Its Times
2003:
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896:s ideology and Sarmiento's readings of
500:reaching puberty, Rosas was sent to an
330:While exiled in Chile, Sarmiento wrote
314:The first translation into English, by
106:Hafner (Mary Mann translation, English)
2235:(in Spanish), Buenos Aires: Plus Ultra
2144:González Echevarría, Roberto (2003), "
1849:
1774:
1698:
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487:According to Latin American historian
471:Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas
427:laborers were subjected to government
2311:, Austin: University of Texas Press,
2164:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
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420:newly enacted centralist Constitution
7:
2482:Novels by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
2204:, New York: Hafner, pp. 276–396
2015:
1991:
1810:
1374:
1230:
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1122:
1107:
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957:as authorizing his political views.
801:comments of the book, "I never took
31:Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism
2272:Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism
2260:Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism
2233:Facundo Quiroga: Aventura y leyenda
2150:Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism
1021:Publication and translation history
838:4° edition in Spanish. París, 1874.
437:("cattle-wrangling horsemen of the
206:Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism
16:Novel by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
620:. This river estuary, called the
14:
2307:Sorensen Goodrich, Diana (1996),
1043:was first translated in 1868, by
2240:Rockland, Michael Aaron (2015),
2206:. Book is by Domingo Sarmiento.
2101:Chang-Rodríguez, Raquel (1988),
910:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
410:, but the relations between the
212:Facundo: Civilización y Barbarie
140:2003 (Kathleen Ross translation)
62:Facundo: Civilización y barbarie
36:
23:. For people with the name, see
912:in the 19th century to Chile's
797:Spanish critic and philosopher
766:Consequences of Facundo's death
398:Argentina's divisions led to a
215:) is a book written in 1845 by
2487:Argentine Civil War propaganda
948:For translator Kathleen Ross,
584:After a lengthy introduction,
320:University of California Press
1:
2087:Lengua y estilo en el Facundo
2124:González Echevarría, Roberto
659:Life of Juan Facundo Quiroga
138:1868 (Mary Mann translation)
2348:available at gutenberg.org
2268:Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino
249:Roberto González Echevarría
2503:
2453:Inmigración y colonización
2395:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
2291:The Invention of Argentina
2211:Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel
830:Civilization and barbarism
679:Fernando García del Molino
532:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
529:
526:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
464:
391:
233:Civilization and Barbarism
217:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
52:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
18:
2289:Shumway, Nicolas (1993),
576:The Argentine plains, or
225:Latin American literature
223:. It is a cornerstone of
209:(original Spanish title:
134:Published in English
35:
2445:Informes sobre educación
2325:Weiner, Mark S. (2011),
2085:Carilla, Emilio (1955),
2037:by Domingo F. Sarmiento"
1980:González Echevarría 2003
1387:González Echevarría 2003
1144:González Echevarría 2003
1070:González Echevarría 2003
728:In 1825, when Unitarist
681:) The second section of
334:in 1845 as an attack on
2359:in the original Spanish
2031:Ball, Kimberly (1999),
721:, and on relocating to
316:Mary Tyler Peabody Mann
2429:Recuerdos de Provincia
2231:Newton, Jorge (1965),
2175:. Trans. Molly Weigel.
1961:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
1949:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
1937:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
1925:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
1913:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
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1874:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
1862:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
1838:Sorensen Goodrich 1996
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713:. His killing of two
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495:, and the dictator of
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294:It is in the way that
257:describes the life of
221:president of Argentina
1592:, Chapter 11 & 12
1025:The first edition of
991:The Feast of the Goat
986:Miguel Ángel Asturias
876:and social progress.
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624:, is the location of
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479:Portrait of Rosas by
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306:The first edition of
19:For the village, see
1168:Chang-Rodríguez 1988
730:Bernardino Rivadavia
668:Juan Facundo Quiroga
653:Argentine Revolution
467:Juan Manuel de Rosas
461:Juan Manuel de Rosas
416:Bernardino Rivadavia
344:Juan Facundo Quiroga
336:Juan Manuel de Rosas
277:Juan Manuel de Rosas
259:Juan Facundo Quiroga
229:creative non-fiction
25:Facundo (given name)
1580:, Chapter 8 & 9
1568:, Chapter 7 & 8
981:El Señor Presidente
709:in the province of
394:Argentine Civil War
388:Argentine civil war
198:F2846 .S247213 2003
58:Original title
32:
2071:10.1007/BF02196326
1951:, pp. 100–101
1341:, pp. 117–118
996:Mario Vargas Llosa
970:legacy, rewriting
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904:Writing and power
799:Miguel de Unamuno
593:Argentine context
482:Raymond Monvoisin
346:, a warlord from
340:Argentine culture
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2004:Carilla 1955
1999:
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1963:, p. 67
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1219:Shumway 1993
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2421:Non-fiction
2180:Lynch, John
1852:, p. 9
1850:Ludmer 2002
1789:, p. 9
1777:, p. 7
1775:Ludmer 2002
1737:, p. 6
1699:Ludmer 2002
1556:, Chapter 6
1544:, Chapter 5
1515:Newton 1965
1476:, Chapter 4
1440:, Chapter 3
1425:, Chapter 2
1413:, Chapter 1
1293:, p. 1
1146:, p. 2
1072:, p. 1
1031:El Progreso
369:Federalists
102:El Progreso
2477:1845 books
2471:Categories
2437:Mi defensa
2025:References
1799:Bravo 1990
1747:Bravo 1990
1303:Lynch 1981
1291:Lynch 1981
978:, such as
881:David Rock
850:Argentine
711:Entre Ríos
688:el jugador
489:John Lynch
431:, and the
365:Unitarists
326:Background
239:contrasts
186:981/.04 21
68:Translator
2393:Works by
2215:Sarmiento
2079:189873123
2016:Ross 2003
1992:Ross 2003
1811:Ross 2003
1375:Mann 1868
1231:Ball 1999
1156:Ball 1999
1123:Ball 1999
1108:Ross 2003
1091:Ross 2003
1055:Footnotes
1045:Mary Mann
869:Caudillos
706:caudillos
412:Provinces
400:civil war
353:caudillos
291:dichotomy
282:caudillos
245:barbarism
98:Publisher
72:Mary Mann
2270:(2003),
2213:(1969),
2182:(1981),
2160:(2002),
2126:(1985),
894:Facundo'
874:humanity
860:caudillo
852:caudillo
744:San Luis
723:La Rioja
715:royalist
692:caudillo
586:Facundo'
568:Synopsis
503:estancia
493:caudillo
382:San Juan
373:autonomy
348:La Rioja
269:Facundo'
264:caudillo
173:52312471
90:Language
2410:Facundo
2356:Facundo
2346:Facundo
2146:Facundo
2095:2010266
2045:171–180
2035:Facundo
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937:Facundo
930:Facundo
925:gauchos
864:Facundo
843:Facundo
819:Facundo
807:Facundo
803:Facundo
752:Mendoza
748:Cordoba
719:gauchos
683:Facundo
675:Facundo
636:gauchos
618:Uruguay
610:Facundo
557:Facundo
549:Facundo
520:porteño
516:mazorca
454:gauchos
434:gauchos
332:Facundo
308:Facundo
301:Facundo
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273:Facundo
255:Facundo
237:Facundo
93:Spanish
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944:Legacy
886:pampas
825:Themes
700:gaucho
641:gaucho
631:pampas
603:pampas
578:pampas
561:Senate
439:pampas
48:Author
2332:(PDF)
2075:S2CID
1773:Qtd.
1673:Qtd.
811:genre
614:Andes
148:Print
127:Chile
2313:ISBN
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2132:ISBN
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2091:OCLC
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750:and
469:and
261:, a
243:and
167:OCLC
154:ISBN
118:1845
2067:doi
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547:In
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