Factitious disorder imposed on another

300:

simple medical explanations may prompt health care providers to pursue unusual or rare diagnoses, thus allocating even more time to the child and the abuser. Even without prompting, medical professionals may be easily seduced into prescribing diagnostic tests and therapies that may be painful, costly, or potentially injurious to the child. If the health practitioner resists ordering further tests, drugs, procedures, surgeries, or specialists, the FDIA abuser makes the medical system appear negligent for refusing to help a sick child and their selfless parent. Like those with Munchausen syndrome, FDIA perpetrators are known to switch medical providers frequently until they find one that is willing to meet their level of need; this practice is known as "

843:

condition, disorder, or syndrome. It is simply placing her within the medical term used in the category of people exhibiting such behavior. In that sense, their opinions were not expert evidence because they related to matters that could be decided on the evidence by ordinary jurors. The essential issue as to whether the appellant reported or fabricated false symptoms or did acts to intentionally cause unnecessary medical procedures to injure her children was a matter for the jury's determination. The evidence of Doctors Pincus, Withers, and O'Loughlin that the appellant was exhibiting the behavior of factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome by proxy) should have been excluded.

903:

FII may apparently be to the child protection practitioner I would caution against its use other than as a factual description of a series of incidents or behaviors that should then be accurately set out (and even then only in the hands of the pediatrician or psychiatrist/psychologist). I cannot emphasis too strongly that my conclusion cannot be used as a reason to re-open the many cases where facts have been found against a carer and the label MSBP or FII has been attached to that carer's behavior. What I seek to caution against is the use of the label as a substitute for factual analysis and risk assessment.

3735:

teen who spent nearly a year in state custody after doctors suspected her parents of medical child abuse, a jury in Boston concluded Thursday. ... Doctors and Pelletier's parents disagreed on whether the cause of her numerous health problems, which included an inability to walk, talk or swallow, were true medical ailments, as her parents maintained, or were largely psychological. ... But doctors at Boston Children's Hospital suspected it was a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, and that Pelletier's psychological needs were being ignored by her parents in favor of unnecessary medical tests and procedures.

919:

Services and the Harper Children NSWChC 3", the expert testimony of Professor David Isaacs that a certain blood test result was "highly unlikely" to occur naturally or accidentally (without any speculation about motive), was sufficient to refuse the return of the affected child and his younger siblings to the mother. The children had initially been removed from the mother's custody after the blood test results became known. The fact that the affected child quickly improved both medically and behaviourly after being removed was also a factor.

1050:

psychiatric hospital, with her parents having limited access, until a judge ordered her returned to her parents. In 2016 her parents sued Boston Children's for medical malpractice, alleging that their civil rights were violated. At the trial, Pelletier's treating neurologist stated that several of her doctors suspected factitious disorder by proxy, and wanted her parents to stop encouraging her to be sick. Her parents lost the lawsuit, with one juror stating that Pelletier's parents thought of psychiatry as "psychological baloney".

779:(GMC) over evidence he gave in the Sally Clark trial. In July 2005, the GMC declared Meadow guilty of "serious professional misconduct", and he was struck off the medical register for giving "erroneous" and "misleading" evidence. At appeal, High Court judge Mr. Justice Collins said of the severity of his punishment that "It is very difficult to think that the giving of honest, albeit mistaken evidence could - save in an exceptional case - properly lead to such a finding." 733:, who wrote to the Lord Chancellor to complain. It was subsequently shown that the true odds were much greater once other factors (e.g. genetic or environmental) were taken into consideration, meaning that there was a significantly higher likelihood of two deaths happening as a chance occurrence than Meadow had claimed during the trial. Those odds in fact range from a low of 1:8500 to as high as 1:200. It emerged later that there was clear evidence of a 236:. It is not known how effective therapy is for FDIA; it is assumed it may work for those who admit they have a problem. The prevalence of FDIA is unknown, but it appears to be relatively rare. More than 90% of cases involve a person's mother. The prognosis for the caregiver is poor. However, there is a burgeoning literature on possible courses of therapy. The condition was first named as "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" in 1977 by British pediatrician 253: 591:(1977–1984) coined by Burman and Stevens, from the then-common belief that Baron Münchhausen's second wife gave birth to a daughter named Polle during their marriage. The baron declared that the baby was not his, and the child died from "seizures" at the age of 10 months. The name fell out of favor after 1984, when it was discovered that Polle was not the baby's name, but rather was the name of her mother's hometown. 5789: 312:

health care providers. Several case reports describe Munchausen syndrome patients suspected of themselves having been FDIA victims. Seeking personal gratification through illness can thus become a lifelong and multi-generational disorder in some cases. In stark contrast, other reports suggest survivors of FDIA develop an avoidance of medical treatment with post-traumatic responses to it.

1001:, with second-degree depraved murder and first-degree manslaughter. She fed her son dangerous amounts of salt after she conducted research on the Internet about its effects. Her actions were allegedly motivated by the social media attention she gained on Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. She was convicted of second-degree murder on March 2, 2015, and sentenced to 20 years to life in prison. 3767:

providers. Those are all classic red flags," Peters said. "And that there were Child Protective Services involved there was some form of over-medicalization going on." Peters said other doctors told him that Pelletier's parents tended to obsess over potential medical problems. They took her to many different doctors, which increased the likelihood of multiple diagnoses and medications.

509:(DSM), now in its fifth edition. Although the DSM-III (1980) and DSM-III-R (1987) included Munchausen syndrome, they did not include MSbP. DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) added MSbP as a proposal only, and although it was finally recognized as a disorder in DSM-5 (2013), each of the last three editions of the DSM designated the disorder by a different name. 559:(proposed) (U.S., 2002) American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children proposed this term to diagnose the victim (child); the perpetrator (caregiver) would be diagnosed "factitious disorder by proxy"; MSbP would be retained as the name applied to the 'disorder' that contains these two elements, a diagnosis in the child and a diagnosis in the caretaker. 292:, vomiting, bleeding, rash, and infections. Many of these symptoms are easy to fake because they are subjective. A parent reporting that their child had a fever in the past 24 hours is making a claim that is impossible to prove or disprove. The number and variety of presented symptoms contribute to the difficulty in reaching a proper diagnosis. 1015:, was sick and disabled; to the point of shaving her head, making her use a wheelchair in public, and subjecting her to unnecessary medication and surgery. Gypsy possessed no outstanding illnesses. Feldman said it is the first case he is aware of in a quarter-century of research where the victim killed the abuser. Their story was shown on 688:, England – described the extraordinary behavior of two mothers. According to Meadow, one had poisoned her toddler with excessive quantities of salt. The other had introduced her own blood into her baby's urine sample. This second case occurred during a series of Outpatient visits to the Paediatric Clinic of Dr. Bill Arrowsmith at 466:) or starvation, and seven percent had long-term or permanent injury. About half of the affected had siblings; 25% of the known siblings were dead, and 61% of siblings had symptoms similar to the affected or that were otherwise suspicious. The mother was the perpetrator in 76.5% of the cases, the father in 6.7%. 902:

In these circumstances, evidence as to the existence of MSBP or FII in any individual case is as likely to be evidence of mere propensity which would be inadmissible at the fact finding stage (see Re CB and JB supra). For my part, I would consign the label MSBP to the history books and however useful

886:

I have considered and respectfully adopt the dicta of the Supreme Court of Queensland in R v. LM QCA 192 at paragraph 62 and 66. I take full account of the criminal law and foreign jurisdictional contexts of that decision but I am persuaded by the following argument upon its face that it is valid to

873:

The assertion that other people may behave in this way, i.e., fabricate and/or induce illness in children to gain attention for themselves (FII/MSBP/FDBY), contained within the label is not factual evidence that this individual has behaved in this way. Again therefore, the application of the label is

771:

The distinction is often crucial in criminal proceedings, in which the prosecutor must prove both the act and the mental element constituting a crime to establish guilt. In most legal jurisdictions, a doctor can give expert witness testimony as to whether a child was being harmed but cannot speculate

615:

to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves. Munchausen syndrome by proxy perpetrators, by contrast, are willing to fulfill their need for positive attention by hurting their own child, thereby assuming the sick role onto their child, by proxy. These proxies then gain personal attention

453:

estimates range from 1 to 28 per million children, although some assume that it may be much more common. One study in Italy found that 4 out of more than 700 children admitted to the hospital met the criteria (0.53%). In this study, stringent diagnostic criteria were used, which required at least one

1049:

where doctors diagnosed her problems as psychiatric, but when her parents rejected the diagnosis and attempted to have her released, the hospital filed a report with Massachusetts Department of Children and Families alleging medical child abuse. This resulted in her being housed for 18 months in the

894:

In reality, the use of the label is intended to connote that in the individual case there are materials susceptible of analysis by pediatricians and of findings of fact by a court concerning fabrication, exaggeration, minimization or omission in the reporting of symptoms and evidence of harm by act,

842:

The diagnosis of Doctors Pincus, Withers, and O'Loughlin that the appellant intentionally caused her children to receive unnecessary treatment through her own acts and the false reporting of symptoms of the factitious disorder (Munchausen Syndrome) by proxy is not a diagnosis of a recognized medical

786:

In addition to the controversy surrounding expert witnesses, an article appeared in the forensic literature that detailed legal cases involving controversy surrounding the murder suspect. The article provides a brief review of the research and criminal cases involving Munchausen syndrome by proxy in

767:

to prove that Munchausen syndrome by proxy actually exists. It is important to distinguish between the act of harming a child, which can be easily verified, and motive, which is much harder to verify and which FDIA tries to explain. For example, a caregiver may wish to harm a child out of malice and

739:

infection that had spread as far as the child's cerebrospinal fluid. Clark was released in January 2003 after three judges quashed her convictions in the Court of Appeal in London, but suffering from catastrophic trauma of the experience, she later died from alcohol poisoning. Meadow was involved as

311:

Factitious disorder imposed on another can have many long-term emotional effects on a child. Depending on their experience of medical interventions, some children may learn that they are most likely to receive the positive parental attention they crave when they are playing the sick role in front of

295:

Aside from the motive (most commonly attributed to be a gain in attention or sympathy), another feature that differentiates FDIA from "typical" physical child abuse is the degree of premeditation involved. Whereas most physical abuse entails lashing out at a child in response to some behavior (e.g.,

989:

fraud, accused of sabotaging Jennifer's medical equipment and drugs to agitate and prolong her illness. Jennifer was moved to foster care where she quickly regained her health. The prosecutors claimed Kathy was driven by Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, and she was convicted to a five-year sentence in

898:

All of the above ought to be self evident and has in any event been the established teaching of leading pediatricians, psychiatrists and psychologists for some while. That is not to minimize the nature and extent of professional debate about this issue which remains significant, nor to minimize the

861:

and not a medical diagnosis of either a parent or a child. A medical practitioner cannot therefore state that a person "suffers" from MSBP/FII/FDBP, and such evidence should also therefore be inadmissible. The evidence of a medical practitioner should be confined to what they observed and heard and

299:

Also unique to this form of abuse is the role that health care providers play by actively, albeit unintentionally, enabling the abuse. By reacting to the concerns and demands of perpetrators, medical professionals are manipulated into a partnership of child maltreatment. Challenging cases that defy

3709:

The high profile case started back in 2013, when a then 14-year-old Justina was brought to the emergency room at Boston Children's and doctors diagnosed her symptoms as psychiatric. Her parents disagreed with the diagnosis and tried to have her discharged. That's when the hospital reported them to

1042:" includes a lyric regarding the illness, "...going through public housing systems victim of Münchausen syndrome. My whole life I was made to believe I was sick, when I wasn't 'til I grew up now I blew up..." His mother's illness resulted in Eminem receiving custody of his younger brother, Nathan. 457:

In one study, the average age of the affected individual at the time of diagnosis was four years old. Slightly over 50% were aged 24 months or younger, and 75% were under six years old. The average duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 22 months. By the time of diagnosis, six percent of

315:

The adult caregiver who has abused the child often seems comfortable and not upset over the child's hospitalization. While the child is hospitalized, medical professionals must monitor the caregiver's visits to prevent an attempt to worsen the child's condition. In addition, in many jurisdictions,

307:

The perpetrator continues the abuse because maintaining the child in the role of patient satisfies the abuser's needs. The cure for the victim is to separate the child completely from the abuser. When parental visits are allowed, sometimes there is a disastrous outcome for the child. Even when the

3734:

The verdict in the medical malpractice lawsuit brought by the family of Justina Pelletier capped a high profile dispute that drew national media attention and sparked a broader debate over parental rights. ... Boston Children's Hospital wasn't medically negligent in its treatment of a Connecticut

782:

Collins's judgment raises important points concerning the liability of expert witnesses – his view is that referral to the GMC by the losing side is an unacceptable threat and that only the Court should decide whether its witnesses are seriously deficient and refer them to their professional

200:

creates the appearance of health problems in another person, typically their child, and sometimes (rarely) when an adult simulates an illness in another adult partner. This might include altering test samples or injuring a child. The caregiver or partner then presents the person as being sick or

3791:

In an interview, one of the 13 jurors in the case provided insight into the deliberations. ... "This case plays to the heart of a lot of people," the juror said. At first blush, it looked and felt like these people took their daughter away, he said. "But the evidence bore out a more complicated

918:

In the context of child protection (a child being removed from the custody of a parent), the Australian state of New South Wales uses a "on the balance of probabilities" test, rather than a "beyond reasonable doubt" test. Therefore, in the case "The Secretary, Department of Family and Community

713:

was an expert witness in several murder cases involving MSbP/FII. Meadow was knighted for his work for child protection, though later, his reputation, and consequently the credibility of MSbP, became damaged when several convictions of child killing, in which he acted as an expert witness, were

3766:

In his medical notes at the time, Peters wrote that some of the doctors who'd treated Pelletier suspected "factitious disorder by proxy," a form of medical abuse involving excessive medical care or symptoms caused by the parent or guardian. "She had multiple diagnoses, a very patchy network of

406:

A parent who appears unusually calm in the face of serious difficulties in their child's medical course while being highly supportive and encouraging of the physician, or one who is angry, devalues staff, and demands further intervention, more procedures, second opinions, and transfers to more

1066:

Medical literature describes a subset of FDIA caregivers, where the proxy is a pet rather than another person. These cases are labeled Munchhausen syndrome by proxy: pet (MSbP:P). In these cases, pet owners correspond to caregivers in traditional FDIA presentations involving human proxies. No

795:

were used to monitor the hospital rooms of suspected FDIA victims. In 30 out of 39 cases, a parent was observed intentionally suffocating their child; in two they were seen attempting to poison a child; in another, the mother deliberately broke her three-month-old daughter's arm. Upon further

890:

The terms "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" and "factitious (and induced) illness (by proxy)" are child protection labels that are merely descriptions of a range of behaviors, not a pediatric, psychiatric or psychological disease that is identifiable. The terms do not relate to an organized or

812:

In most legal jurisdictions, doctors are allowed to give evidence only in regard to whether the child is being harmed. They are not allowed to give evidence in regard to the motive. Australia and the UK have established the legal precedent that FDIA does not exist as a medico-legal entity.

473:

model of this kind of maternal abuse exists. Fathers and other male caregivers have been the perpetrators in seven percent of the cases studied. When they are not actively involved in the abuse, the fathers or male guardians of FDIA victims are often described as being distant, emotionally

911:(2004), Marc Feldman notes that such findings have been in the minority among U.S. and even Australian courts. Pediatricians and other physicians have banded together to oppose limitations on child-abuse professionals whose work includes FII detection. The April 2007 issue of the journal 3792:

story," he said. ... Throughout the trial, doctors past and present described Pelletier's parents as difficult, demanding, and demeaning. The parents dismissed psychiatric treatment as "psychological baloney" and were quick to dispute what experts told them, according to testimony.

474:

disengaged, and powerless. These men play a passive role in FDIA by being frequently absent from the home and rarely visiting the hospitalized child. Usually, they vehemently deny the possibility of abuse, even in the face of overwhelming evidence or their child's pleas for help.

955:, details her life growing up with a mother who had Munchausen by proxy, who took her to various doctors, coached her to act sicker than she was and to exaggerate her symptoms, and who demanded increasingly invasive procedures to diagnose Gregory's enforced imaginary illnesses. 260:

In factitious disorder imposed on another, a caregiver or partner makes a dependent or other person appear mentally or physically ill in order to gain attention. To perpetuate the medical relationship, the caregiver or partner systematically misrepresents symptoms, fabricates

832:

As the term factitious disorder (Munchausen's Syndrome) by proxy is merely descriptive of a behavior, not a psychiatrically identifiable illness or condition, it does not relate to an organized or recognized reliable body of knowledge or experience. Dr. Reddan's evidence was

895:

omission or suggestion (induction). Where such facts exist the context and assessments can provide an insight into the degree of risk that a child may face and the court is likely to be assisted as to that aspect by psychiatric and/or psychological expert evidence.

595:

While it initially included only the infliction of harmful medical care, the term has subsequently been extended to include cases in which the only harm arose from medical neglect, noncompliance, or even educational interference. The term is derived from

980:

In the mid-1990s, Kathy Bush gained public sympathy for the plight of her daughter, Jennifer, who by the age of 8 had undergone 40 surgeries and spent over 640 days in hospitals for gastrointestinal disorders. The acclaim led to a visit with first lady

787:

which psychopathic mothers and caregivers were the murderers. It also briefly describes the importance of gathering behavioral data, including observations of the parents who commit the criminal acts. The article references the 1997 work of

1031:. Gypsy Rose pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and received a ten-year sentence until being released on parole in December 2023, her boyfriend was convicted of first-degree murder and is sentenced to life in prison without parole. 1053:

Megan Bhari (1996/7-2018) and her mother had formed a charity, Believe in Magic, to help ill children based on the claim that Megan had a brain tumor. It is unclear to what extent FDIA, Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self, and

265:, manipulates laboratory tests, or even purposely harms the dependent (e.g. by poisoning, suffocation, infection, physical injury). The caregiver is not performing this behavior for obvious external reward, such as money. 837:

The Queensland Supreme Court further ruled that the determination of whether or not a defendant had caused intentional harm to a child was a matter for the jury to decide and not for the determination by expert witnesses:

796:

investigation, those 39 patients, ages one month to 3 years old, had 41 siblings; 12 of those had died suddenly and unexpectedly. The use of covert video, while apparently extremely effective, raises controversy in some

772:

regarding the motive of the caregiver. FII merely refers to the fact that illness is induced or fabricated and does not specifically limit the motives of such acts to a caregiver's need for attention and/or sympathy.

891:

universally recognized body of knowledge or experience that has identified a medical disease (i.e. an illness or condition) and there are no internationally accepted medical criteria for the use of either label.

216:

and a mother who was abused as a child or has factitious disorder imposed on self. Diagnosis of a child's caregiver is supported when removing the child from the caregiver results in improvement of symptoms or

869:

A label used to describe a behavior is not helpful in determining guilt and is prejudicial. By applying an ambiguous label of MSBP/FII to a woman is implying guilt without factual supportive and corroborative

400:

A parent who appears medically knowledgeable, fascinated with medical details and hospital gossip, appears to enjoy the hospital environment, and expresses interest in the details of other patients' problems.

624:

anonymously published a book in which a fictional version of "Baron Munchausen" tells fantastic and impossible stories about himself, establishing a popular literary archetype of a bombastic exaggerator.

422:

A suspected emotionally distant relationship between parents; the spouse often fails to visit the patient and has little contact with physicians even when the child is hospitalized with a serious illness.

725:

wrongly convicted in 1999 of the murder of her two baby sons, largely on the basis of Meadow's evidence. As an expert witness for the prosecution, Meadow asserted that the odds of there being two

413:

The signs and symptoms of a child's illness may lessen or simply vanish in the parent's absence (hospitalization and careful monitoring may be necessary to establish this causal relationship).

2958: 1460: 4436: 3547: 616:

and support by taking on this fictitious "hero role" and receive positive attention from others, by appearing to care for and save their so-called sick child. They are named after

329: 425:

A parent who reports dramatic, negative events, such as house fires, burglaries, or car accidents, that affect them and their family while their child is undergoing treatment.

3710:

the Department of Children and Families, accusing them of medical child abuse. Justina was separated from her parents for about 18 months before a judge ordered her returned.

620:, a literary character based on Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr von Münchhausen (1720–1797), a German nobleman and well-known storyteller. In 1785, writer and con artist 704: 268:

Most present about three medical problems in some combination of the 103 different reported symptoms. The most-frequently reported problems are apnea (26.8% of cases),

5734: 3573: 3308: 2809: 1908:

Ferrara P, Vitelli O, Bottaro G, Gatto A, Liberatore P, Binetti P, Stabile A (December 2013). "Factitious disorders and Munchausen syndrome: the tip of the iceberg".

3271:, Plunkett, M.C., Blanks, M.W., Falkov, A.F. & Samuels, M.P. (1997). "Covert video recordings of life-threatening child abuse; lessons for child protection". 990:

1999. Kathy was released after serving three years in 2005, always maintaining her innocence, and having gotten back in contact with Jennifer via correspondence.

851:

Any matters brought before a Court of Law should be determined by the facts, not by suppositions attached to a label describing a behavior, i.e., MSBP/FII/FDBP;

714:

overturned. The mothers in those cases were wrongly convicted of murdering two or more of their children, and had already been imprisoned for up to six years.

3607: 394:

A child who has one or more medical problems that do not respond to treatment or that follow an unusual course that is persistent, puzzling, and unexplained.

201:

injured. Permanent injury or death of the victim can occur as a result of the disorder. The behaviour might be motivated by the caregiver or partner seeking

5614: 4908: 4864: 3967: 3062: 221:

without the knowledge of the caregiver finds concerns. The victims of those affected by the disorder are considered to have been subjected to a form of

3780: 3443: 374:(Previously Factitious Disorder by Proxy); the diagnosis is assigned to the perpetrator; the person affected may be assigned an abuse diagnosis (e.g. 2580: 4723: 4340: 4153: 3635: 854:

MSBP/FII/FDBP is not a mental disorder (i.e., not defined as such in DSM IV), and the evidence of a psychiatrist should not therefore be admissible;

397:

Physical or laboratory findings that are highly unusual, discrepant with patient's presentation or history, or physically or clinically impossible.

4133: 985:, who championed Bush's plight as evidence of need for medical reform. However, in 1996, Kathy Bush was arrested and charged with child abuse and 961:

of Devon was jailed for three years and three months after subjecting her son to a total of 325 medical actions – including being forced to use a

2969: 1612: 2231: 1067:

extensive survey has yet been made of the extant literature, and there has been no speculation as to how closely FDIA:P tracks with human FDIA.

581:(1984–1987) named after Roy Meadow. This label, however, had already been in use since 1957 to describe a completely unrelated and rare form of 5481: 4459: 3469: 5819: 1237:

Yates G, Bass C (October 2017). "The perpetrators of medical child abuse (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy) – A systematic review of 796 cases".

3654: 3551: 760: 428:

A parent who seems to have an insatiable need for adulation or who makes self-serving efforts for public acknowledgment of their abilities.

3725: 2823: 1038:

has spoken about how his mother would frequently take him to hospitals to receive treatment for illnesses that he did not have. His song "

5741: 4920: 4068: 1076: 193: 111: 1658: 499:

The term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy", in the United States, has never officially been included as a distinct mental disorder by the

256:

In factitious disorder imposed on another, a caregiver is abusing a child, vulnerable adult, or pet to meet their own emotional needs.

5715: 4170: 4145: 3980: 3858: 2590: 2180: 2087: 2079: 1859: 1352: 1310: 1214: 740:

a prosecution witness in three other high-profile cases resulting in mothers being imprisoned and subsequently cleared of wrongdoing:

4674: 670:. That same year, Sneed and Bell wrote an article titled "The Dauphin of Munchausen: factitious passage of renal stones in a child". 4956: 4776: 1081: 977:, describing him as "the most ill child in Britain" and receiving numerous cash donations and charity gifts, including two cruises. 212:

The cause of FDIA is unknown. The primary motive may be to gain attention and manipulate physicians. Risk factors for FDIA include

382:

Both types include an optional specifier to identify if the observed behavior was a single episode or part of recurrent episodes.

5761: 5048: 4285: 4256: 4197: 2172: 695:

The medical community was initially skeptical of FDIA's existence, but it gradually gained acceptance as a recognized condition.

500: 352: 666:

in the parents of psychosocial dwarfs: Two cases" to describe the abuse-induced and neglect-induced symptoms of the syndrome of

5237: 4290: 4085: 4010: 756: 419:

A parent with symptoms similar to their child's own medical problems or an illness history that itself is puzzling and unusual.

213: 5607: 4728: 4699: 3960: 3383: 3243: 2615:"Baron Munchhausen and the Syndrome Which Bears His Name: History of an Endearing Personage and of a Strange Mental Disorder" 1810: 1119: 931: 403:

A highly attentive parent who is reluctant to leave their child's side and who themselves seem to require constant attention.

4469: 3700: 3577: 1952: 1387: 5814: 5691: 5511: 5262: 4187: 4163: 1046: 5809: 5561: 5132: 4669: 4202: 4047: 3748: 998: 726: 5190: 2134:"Fabrication or Induction of Illness in a Child: a Critical Review of Labels and Literature Using Electronic Libraries" 1953:"Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA)" 1876:"Fabrication or Induction of Illness in a Child: a Critical Review of Labels and Literature Using Electronic Libraries" 340:, factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA or FDIoA) was officially recognized as a disorder in 2013, while in the 5707: 4377: 4175: 1485: 1004: 821: 5659: 3592: 2338: 729:

in one family were one in 73 million. That figure was crucial in sending Clark to jail but was hotly disputed by the

469:

Studies have showed that over 90% of FDIA cases, the abuser is the mother or another female guardian or caregiver. A

3374:

Playing sick?: untangling the web of Munchausen syndrome, Munchausen by proxy, malingering & factitious disorder

5779: 5683: 5642: 5526: 5127: 4042: 667: 107: 3805: 1829:. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult. 18th Edition. 2010. Editor: Domino F.J. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott. Philadelphia. 1011:

mother who was murdered by her daughter and a boyfriend in 2015 after having claimed for years that her daughter,

5699: 5600: 5531: 5471: 5137: 5106: 4484: 4367: 3953: 2965: 2238: 2101: 1039: 730: 689: 582: 410:

The suspected parent may work in the health-care field themselves or profess an interest in a health-related job.

325: 5675: 4261: 1565:

Sheridan MS (April 2003). "The deceit continues: an updated literature review of Munchausen Syndrome by proxy".

454:

test outcome or event that could not possibly have occurred without deliberate intervention by the FDIA person.

5546: 5292: 5185: 5101: 5096: 4793: 4756: 4748: 4566: 4535: 4276: 1111: 994: 768:

then attempt to conceal it as illness to avoid detection of abuse, rather than to draw attention and sympathy.

440:

A child that presents to the Emergency Department with a history of repeat illness, injury, or hospitalization.

3072: 763:

spokesman on health, accused Meadow of inventing a "theory without science" and refusing to produce any real

5756: 5122: 4629: 4479: 4474: 4431: 4248: 3612: 776: 437:

A child that is overly articulate regarding medical terminology and their own disease process for their age.

3447: 3027: 2959:"Letter from the President to the Lord Chancellor regarding the use of statistical evidence in court cases" 5751: 5000: 4639: 4530: 4489: 4464: 4372: 1101: 1021: 132: 3679: 2133: 1875: 847:

Principles of law and implications for legal processes that may be deduced from these findings are that:

434:

A child that looks for cueing from a parent in order to feign illness when medical personnel are present.

5516: 5331: 5267: 5195: 4928: 4808: 4715: 4694: 3302: 2803: 1106: 1058:

may have been present but an inquest after her death found no morphological abnormalities in her brain.

965:

and being fed through a tube in his stomach. She claimed her son had a long list of illnesses including

879: 735: 308:

child is removed, the perpetrator may then abuse another child: a sibling or other child in the family.

1151:"Beyond Munchausen syndrome by proxy: identification and treatment of child abuse in a medical setting" 2754: 2480: 5824: 5766: 5551: 5020: 4933: 4689: 4509: 4110: 4090: 3273: 3229: 2759: 2485: 2242: 1155: 1012: 941: 612: 601: 5461: 5388: 5363: 5230: 5070: 5052: 5015: 5005: 4859: 4761: 4738: 4586: 4578: 4357: 4335: 4063: 3473: 3399: 3067: 1027: 958: 685: 604: 597: 358: 296:

crying, bedwetting, spilling food), assaults on the FDIA victim tend to be unprovoked and planned.

142: 3400:"The Secretary, Department of Family and Community Services and the Harper Children – NSW Caselaw" 3184: 3127: 2614: 2204: 512:

FDIA has been given different names in different places and at different times. What follows is a

5637: 5541: 5433: 5383: 5336: 5304: 5287: 4943: 4733: 4330: 4182: 2910: 2784: 2409: 2366: 2319: 1988: 1933: 1802: 1540: 1512: 1262: 1150: 882:

by Mr. Justice Ryder. In his final conclusions regarding Factitious Disorder, Ryder states that:

674: 621: 336:), the official diagnosis is factitious disorder (301.51 in ICD-9, F68.12 in ICD-10). Within the 262: 218: 124: 84: 1851: 1845: 1344: 1338: 2827: 2008:"A descriptive, retrospective case series of patients with factitious disorder imposed on self" 1204: 5793: 5566: 5321: 4979: 4504: 4494: 4426: 4352: 4236: 3931: 3884: 3854: 3843:

Animal Maltreatment Evaluation Basics for Mental Health Practitioners, Students, and Educators

3379: 3290: 2902: 2776: 2735: 2697: 2663: 2586: 2544: 2502: 2458: 2401: 2358: 2284: 2186: 2176: 2083: 2075: 2047: 2029: 1980: 1972: 1925: 1855: 1806: 1776: 1741: 1706: 1632: 1590: 1582: 1532: 1410: 1348: 1306: 1300: 1254: 1210: 1178: 1164: 646: 289: 241: 206: 118: 72: 17: 5623: 5428: 5403: 5314: 5309: 4849: 4803: 4771: 4619: 4597: 4562: 4325: 4207: 4158: 4105: 4080: 4075: 4032: 4020: 3921: 3913: 3846: 3785: 3655:"The New Trailer for Joey King's Hulu Series 'The Act' Will Straight Up Give You the Chills" 3424: 3341: 3325: 3282: 2894: 2768: 2727: 2655: 2536: 2494: 2448: 2440: 2393: 2350: 2311: 2276: 2037: 2019: 1964: 1917: 1768: 1733: 1698: 1662: 1624: 1574: 1524: 1402: 1246: 1168: 944:

is a Frederick, Maryland, mother who was charged with sickening her four-year-old daughter.

617: 3098: 3048: 2882: 516:

list of alternative names that have been either used or proposed (with approximate dates):

252: 5496: 5413: 5025: 4983: 4854: 4841: 4788: 4783: 4766: 4646: 4441: 4413: 4214: 4037: 3976: 3636:"Mommy Dead and Dearest Recap & Review – Dee Dee Blanchard HBO True Crime Documentary" 1016: 982: 974: 927: 745: 301: 226: 5075: 2562: 1086: 3838: 3749:"Neurologist Takes Stand To Defend Care Given To Justina Pelletier At Boston Children's" 3357: 1445:

American Psychological Association. Mercia D. Sigal et al. 1986. Retrieved July 4, 2024.

1149:

Stirling J, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse Neglect (May 2007).

5667: 5571: 5501: 5486: 5476: 5466: 5393: 5297: 5223: 5010: 4951: 4875: 4684: 4651: 4634: 4624: 3926: 3901: 3495: 3268: 2453: 2428: 2042: 2007: 970: 788: 633:"Munchausen syndrome" was first described by British endocrinologist and haematologist 483: 450: 341: 222: 3781:"Justina Pelletier's family loses their civil suit against Boston Children's Hospital" 3517: 2898: 2659: 2397: 2354: 2315: 1737: 1578: 1045:

In 2013, when Justina Pelletier was 14, her parents took her to the emergency room at

5803: 5576: 5282: 5044: 4995: 4313: 3372: 2914: 1992: 1772: 952: 915:

specifically mentions Meadow as an individual who has been inappropriately maligned.

749: 634: 470: 337: 3945: 3532: 2788: 2413: 2323: 1937: 1544: 1266: 5506: 5438: 5418: 5408: 5398: 5368: 4898: 4679: 4231: 2521: 1096: 1091: 935: 930:, a British nurse who murdered four children and injured a further nine in 1991 at 797: 792: 741: 2370: 2166: 1702: 1250: 486:

of between six and ten percent, making it perhaps the most lethal form of abuse.

5581: 5556: 5378: 5353: 5343: 5326: 5277: 4883: 4614: 4345: 4095: 3850: 3201: 3156: 2998: 2932: 2856: 1442: 1418: 1055: 858: 718: 638: 375: 233: 232:

Management of FDIA in the affected 'caregiver' may require putting the child in

138: 102: 5788: 3028:"Sally Clark, mother wrongly convicted of killing her sons, found dead at home" 2024: 1528: 5536: 5358: 5348: 5200: 4893: 4798: 4499: 4224: 4219: 4015: 2731: 2715: 2681: 1968: 962: 710: 681: 677: 657: 572: 237: 77: 2540: 2033: 1976: 1921: 1759:

Libow, JA. (1995). "Munchausen by proxy victims in adulthood: a first look".

1586: 316:

medical professionals have a duty to report such abuse to legal authorities.

5153: 5085: 4903: 4362: 4100: 4025: 3880: 2567: 2067: 1628: 825: 722: 642: 533: 197: 3935: 3888: 3881:'Battered pets': Munchausen syndrome by proxy (factitious illness by proxy) 3726:"Boston Children's Hospital Wasn't Negligent in Pelletier Case, Jury Finds" 3286: 2667: 2444: 2288: 2280: 2051: 1984: 1929: 1745: 1710: 1636: 1594: 1536: 1414: 1258: 1182: 1173: 3294: 2772: 2755:"The Dauphin of Munchausen: Factitious Passage of Renal Stones in a Child" 2739: 2701: 2548: 2506: 2498: 2362: 1780: 5423: 5272: 4888: 4558: 4525: 4451: 3917: 3810: 2780: 2462: 2427:

Verity CM, Winckworth C, Burman D, Stevens D, White RJ (18 August 1979).

1008: 986: 966: 899:

extreme nature of the risk that is identified in a small number of cases.

863: 764: 650: 463: 416:

A family history of similar or unexplained illness or death in a sibling.

277: 273: 269: 202: 2906: 2481:"Munchausen syndrome by proxy or Polle syndrome: which term is correct?" 2405: 1617:

Special Report: Highlights of the 2004 Institute on Psychiatric Services

324:

Use of the term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" is controversial. In the

5373: 3815: 3753: 1406: 801: 692:. He referred to this behavior as Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP). 608: 285: 153: 2105: 5491: 4606: 4421: 1724:

Libow, JA. (2002). "Beyond collusion: active illness falsification".

1035: 866:

information was found by recognized medical investigative procedures;

817: 333: 281: 3533:"Mother found guilty of child abuse, fraud for making daughter sick" 1443:

Munchausen syndrome by adult proxy: a perpetrator abusing two adults

857:

MSBP/FII/FDBP has been stated to be a behavior describing a form of

431:

A child who inexplicably deteriorates whenever discharge is planned.

5592: 5444: 5254: 5246: 4384: 3701:"Jury Clears Boston Children's Hospital In Justina Pelletier Case" 2522:"The Münchhausen of Munchausen Syndrome: A Historical Perspective" 524: 504: 459: 348: 251: 2230:

de Silva, Prof. D.G. Harendra, Hobbs, Dr Christopher J. (2004).

2190: 2168:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR

673:

According to other sources, the term was created by the British

541:(proposed) (U.S., 1994) American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV 344:, it is known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII). 5596: 5219: 5174: 5042: 4977: 4829: 4556: 4401: 4311: 4131: 3992: 3949: 3244:"The Last Frontier: Myths & The Female Psychopathic Killer" 1847:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)

1340:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)

887:

the English law of evidence as applied to children proceedings.

5521: 3608:"Munchausen expert says Gypsy Blanchard case is unprecedented" 3444:"Military wife faces assault charges for making daughter sick" 3197: 3152: 3123: 3094: 2994: 2928: 2883:"Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: the Hinterlands of Child Abuse" 2852: 1513:"Medical Child Abuse: An Unusual "Source" of Vaginal Bleeding" 123:

Removing the child from the caregiver results in improvement,

3354:

A County Council v A Mother and A Father and X, Y, Z children

1461:"Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self – Psychiatric Disorders" 547:(U.K., 2002) The Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health 3593:"Mommy blogger gets 20 years to life for salt-poisoning son" 878:

The Queensland Judgment was adopted into English law in the

656:

The term "Munchausen syndrome by proxy" was first coined by

3845:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 17–32, 2384:

Burman D, Stevens D (27 August 1977). "Munchausen family".

1302:

Myers on Evidence in Child, Domestic, and Elder Abuse Cases

2690:

Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

2072:

The Psychology of Female Violence: Crimes Against the Body

1401:(6). American Association of Critical-Care Nurses: 46–55. 532:(proposed) (U.S., 2000) American Psychiatric Association, 3806:"Her illness fooled celebs. The truth may be even darker" 523:(current) (U.S., 2013) American Psychiatric Association, 5215: 2646:

Asher, R. (10 February 1951). "Munchausen's syndrome".

2232:"Managing Child Abuse: A Handbook for Medical Officers" 2102:"MBP Definitions, Maltreatment Behaviors, and Comments" 1850:, Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 1343:, Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 3518:"Florida woman accused of sickening child for 8 years" 1388:"Monsters in the Closet: Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy" 565:(Ireland, 1999–2002) Department of Health and Children 5777: 2847: 2845: 506:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

874:

prejudicial to fairness and a finding based on fact.

330:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases

163:

Estimated 1 to 30 occurrences per 1,000,000 children

5726: 5651: 5630: 5454: 5253: 5146: 5115: 5084: 5063: 4942: 4919: 4873: 4840: 4747: 4714: 4662: 4605: 4596: 4577: 4518: 4450: 4412: 4272: 4247: 4144: 4056: 4003: 2688:in the parents of psychosocial dwarfs: Two cases". 938:, was diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome by proxy. 159: 148: 131: 117: 101: 93: 83: 71: 42: 37: 3371: 2718:(1986). "Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy: Update". 2267:Schreier H (2002). "Munchausen by Proxy Defined". 1611:Christie-Smith, D., Gartner, C. (1 January 2005). 1606: 1604: 680:in 1977. In 1977, Meadow – then professor of 288:(9.3%), and fevers (8.6%). Other symptoms include 27:Behavioral disorder (Munchausen syndrome by proxy) 3837:Henderson Metzger L, Meyer L, Nadkarni L (2022), 3695: 3693: 791:, Plunkett, Banks, Falkov, and Samuels, in which 705:List of wrongful convictions in the United States 61:Fabricated or induced illness by caregivers (FII) 5735:The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen 3425:"Serial killer nurse Allitt must serve 30 years" 3021: 3019: 1792: 1790: 1684: 1682: 1680: 3902:"Munchausen syndrome involving pets by proxies" 2205:"Fabricated or Induced Illness by Carers (FII)" 2006:Bérar A, Bouzillé G, Jego P, Allain JS (2021). 884: 840: 830: 660:and June Faith Werlwas in a 1976 paper titled " 1799:Hurting for Love: Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome 1517:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 563:Induced Illness (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy) 5608: 5231: 3961: 3720: 3718: 2127: 2125: 2123: 1305:. Aspen Publishers Online. pp. 280–282. 545:Fabricated or Induced Illness by Carers (FII) 110:, caregiver who was abused as a child or has 38:Factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA) 8: 3307:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2824:"Definition of Munchausen syndrome by proxy" 2808:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2474: 2472: 1613:"Understanding Munchausen syndrome by proxy" 661: 458:the affected persons were dead, mostly from 2339:"Munchausen by proxy or Meadow's syndrome?" 1689:Schreier HA (2004). "Munchausen by Proxy". 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1025:and is featured in the Hulu limited series 5615: 5601: 5593: 5238: 5224: 5216: 5171: 5060: 5039: 4974: 4865:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 4837: 4826: 4602: 4574: 4553: 4409: 4398: 4308: 4141: 4128: 4000: 3989: 3968: 3954: 3946: 3511: 3509: 3232: at para. 21–26 (17 February 2006) 1657:Sheslow, D.V., Gavin-Devitt, L.A. (2008). 1486:"Overview - Fabricated or induced illness" 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 34: 3925: 2452: 2041: 2023: 1844:American Psychiatric Association (2013), 1661:. KidsHealth from Nemours. Archived from 1455: 1453: 1451: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1337:American Psychiatric Association (2013), 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1172: 351:, the diagnostic manual published by the 196:, is a mental health disorder in which a 5128:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 4724:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 2429:"Polle syndrome: children of Munchausen" 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827:Factitious Disorder/Munchhausen Syndrome 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 641:medical symptoms, sometimes engaging in 539:Fictitious Disorder by Proxy (FDP, FDbP) 530:Factitious Disorder by Proxy (FDP, FDbP) 362:. This, in turn, encompasses two types: 5784: 3496:"Devon woman jailed for 'sick son' con" 3242:Perri F, Lichtenwald, Terrance (2010). 3187: at para. 57 (17 February 2006) 3063:"Joy for mother cleared of baby deaths" 2582:Child Abuse and Neglect: Second Edition 2141:Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies 1883:Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies 1134: 775:Meadow was investigated by the British 557:Pediatric Condition Falsification (PCF) 390:Warning signs of the disorder include: 355:in 2013, this disorder is listed under 280:(blue skin) (11.7%), behavior (10.4%), 178:fabricated or induced illness by carers 5482:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 3900:Tucker HS, Finlay F, Guiton S (2002). 3300: 2801: 2753:Sneed, R.C., Bell R.F. (1 July 1976). 1951:Abdurrachid N, Gama Marques J (2022). 1691:Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 521:Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another 372:Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another 272:or feeding problems (24.6% of cases), 170:Factitious disorder imposed on another 127:without the knowledge of the caregiver 55:Factitious disorder imposed by another 3446:. Frederick News Post. Archived from 1797:Schreier HA, Judith A. Libow (1993). 240:. Some aspects of FDIA may represent 7: 2479:Meadow R, Lennert T (October 1984). 1825:Elder W, Coletsos IC, Bursztajn HJ. 1209:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1286. 4831:Physiological and physical behavior 3879:HM Munro and MV Thrusfield (2001): 3839:"Understanding Animal Maltreatment" 3378:. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge. 3230:[2006] EWHC 146 (Admin) 3185:[2006] EWHC 146 (Admin) 3128:"Anthony latest mother to be freed" 2563:Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self 1077:Factitious disorder imposed on self 637:in 1951 as when someone invents or 367:Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self 112:factitious disorder imposed on self 49:Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) 5716:The Adventures of Baron Munchausen 4777:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 4171:Emotional and behavioral disorders 3804:Bartlett J, Mayer R (8 May 2023). 3344: at para. 71 (4 June 2004) 3328: at para. 67 (4 June 2004) 3202:"Sally Clark doctor wins GMC case" 3157:"Sir Roy Meadow struck off by GMC" 1623:(1). PsychiatryOnline.org: 16–21. 1465:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 709:During the 1990s and early 2000s, 25: 4957:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 3591:Associated Press (8 April 2016). 3226:Meadow v. General Medical Council 3181:Meadow v. General Medical Council 2826:. MedicineNet.com. Archived from 2585:. Psychology Press. p. 210. 1082:List of Munchausen by proxy cases 137:Medical disorder, other forms of 5787: 4257:X-linked intellectual disability 3358:[2005] EWHC 31 (Fam) 3099:"Mother cleared of killing sons" 2241:. pp. 36–38. Archived from 2173:American Psychiatric Association 553:(1996) World Health Organization 501:American Psychiatric Association 353:American Psychiatric Association 4086:Intermittent explosive disorder 4011:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 3026:Shaikh, Thair (17 March 2007). 2999:"The science behind cot deaths" 2933:"Disappointed and disheartened" 2720:Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2337:Lazoritz, S. (September 1987). 2132:Burns, Kenneth (January 2004). 1874:Burns, Kenneth (January 2004). 1203:Jacoby DB, Youngson RM (2004). 214:pregnancy related complications 4729:Dissociative identity disorder 3994:Adult personality and behavior 3550:. Sun Sentinel. Archived from 3531:Candiotti S (7 October 1999). 2175:, Task Force on DSM-IV. 2000. 1659:"Munchausen by proxy syndrome" 932:Grantham and Kesteven Hospital 1: 5692:The Fabulous Baron Munchausen 5263:Adverse childhood experiences 3779:Alanez T (20 February 2020). 3680:"Munchausen past and present" 3442:Leckie K (20 November 2007). 3049:[2003] EWCA Crim 1020 2899:10.1016/S0140-6736(77)91497-0 2660:10.1016/S0140-6736(51)92313-6 2398:10.1016/S0140-6736(77)90639-0 2355:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)93025-X 2316:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91450-2 1738:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00328-9 1579:10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00030-9 1511:Kelley DM, Curran KA (2019). 1206:Encyclopedia of Family Health 607:wherein those affected feign 18:Fabricated or Induced Illness 5820:Psychopathological syndromes 5747:Munchausen syndrome by proxy 5133:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 4670:Generalized anxiety disorder 4403:Neurological and symptomatic 4048:Sexual relationship disorder 3574:"ABC News: Mom Convicted..." 3516:Candiotti S (20 July 1999). 3472:. People.com. Archived from 1910:Journal of Child Health Care 1773:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00073-H 1703:10.1016/j.cppeds.2003.09.003 1251:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.008 999:Westchester County, New York 569:Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 186:Munchausen syndrome by proxy 58:Factitious disorder by proxy 5708:The Secret of the Selenites 4909:REM sleep behavior disorder 4378:Seasonal affective disorder 4176:Separation anxiety disorder 3851:10.1007/978-3-031-04984-2_3 2957:Green P (23 January 2002). 2529:Archives of Family Medicine 822:Supreme Court of Queensland 551:Factitious Illness by Proxy 5841: 5176:Symptoms and uncategorized 4277:developmental disabilities 4043:Sexual maturation disorder 3747:Chen A (7 February 2020). 3548:"Mom, Daughter To Reunite" 3546:Renaud JP (26 July 2005). 2579:McCoy ML, Keen SM (2013). 2025:10.1186/s12888-021-03582-8 1529:10.1016/j.jpag.2019.03.003 1047:Boston Children's Hospital 702: 108:Complications of pregnancy 5700:The Very Same Munchhausen 5472:Abusive power and control 5181: 5170: 5138:Simple-type schizophrenia 5107:Schizophreniform disorder 5059: 5038: 4991: 4973: 4836: 4825: 4573: 4552: 4485:Mild cognitive impairment 4470:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 4408: 4397: 4368:Major depressive disorder 4321: 4307: 4273:Psychological development 4140: 4127: 3999: 3988: 3653:Truong P (4 March 2019). 2966:Royal Statistical Society 2857:"Profile: Sir Roy Meadow" 2684:, Werlwas, June (1976). " 2302:"Meadow and Munchausen". 2239:World Health Organization 1969:10.1017/S1092852920001741 1239:Child Abuse & Neglect 731:Royal Statistical Society 727:unexplained infant deaths 690:Doncaster Royal Infirmary 407:sophisticated facilities. 326:World Health Organization 304:" or "hospital hopping". 276:(20%), seizures (17.5%), 52:Munchausen by proxy (MbP) 5660:Baron Munchausen's Dream 5547:Psychological projection 5409:Referee and umpire abuse 5186:Impulse-control disorder 5102:Schizoaffective disorder 5097:Brief reactive psychosis 4794:Mass psychogenic illness 4757:Body dysmorphic disorder 4536:Post-concussion syndrome 4146:Emotional and behavioral 3606:Keegan H (6 July 2016). 3342:[2004] QCA 192 3326:[2004] QCA 192 3071:. London. Archived from 3061:Payne S (12 June 2003). 2541:10.1001/archfami.2.2.141 1922:10.1177/1367493512462262 1062:Directed towards animals 5643:Gottfried August Bürger 5123:Childhood schizophrenia 4475:Frontotemporal dementia 4432:High-functioning autism 4249:Intellectual disability 3613:Springfield News-Leader 2732:10.1093/jpepsy/11.4.583 2433:British Medical Journal 1629:10.1176/appi.ps.56.1.16 777:General Medical Council 5752:Munchausen by Internet 4640:Specific social phobia 4531:Organic brain syndrome 4373:Melancholic depression 4134:Childhood and learning 3634:Jung H (16 May 2017). 3404:www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au 3370:Feldman, Marc (2004). 3360: (18 January 2005) 3287:10.1542/peds.100.5.735 2445:10.1136/bmj.2.6187.422 2281:10.1542/peds.110.5.985 2209:Professional Reference 1174:10.1542/peds.2007-0563 1163:(5). Berlin, Germany: 1121:Everything, Everything 1102:Munchausen by Internet 1040:Cleanin' Out My Closet 1022:Mommy Dead and Dearest 905: 845: 835: 793:covert video recorders 662: 503:, which publishes the 257: 152:Removal of the child, 133:Differential diagnosis 5517:Just-world hypothesis 5268:Anti-social behaviour 5196:Psychomotor agitation 4986:and substance-related 4929:Postpartum depression 4809:Somatization disorder 4695:Acute stress reaction 4460:AIDS dementia complex 2773:10.1542/peds.58.1.127 2499:10.1542/peds.74.4.554 2392:(8035). London: 456. 1107:Psychosomatic illness 993:In 2014, 26-year-old 880:High Court of Justice 736:Staphylococcus aureus 717:One case was that of 482:Studies have shown a 255: 184:) and first named as 5815:Factitious disorders 5757:Münchhausen trilemma 5552:Psychological trauma 5191:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 5021:Substance dependence 4934:Postpartum psychosis 4480:Huntington's disease 4262:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 4111:Personality disorder 3918:10.1136/adc.87.3.263 3732:. 20 February 2020. 3707:. 20 February 2020. 3200:(17 February 2006). 3097:(10 December 2003). 3051: (11 April 2003) 2997:(10 December 2003). 2931:(17 February 2006). 2881:Meadow, Roy (1977). 2855:(10 December 2003). 2613:Olry R (June 2002), 1386:Criddle, L. (2010). 1115:(2020 American film) 1019:'s documentary film 942:Wendi Michelle Scott 613:psychological trauma 462:(a common result of 5810:Forensic psychology 5742:Munchausen syndrome 5462:Abusive supervision 5389:Psychological abuse 5364:Institutional abuse 5071:Delusional disorder 5016:Stimulant psychosis 5006:Physical dependence 4860:Rumination syndrome 4762:Conversion disorder 4739:Psychogenic amnesia 4589:with depressed mood 4587:Adjustment disorder 4490:Parkinson's disease 4465:Alzheimer's disease 4358:Atypical depression 4194:Social functioning 4069:Munchausen syndrome 4064:Factitious disorder 2310:(8322): 456. 1983. 1597:. Unknown ID:668TR. 1395:Critical Care Nurse 959:Lisa Hayden-Johnson 686:University of Leeds 629:Initial description 605:factitious disorder 598:Munchausen syndrome 490:Society and culture 359:Factitious disorder 194:Munchausen syndrome 143:delusional disorder 64:Medical child abuse 5638:Rudolf Erich Raspe 5542:Playing the victim 5434:Surveillance abuse 5384:Professional abuse 5305:Cruelty to animals 5090:schizophrenia-like 4734:Dissociative fugue 4183:Movement disorders 3554:on 15 January 2016 3502:. 22 January 2010. 3431:. 6 December 2007. 3075:on 22 October 2007 2830:on 2 February 2014 2520:Haddy, R. (1993). 1803:The Guilford Press 1665:on 15 January 2016 1492:. 16 February 2021 1424:on 1 February 2014 1407:10.4037/ccn2010737 969:, food allergies, 622:Rudolf Erich Raspe 258: 248:Signs and symptoms 219:video surveillance 125:video surveillance 5775: 5774: 5767:14014 Münchhausen 5762:Munchausen number 5590: 5589: 5567:Traumatic bonding 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5034: 5033: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4710: 4709: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4505:Vascular dementia 4427:Asperger syndrome 4393: 4392: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4237:Tourette syndrome 4123: 4122: 4119: 4118: 3684:Star-Telegram.com 3476:on 4 October 2013 3251:Forensic Examiner 3126:(11 April 2005). 2975:on 5 January 2012 2893:(8033): 343–345. 2654:(6650): 339–341. 2439:(6187): 422–423. 2108:on 12 August 2011 2100:Lasher L (2011). 2074:(Routledge, 2001 1299:Myers JE (2005). 1165:Karger Publishers 1005:Dee Dee Blanchard 579:Meadow's Syndrome 571:(2002) Professor 332:, 10th Revision ( 290:failure to thrive 242:criminal behavior 176:), also known as 167: 166: 119:Diagnostic method 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5832: 5792: 5791: 5783: 5624:Baron Munchausen 5617: 5610: 5603: 5594: 5429:Structural abuse 5404:Police brutality 5310:Disability abuse 5240: 5233: 5226: 5217: 5172: 5061: 5040: 4975: 4850:Anorexia nervosa 4838: 4827: 4804:Psychogenic pain 4772:Globus pharyngis 4620:Childhood phobia 4603: 4575: 4554: 4410: 4399: 4309: 4208:Selective mutism 4159:Conduct disorder 4142: 4129: 4106:Trichotillomania 4081:Gender dysphoria 4076:Fear of intimacy 4033:Sexual anhedonia 4001: 3990: 3977:Mental disorders 3970: 3963: 3956: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3906:Arch. Dis. Child 3897: 3891: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3814:. Archived from 3801: 3795: 3794: 3786:The Boston Globe 3776: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3730:Associated Press 3722: 3713: 3712: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3640:Cosmopolitan.com 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3580:on 5 March 2015. 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3377: 3367: 3361: 3351: 3345: 3335: 3329: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3298: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3194: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3155:(15 July 2005). 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2968:. Archived from 2963: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2619: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2576: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2456: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2138: 2129: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2104:. Archived from 2097: 2091: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2045: 2027: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1880: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1841: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1767:(9): 1131–1142. 1761:Child Abuse Negl 1756: 1750: 1749: 1726:Child Abuse Negl 1721: 1715: 1714: 1686: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1567:Child Abuse Negl 1562: 1549: 1548: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1457: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1423: 1417:. Archived from 1392: 1383: 1358: 1357: 1334: 1317: 1316: 1296: 1271: 1270: 1234: 1221: 1220: 1200: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1146: 665: 618:Baron Munchausen 35: 21: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5786: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5722: 5647: 5626: 5621: 5591: 5586: 5562:Rationalization 5497:Destabilisation 5450: 5414:Religious abuse 5249: 5244: 5214: 5205: 5177: 5158: 5142: 5111: 5089: 5080: 5055: 5030: 4987: 4984:substance abuse 4961: 4938: 4915: 4869: 4855:Bulimia nervosa 4832: 4813: 4789:Hypochondriasis 4784:False pregnancy 4767:Ganser syndrome 4749:Somatic symptom 4743: 4706: 4658: 4647:Specific phobia 4592: 4569: 4540: 4514: 4446: 4442:Savant syndrome 4414:Autism spectrum 4404: 4389: 4317: 4295: 4274: 4268: 4243: 4136: 4115: 4091:Dermatillomania 4052: 4038:Sexual anorexia 3995: 3984: 3974: 3944: 3943: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3759: 3757: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3470:"Growing pains" 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3352: 3348: 3336: 3332: 3320: 3316: 3299: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3025: 3024: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2560: 2556: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2183: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2082:, 2nd ed. 2008 2063: 2059: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1843: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1688: 1687: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1564: 1563: 1552: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1361: 1355: 1336: 1335: 1320: 1313: 1298: 1297: 1274: 1236: 1235: 1224: 1217: 1202: 1201: 1190: 1148: 1147: 1136: 1131: 1073: 1064: 997:was charged in 983:Hillary Clinton 975:cystic fibrosis 928:Beverley Allitt 925: 901: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 816:In a June 2004 810: 746:Angela Cannings 707: 701: 631: 497: 492: 480: 447: 388: 322: 302:doctor shopping 250: 227:medical neglect 67: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5668:Meet the Baron 5664: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5572:Victim blaming 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:Discrimination 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487:Dehumanization 5484: 5479: 5477:Child grooming 5474: 5469: 5467:Abuse of power 5464: 5458: 5456: 5455:Related topics 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5394:Physical abuse 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5322:Domestic abuse 5319: 5318: 5317: 5315:military draft 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5011:Rebound effect 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4978: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4952:Hypersexuality 4948: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4687: 4685:Panic disorder 4682: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4652:Claustrophobia 4644: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4635:Anthropophobia 4627: 4625:Social anxiety 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4571: 4570: 4557: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4495:Pick's disease 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4013: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3981:Classification 3975: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3942: 3941: 3892: 3872: 3860:978-3031049835 3859: 3829: 3818:on 16 May 2023 3796: 3771: 3739: 3714: 3689: 3671: 3645: 3626: 3598: 3583: 3576:Archived from 3565: 3538: 3523: 3505: 3487: 3461: 3450:on 22 May 2011 3434: 3416: 3391: 3384: 3362: 3346: 3330: 3314: 3281:(5): 735–760. 3269:Southall, D.P. 3260: 3234: 3218: 3189: 3173: 3144: 3115: 3086: 3053: 3037: 3015: 2986: 2949: 2920: 2873: 2841: 2815: 2767:(1): 127–130. 2745: 2726:(4): 583–584. 2707: 2696:(4): 351–362. 2673: 2638: 2605: 2592:978-1136322877 2591: 2571: 2554: 2535:(2): 141–142. 2512: 2493:(4): 554–555. 2468: 2419: 2376: 2329: 2294: 2275:(5): 985–988. 2259: 2248:on 22 May 2011 2222: 2211:. patient.info 2196: 2182:978-0890420256 2181: 2158: 2119: 2092: 2088:978-0415403870 2080:978-0415126755 2057: 2012:BMC Psychiatry 1998: 1943: 1916:(4): 366–374. 1900: 1866: 1861:978-0890425558 1860: 1831: 1818: 1811: 1786: 1751: 1732:(5): 525–536. 1716: 1697:(3): 126–143. 1676: 1649: 1600: 1573:(4): 431–451. 1550: 1523:(3): 334–336. 1503: 1477: 1447: 1435: 1359: 1354:978-0890425558 1353: 1318: 1312:978-0735556683 1311: 1272: 1222: 1216:978-0761474869 1215: 1188: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1060: 971:cerebral palsy 924: 921: 876: 875: 871: 867: 855: 852: 809: 806: 802:privacy rights 721:. Clark was a 700: 697: 668:abuse dwarfism 647:gain attention 630: 627: 611:, illness, or 593: 592: 589:Polle Syndrome 586: 583:cardiomyopathy 576: 566: 560: 554: 548: 542: 536: 527: 496: 493: 491: 488: 484:mortality rate 479: 476: 451:Incidence rate 449:FDIA is rare. 446: 443: 442: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 404: 401: 398: 395: 387: 384: 380: 379: 369: 342:United Kingdom 321: 318: 249: 246: 223:physical abuse 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 150: 146: 145: 135: 129: 128: 121: 115: 114: 105: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 66: 65: 62: 59: 56: 53: 50: 46: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5837: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5577:Victimisation 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116:Schizophrenia 5114: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5045:Schizophrenia 5041: 5037: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996:Drug overdose 4994: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4944:Sexual desire 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4824: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4630:Social phobia 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4565:-related and 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4230: 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