257:
150:
841:
35:
990:
685:
478:
672:
955:, and they can alter the electronic structure, defect chemistry, and surface properties of the material. These effects include photoinduced phase transitions, photoinduced oxygen exchange, and photoinduced surface reconstruction. They are influenced by the oxygen pressure, the crystal structure, and the doping level of SrTiO
951:, which determines the energy levels, band gap, carrier concentration, and mobility of the material. At high temperatures (>200 °C), the main effects of light are photoionic, meaning that they involve the migration of oxygen vacancies (negative ions) in the material. These vacancies are the main ionic defects in SrTiO
1484:(YSZ), chemical stability during the reactions which occur at fuel cell electrodes, and electronic conductivity of up to 360 S/cm under SOFC operating conditions. Another key advantage of these LST is that it shows a resistance to sulfur poisoning, which is an issue with the currently used nickel - ceramic (
1242:
distinguish strontium titanate from diamond by the former's softness—manifested by surface abrasions—and excess dispersion (to the trained eye), and occasional gas bubbles which are remnants of synthesis. Doublets can be detected by a join line at the girdle ("waist" of the stone) and flattened air
1495:
which is important as it means the reduction reaction which happens at the cathode can occur over a wider area. Building on this material by adding cobalt on the B-site (replacing titanium) as well as iron, we have the material STFC, or cobalt-substituted STF, which shows remarkable stability as a
1471:
Strontium titanate is doped with different materials for use on different sides of a fuel cell. On the fuel side (anode), where the first reaction occurs, it is often doped with lanthanum to form lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST). In this case, the A-site, or position in the unit cell where
946:
where exposing the crystal to light will increase its electrical conductivity by over 2 orders of magnitude. After the light is turned off, the enhanced conductivity persists for several days, with negligible decay. At low temperatures, the main effects of light are electronic, meaning that they
1141:, melts, and lands on a rotating and slowly descending pedestal below. The height of the pedestal is constantly adjusted to keep its top at the optimal position below the flame, and over a number of hours the molten powder cools and crystallises to form a single pedunculated pear or
947:
involve the creation, movement, and recombination of electrons and holes (positive charges) in the material. These effects include photoconductivity, photoluminescence, photovoltage, and photochromism. They are influenced by the defect chemistry of SrTiO
911:
crystals and thin films. Oxygen vacancies induce free electrons in the conduction band of the material, making it more conductive and opaque. These vacancies can be caused by exposure to reducing conditions, such as high vacuum at elevated temperatures.
679:
acquired using a
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) and a high angle annular dark field (HAADF) detector. Brighter spots are columns of atoms containing Sr, and darker spots contain Ti. Columns containing only O atoms are not
755:(the optical property responsible for the "fire" of the cut gemstones) of strontium titanate is 4.3x that of diamond, at 0.190 (B–G interval). This results in a shocking display of fire compared to diamond and diamond simulants such as
1221:
Despite being outmoded, strontium titanate is still manufactured and periodically encountered in jewellery. It is one of the most costly of diamond simulants, and due to its rarity collectors may pay a premium for large i.e. >2
1036:. Merker and Lynd first patented the growth process on February 10, 1953; a number of refinements were subsequently patented over the next four years, such as modifications to the feed powder and additions of colouring dopants.
1205:
inherent to the latter material. While it was softer, it was significantly closer to diamond in likeness. Eventually, however, both would fall into disuse, being eclipsed by the creation of "better" simulants: first by
712:(300) at room temperature and low electric field. It has a specific resistivity of over 10 Ω-cm for very pure crystals. It is also used in high-voltage capacitors. Introducing mobile charge carriers by doping leads to
1472:
strontium usually sits, is sometimes filled by lanthanum instead, this causes the material to exhibit n-type semiconductor properties, including electronic conductivity. It also shows oxygen ion conduction due to the
1178:. As in most thin films, different growth methods can result in significantly different defect and impurity densities and crystalline quality, resulting in a large variation of the electronic and optical properties.
1303:(SOFCs). It demonstrates both electronic and ionic conductivity which is useful for SOFC electrodes because there is an exchange of gas and oxygen ions in the material and electrons on both sides of the cell.
1226:(400 mg) specimens. As a diamond simulant, strontium titanate is most deceptive when mingled with melée i.e. <0.20 carat (40 mg) stones and when it is used as the base material for a composite or
1055:
burner. The extra oxygen is required for successful formation of strontium titanate, which would otherwise fail to oxidize completely due to the titanium component. The ratio is ca. 1.5 volumes of
1388:
1465:
1130:, heated to 1000 °C in order to produce a free-flowing granular powder of the required composition, and is then ground and sieved to ensure all particles are between 0.2 and 0.5
790:
to give reds, yellows, browns, and blues. Natural tausonite is usually translucent to opaque, in shades of reddish brown, dark red, or grey. Both have an adamantine (diamond-like)
2432:
Zhang, Shan-Lin; Wang, Hongqian; Lu, Matthew Y.; Zhang, Ai-Ping; Mogni, Liliana V.; Liu, Qinyuan; Li, Cheng-Xin; Li, Chang-Jiu; Barnett, Scott A. (2018). "Cobalt-substituted SrTi
1826:
C. Rodenbücher; P. Meuffels; W. Speier; M. Ermrich; D. Wrana; F. Krok; K. Szot (2017). "Stability and
Decomposition of Perovskite-Type Titanates upon High-Temperature Reduction".
491:
1777:
876:
887:
oxides. Its bulk lattice parameter of 3.905Å makes it suitable as the substrate for the growth of many other oxides, including the rare-earth manganites, titanates,
2518:
1279:
per gram of
Strontium-90-Titanate) and half life, space based applications, which put a particular premium on low weight, high reliability and longevity prefer
2848:
306:
3027:
1147:
crystal. This boule is usually no larger than 2.5 centimetres in diameter and 10 centimetres long; it is an opaque black to begin with, requiring further
1291:
and the decreasing price and increasing availability of solar panels, small wind turbines, chemical battery storage and other off-grid power solutions.
1692:
2316:
2370:
Gong, Mingyang; Liu, Xingbo; Trembly, Jason; Johnson, Christopher (2007). "Sulfur-tolerant anode materials for solid oxide fuel cell application".
1491:
Another related compound is strontium titanium ferrite (STF) which is used as a cathode (oxygen-side) material in SOFCs. This material also shows
577:
568:, making it a quantum paraelectric. It was long thought to be a wholly artificial material, until 1982 when its natural counterpart—discovered in
1256:
2405:
Jung, WooChul; Tuller, Harry L. (2009). "Impedance study of SrTi1−xFexO3−δ (x=0.05 to 0.80) mixed ionic-electronic conducting model cathode".
2198:
2173:
2487:
2309:
Assessment of environmental, health and safety consequences of decommissioning radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) in
Northwest Russia
3709:
644:
1197:, large quantities of strontium titanate were manufactured for this sole purpose. Strontium titanate was in competition with synthetic
1497:
883:
makes it electrically conductive, being one of the only conductive commercially available single crystal substrates for the growth of
938:
can change its properties when it is exposed to light. These changes depend on the temperature and the defects in the material. SrTiO
2511:
2273:
2248:
2223:
271:
100:
107:
4355:
2841:
1869:
L. Rimai; G. A. deMars (1962). "Electron
Paramagnetic Resonance of Trivalent Gadolinium Ions in Strontium and Barium Titanates".
3141:
868:
1051:
carefully fed through the blowpipe in the typical fashion, but with the addition of a third pipe to deliver oxygen—creating a
931:
an alternative gate dielectric material. This also enables the integration of other thin film perovskite oxides onto silicon.
2444: : a stable high-performance oxygen electrode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide electrochemical cells".
823:
728:
1950:
Siebenhofer, Matthäus; Viernstein, Alexander; Morgenbesser, Maximilian; Fleig, Jürgen; Kubicek, Markus (February 6, 2021).
498:
4340:
3564:
2504:
2006:
Siebenhofer, Matthäus; Viernstein, Alexander; Morgenbesser, Maximilian; Fleig, Jürgen; Kubicek, Markus (November 2021).
214:
34:
181:
3592:
3265:
2834:
1309:
716:
metallic behavior already at very low charge carrier densities. At high electron densities strontium titanate becomes
235:
2485:
An electron micrograph of strontium titanate, as artwork entitled "Strontium" at the DeYoung Museum in San
Francisco
4360:
4350:
3578:
2307:
1714:
Xiao Lin, Benoît Fauqué, Kamran Behnia (2015). "Scalable T resistivity in a small single-component Fermi surface".
1649:
1481:
1395:
2343:
Marina, O (2002). "Thermal, electrical, and electrocatalytical properties of lanthanum-doped strontium titanate".
943:
3550:
1211:
764:
157:
1059:
for each volume of oxygen. The highly purified feed powder is derived by first producing titanyl double oxalate
760:
3466:
1207:
1080:
756:
175:
2110:
608:
584:. Its most important application has been in its synthesized form wherein it is occasionally encountered as a
3702:
3665:
3622:
3534:
3410:
2989:
2800:
1791:
Koonce, C. S.; Cohen, Marvin L. (1967). "Superconducting
Transition Temperatures of Semiconducting SrTiO3".
1700:
1513:
1175:
1163:
849:
1214:(GGG); and finally by the (to date) ultimate simulant in terms of diamond-likeness and cost-effectiveness,
145:
3857:
3510:
3105:
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2968:
2960:
1167:
1148:
1119:
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3055:
3006:
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2808:
1771:
1300:
1260:
1017:
844:
Strontium titanate single crystal substrates (5x5x0.5mm). The transparent substrate (left) is pure SrTiO
2069:(18). Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.: 187403.
1496:
cathode material as well as lower polarization resistance than other common cathode materials such as
4365:
4018:
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3185:
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1917:
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1186:
Its cubic structure and high dispersion once made synthetic strontium titanate a prime candidate for
1033:
970:
740:
460:
438:
1271:
or other radionuclides which have to be produced in dedicated facilities. However, due to the lower
840:
252:
4228:
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3305:
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2994:
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2165:
896:
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811:
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66:
1201:("titania") at the time, and had the advantage of lacking the unfortunate yellow tinge and strong
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1152:
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1029:
834:
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2484:
1251:
Due to its high melting point and insolubility in water, strontium titanate has been used as a
3241:
3205:
3047:
2788:
2772:
2762:
2684:
2650:
2586:
2566:
2558:
2289:
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2194:
2169:
2086:
2037:
1981:
1751:
1716:
1477:
1187:
1138:
819:
717:
432:
2306:
Standring, WJF; Selnæs, ØG; Sneve, M; Finne, IE; Hosseini, A; Amundsen, I; Strand, P (2005),
822:. Under extremely low oxygen partial pressure, strontium titanate decomposes via incongruent
4244:
4100:
4085:
4074:
3999:
3835:
3758:
3747:
3498:
3482:
3438:
3402:
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3165:
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2642:
2461:
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2414:
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2352:
2295:. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. June 1994. OTA-BP-ETI-129.
2157:
2078:
2027:
2019:
1971:
1963:
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1921:
1882:
1839:
1804:
1739:
1662:
1643:
K. van
Benthem, C. Elsässer and R. H. French (2001). "Bulk electronic structure of SrTiO
1550:
1043:(also known as flame-fusion) is the favoured method of growth. An inverted oxy-hydrogen
256:
149:
2032:
2007:
1976:
1951:
1215:
963:
904:
768:
736:
636:
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3614:
2160:
Crystal growth technology: from fundamentals and simulation to large-scale production
2111:"Light Exposure Increases Crystal's Electrical Conductivity 400-fold [VIDEO]"
1855:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1259:(RTGs), such as the US Sentinel and Soviet Beta-M series. As strontium-90 has a high
1202:
1025:
1021:
815:
799:
720:
below 0.35 K and was the first insulator and oxide discovered to be superconductive.
705:
384:
138:
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3673:
3173:
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2082:
2057:
1252:
1223:
807:
713:
632:
612:
1763:
1151:
in an oxidizing atmosphere in order to make the crystal colourless and to relieve
203:
751:
light, 589.3 nm) is nearly identical to that of diamond (at 2.417), but the
627:. This product is currently being marketed for its use in jewelry under the name
3426:
2218:. Santa Monica, California: Gemological Institute of America. pp. 214–221.
2131:
1929:
1287:
applications of RTGs meanwhile have been largely phased out due to concern over
1100:
580:. Tausonite remains an extremely rare mineral in nature, occurring as very tiny
449:
2418:
1473:
1235:
1131:
830:
772:
692:. The red spheres are oxygens, blue are Ti cations, and the green ones are Sr.
356:
118:
1596:
1558:
1890:
1812:
1747:
1267:, Sr-90 based RTGs can in principle be produced cheaper than those based on
872:
573:
529:
518:
2090:
2041:
1985:
1847:
1755:
1299:
Strontium titanate's mixed conductivity has attracted attention for use in
656:
3718:
3474:
1284:
1239:
1231:
1127:
1104:
1093:
1056:
1002:
967:
701:
648:
593:
532:
522:
2320:
17:
2466:
2457:
2023:
1967:
989:
920:
880:
875:. It is particularly well known as the substrate for the growth of the
853:
803:
732:
684:
597:
581:
569:
374:
190:
158:
2496:
1670:
1622:
2826:
2268:. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 173, 176, 177, 293.
1485:
1198:
1064:
1048:
1005:
779:
748:
589:
535:
2055:
Tarun, Marianne C.; Selim, Farida A.; McCluskey, Matthew D. (2013).
1905:
833:. Its monocrystals can be used as optical windows and high-quality
829:
At temperatures lower than 105 K, its cubic structure transforms to
468:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1730:
671:
2243:. Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 34, 65.
1243:
bubbles or glue visible within the stone at the point of bonding.
988:
839:
683:
670:
660:
514:
106:
99:
89:
3687:
2008:"Photoinduced electronic and ionic effects in strontium titanate"
1952:"Photoinduced electronic and ionic effects in strontium titanate"
1008:
during the late 1940s and early 1950s; other titanates included
704:
of 3.25 eV and a direct gap of 3.75 eV in the typical range of
3691:
2830:
2500:
1476:
structure tolerance for oxygen vacancies. This material has a
818:
of ca. 2080 °C (3776 °F) and is readily attacked by
778:
Synthetics are usually transparent and colourless, but can be
794:. Strontium titanate is considered extremely brittle with a
240:
1500:. These cathodes also have the advantage of not containing
1906:"Crystalline Oxides on Silicon: The First Five Monolayers"
1572:
Mottana, Annibale (March 1986). "Una brillante sintesi".
1420:
1356:
1324:
615:. Disused trade names for the synthetic product include
564:
down to the lowest temperatures measured as a result of
1504:
which make them cheaper than many of the alternatives.
1162:
can be grown epitaxially by various methods, including
727:
4.88 for natural, 5.13 for synthetic) and much softer (
486:
1400:
1398:
1312:
290:
InChI=1/3O.Sr.Ti/q;2*-1;+2;/rO3Ti.Sr/c1-4(2)3;/q-2;+2
2058:"Persistent Photoconductivity in Strontium Titanate"
3650:
3359:
3040:
3022:
2940:
2925:
2864:
2056:
1904:R. A. McKee; F. J. Walker; M. F. Chisholm (1998).
1459:
1382:
1155:. This is done at over 1000 °C for 12 hours.
814:typical of doped stones. Synthetic material has a
1383:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + O^2- -> H2O + 2e-}}}
826:of strontium well below the melting temperature.
1537:: An intrinsic quantum paraelectric below 4 K".
1001:Synthetic strontium titanate was one of several
877:lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface
708:. Synthetic strontium titanate has a very large
202:
2134:. Max Planck institute for solid state research
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
552:structure. At low temperatures it approaches a
75:
2290:"Power Sources for Remote Arctic Applications"
2191:Jewelrymaking through history: an encyclopedia
1460:{\displaystyle {\ce {1/2O2 + 2e- -> O^2-}}}
3703:
2842:
2512:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1247:Use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators
1234:as the crown or top of the stone). Under the
798:; natural material is cubic or octahedral in
8:
2241:Synthetic, imitation & treated gemstones
1776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1591:
1589:
1587:
389:2,080 °C (3,780 °F; 2,350 K)
806:brown. Through a hand-held (direct vision)
731:5.5 for synthetic, 6–6.5 for natural) than
3710:
3696:
3688:
3356:
3019:
2922:
2849:
2835:
2827:
2519:
2505:
2497:
2193:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 73.
1480:similar to that of the common electrolyte
1016:. Research was conducted primarily at the
255:
148:
126:
26:
2465:
2151:
2149:
2031:
1975:
1729:
1447:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1399:
1397:
1373:
1368:
1355:
1350:
1334:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:
222:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3553:
2317:Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority
1617:
1615:
1613:
723:Strontium titanate is both much denser (
1533:K. A. Muller; H. Burkard (1979). "SrTiO
1525:
1493:mixed ionic and electronic conductivity
810:, doped synthetics will exhibit a rich
631:. Other than its type locality of the
311:
276:
251:
180:
3737:
1769:
1257:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
139:
4185:
1047:is used, with feed powder mixed with
639:, natural tausonite is also found in
283:Key: VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7:
3729:
1210:(YAG) and followed shortly after by
1126:). The salt is washed to eliminate
556:phase transition with a very large
293:Key: VEALVRVVWBQVSL-VUHNDFTMAE
193:
2446:Energy & Environmental Science
1498:lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite
1137:The feed powder falls through the
993:A plate cut out of synthetic SrTiO
25:
977:, it is potent to be used as the
879:. Doping strontium titanate with
2156:H. J. Scheel; P. Capper (2008).
1478:thermal coefficient of expansion
869:high-temperature superconductors
675:Atomic resolution image of SrTiO
476:
33:
541:. At room temperature, it is a
472:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2392:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.026
2083:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.187403
1440:
1343:
863:is an excellent substrate for
1:
3023:Organotitanium(III) compounds
2357:10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00140-6
1295:Use in solid oxide fuel cells
1263:and is easily extracted from
1230:stone (with, e.g., synthetic
1191:
915:High-quality, epitaxial SrTiO
3651:Organotitanium(IV) compounds
2926:Organotitanium(II) compounds
1039:A modification to the basic
944:persistent photoconductivity
919:layers can also be grown on
280:InChI=1S/3O.Sr.Ti/q;2*-1;+2;
1930:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3014
848:and the black substrate is
4382:
4187:
1699:. ESPICorp. Archived from
1650:Journal of Applied Physics
1647:: Experiment and theory".
1482:yttria-stabilized zirconia
942:has been shown to possess
907:are fairly common in SrTiO
903:) and many others. Oxygen
361:183.49 g/mol
3739:
3726:
2534:
2419:10.1016/j.ssi.2009.02.008
2266:Gemmology, second edition
1212:gadolinium gallium garnet
1182:Use as a diamond simulant
466:
425:
327:
302:
267:
59:
46:
41:
32:
2372:Journal of Power Sources
1559:10.1103/PhysRevB.19.3593
1255:-containing material in
1208:yttrium aluminium garnet
609:Lev Vladimirovich Tauson
182:Strontium+titanium+oxide
49:Strontium titanium oxide
4356:Transition metal oxides
2239:O'Donoghue, M. (2002).
2063:Physical Review Letters
1891:10.1103/PhysRev.127.702
1828:Phys. Status Solidi RRL
1813:10.1103/PhysRev.163.380
1748:10.1126/science.aaa8655
1514:Calcium copper titanate
1176:atomic layer deposition
1164:pulsed laser deposition
962:Due to the significant
611:(1917–1989), a Russian
607:was given in honour of
576:—was recognised by the
369:White, opaque crystals
1848:10.1002/pssr.201700222
1461:
1384:
1301:solid oxide fuel cells
1168:molecular beam epitaxy
1120:titanium tetrachloride
998:
927:, thereby making SrTiO
856:
852:with 0.5% (weight) of
747:(2.410—as measured by
693:
681:
617:strontium mesotitanate
2164:. Wiley-VCH. p.
1462:
1385:
1261:fission product yield
1018:National Lead Company
992:
871:and many oxide-based
843:
687:
674:
645:Concepción department
2264:Read, P. G. (1999).
2189:R. W. Hesse (2007).
1693:"Strontium Titanate"
1396:
1310:
566:quantum fluctuations
4341:Strontium compounds
2528:Strontium compounds
2384:2007JPS...168..289G
2214:Nassau, K. (1980).
2113:. Nature World News
2075:2013PhRvL.111r7403T
1922:1998PhRvL..81.3014M
1883:1962PhRv..127..702R
1840:2017PSSRR..1100222R
1805:1967PhRv..163..380K
1740:2015Sci...349..945L
1663:2001JAP....90.6156V
1551:1979PhRvB..19.3593M
1422:
1358:
1326:
1158:Thin films of SrTiO
897:strontium ruthenate
889:lanthanum aluminate
812:absorption spectrum
796:conchoidal fracture
710:dielectric constant
558:dielectric constant
396:Solubility in water
29:
28:Strontium titanate
3360:Titanate compounds
2858:Titanium compounds
2490:2013-10-22 at the
2458:10.1039/C8EE00449H
2413:(11–13): 843–847.
2407:Solid State Ionics
2345:Solid State Ionics
2132:"Mixed conductors"
2024:10.1039/d1ma00906k
1968:10.1039/D1MA00906K
1956:Materials Advances
1457:
1410:
1409:
1380:
1346:
1314:
1265:spent nuclear fuel
1188:simulating diamond
1090:strontium chloride
999:
857:
835:sputter deposition
694:
688:Structure of SrTiO
682:
596:, and in advanced
511:Strontium titanate
499:Infobox references
27:
4361:Diamond simulants
4351:Ceramic materials
4323:
4322:
4317:
4316:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3036:
3035:
2936:
2935:
2824:
2823:
2200:978-0-313-33507-5
2175:978-3-527-31762-2
2018:(23): 7583–7619.
1962:(23): 7583–7619.
1671:10.1063/1.1415766
1574:Scienza e Dossier
1502:rare earth metals
1446:
1433:
1413:
1408:
1372:
1361:
1349:
1333:
1317:
1139:oxyhydrogen flame
820:hydrofluoric acid
788:transition metals
507:Chemical compound
505:
504:
433:Crystal structure
236:CompTox Dashboard
108:Interactive image
101:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
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2452:(7): 1870–1879.
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1569:
1563:
1562:
1545:(7): 3593–3602.
1530:
1466:
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1117:
1087:
1041:Verneuil process
1014:calcium titanate
923:without forming
865:epitaxial growth
745:refractive index
725:specific gravity
700:has an indirect
651:; and along the
586:diamond simulant
560:~10 but remains
548:material with a
527:chemical formula
489:
483:
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458:
408:Refractive index
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335:Chemical formula
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1910:Phys. Rev. Lett
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1789:
1785:
1768:
1724:(6251): 945–8.
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1580:(1). Giunti: 9.
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1110:
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1077:
1073:
1069:
1034:Langtry E. Lynd
1020:(later renamed
1010:barium titanate
996:
987:
979:mixed conductor
976:
958:
954:
950:
941:
937:
930:
925:silicon dioxide
918:
910:
902:
894:
862:
847:
718:superconducting
699:
691:
678:
669:
588:, in precision
543:centrosymmetric
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2479:External links
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2378:(2): 289–298.
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1703:on 2015-09-24.
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1576:(in Italian).
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1289:orphan sources
1283:. Terrestrial
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1248:
1245:
1216:cubic zirconia
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1088:) by reacting
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4016:
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4008:
3998:
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3993:
3990:
3987:
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3811:
3808:
3806:
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3779:
3776:
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3756:
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3735:
3732:
3731:
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3701:
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3690:
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3653:
3649:
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3637:
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3619:
3613:
3611:
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3603:
3591:
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3563:
3561:
3549:
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3531:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3497:
3495:
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3473:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3385:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3240:
3238:
3224:
3222:
3204:
3202:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3152:
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3138:
3132:
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3096:
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2975:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:Titanium(III)
2939:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2892:
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2863:
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2761:
2759:
2728:
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2720:
2718:
2708:
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2700:
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2693:
2683:
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2649:
2647:
2641:
2639:
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2631:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
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2489:
2486:
2483:
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2478:
2468:
2463:
2459:
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2447:
2428:
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2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
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2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2326:on 2016-03-03
2322:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2275:0-7506-4411-7
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2250:0-7506-3173-2
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2225:0-87311-016-1
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
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1892:
1888:
1884:
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1814:
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1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
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1526:
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1511:
1507:
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1499:
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1451:
1448:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1415:
1405:
1402:
1392:
1374:
1365:
1362:
1351:
1338:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Plutonium-238
1274:
1273:power density
1270:
1269:plutonium-238
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:birefringence
1200:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:RF sputtering
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:United States
1023:
1022:NL Industries
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
991:
984:
982:
980:
972:
969:
965:
960:
945:
932:
926:
922:
913:
906:
898:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
855:
851:
842:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:melting point
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:with certain
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Mohs hardness
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
686:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:Cerro Sarambi
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:ferroelectric
551:
547:
544:
537:
534:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
500:
493:
488:
471:
465:
462:
454:
451:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
413:
409:
405:
404:
400:
397:
393:
392:
388:
386:
385:Melting point
383:
382:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
354:
339:
336:
332:
331:
326:
317:
312:
308:
301:
287:
277:
273:
266:
258:
254:
250:
249:
247:
237:
233:
232:
225:
221:
220:
218:
216:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:
198:
192:
188:
187:
183:
179:
177:
174:
173:
166:
165:
163:
161:
156:
155:
151:
147:
144:
142:
140:ECHA InfoCard
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
122:
120:
117:
116:
109:
105:
102:
98:
97:
95:
91:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
71:
68:
64:
63:
58:
53:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3939:
3630:
3041:Titanium(IV)
2865:Titanium(II)
2780:
2449:
2445:
2427:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2328:, retrieved
2321:the original
2308:
2301:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2190:
2184:
2159:
2138:16 September
2136:. Retrieved
2126:
2115:. Retrieved
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2066:
2062:
2050:
2015:
2011:
1959:
1955:
1916:(14): 3014.
1913:
1909:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1772:cite journal
1721:
1715:
1709:
1701:the original
1696:
1687:
1657:(12): 6156.
1654:
1648:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1601:. Retrieved
1599:. Webmineral
1577:
1573:
1567:
1542:
1539:Phys. Rev. B
1538:
1528:
1490:
1470:
1298:
1253:strontium-90
1250:
1240:gemmologists
1227:
1220:
1190:. Beginning
1185:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1052:
1038:
1000:
961:
933:
914:
858:
828:
808:spectroscope
777:
722:
714:Fermi-liquid
695:
653:Kotaki River
633:Murun Massif
628:
624:
620:
616:
604:
602:
562:paraelectric
546:paraelectric
510:
509:
411:
60:Identifiers
51:
47:Other names
4366:Perovskites
3282:·20TiO
3274:NiO·Sb
2467:11336/99985
2315:, Østerås:
1697:ESPI Metals
1623:"Tausonite"
1597:"Tausonite"
1195: 1955
1132:micrometres
1101:oxalic acid
1030:Leon Merker
824:sublimation
450:Space group
366:Appearance
328:Properties
146:100.031.846
4330:Categories
3623:Pb(Zr,Ti)O
2330:2013-12-04
2117:2013-11-18
2096:2013-11-18
1877:(3): 702.
1799:(2): 380.
1731:1508.07812
1629:2009-06-06
1603:2009-06-06
1520:References
1488:) anodes.
1474:perovskite
1236:microscope
971:conduction
968:electronic
885:perovskite
873:thin films
831:tetragonal
784:rare earth
773:Moissanite
753:dispersion
667:Properties
613:geochemist
572:and named
550:perovskite
442:Perovskite
426:Structure
401:insoluble
379:5.11 g/cm
357:Molar mass
224:OLH4I98373
119:ChemSpider
88:3D model (
77:12060-59-2
67:CAS Number
52:Tausonite
4346:Gemstones
4336:Titanates
3226:Ti(OCH(CH
2012:Mater Adv
1871:Phys. Rev
1856:102882984
1793:Phys. Rev
1467:(cathode)
1452:−
1441:⟶
1436:−
1375:−
1344:⟶
1339:−
1149:annealing
1134:in size.
1024:) in the
1003:titanates
985:Synthesis
905:vacancies
837:targets.
625:Marvelite
605:tausonite
603:The name
594:varistors
574:tausonite
525:with the
519:strontium
167:235-044-1
159:EC Number
3719:Titanate
2488:Archived
2091:24237562
2042:34913036
1986:34913036
1756:26315430
1679:54065614
1625:. Mindat
1508:See also
1285:off-grid
1232:corundum
1128:chloride
1057:hydrogen
1045:blowpipe
1006:patented
973:of SrTiO
743:and its
702:band gap
680:visible.
649:Paraguay
629:Fabulite
598:ceramics
582:crystals
523:titanium
18:Fabulite
4188:
3467:EuBaTiO
2380:Bibcode
2071:Bibcode
2033:8628302
1977:8628302
1918:Bibcode
1879:Bibcode
1836:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1736:Bibcode
1717:Science
1659:Bibcode
1547:Bibcode
1390:(anode)
1277:thermal
1275:(~0.45W
1228:doublet
1118:) with
1063:(SrTiO(
1053:tricone
997:crystal
921:silicon
881:niobium
854:niobium
804:streaks
733:diamond
635:in the
570:Siberia
492:what is
490: (
461:No. 221
375:Density
351:
191:PubChem
3427:CaZrTi
3266:KTiOPO
3242:Ti(OCH
3142:Ti(NMe
3086:Ti(ClO
2722:Sr(OH)
2615:Sr(ClO
2567:Sr(BrO
2272:
2247:
2222:
2197:
2172:
2089:
2040:
2030:
1984:
1974:
1854:
1764:148360
1762:
1754:
1677:
1486:cermet
1199:rutile
1153:strain
1099:) and
1049:oxygen
899:(SrRuO
891:(LaAlO
792:lustre
771:, and
749:sodium
735:. Its
657:Honshū
623:, and
621:Diagem
590:optics
513:is an
487:verify
484:
421:2.394
307:SMILES
42:Names
4215:EuTiO
4067:PbTiO
4012:BaTiO
3940:SrTiO
3883:ZnTiO
3872:NiTiO
3858:MnTiO
3836:CaTiO
3721:salts
3639:ZnTiO
3631:SrTiO
3615:PbTiO
3607:NiTiO
3511:MnTiO
3475:FeTiO
3403:CaTiO
3367:BaTiO
3154:Ti(NO
3134:TiOSO
3069:TiS(S
2801:SrRuO
2781:SrTiO
2685:Sr(NO
2627:SrCrO
2324:(PDF)
2313:(PDF)
2293:(PDF)
1852:S2CID
1760:S2CID
1726:arXiv
1675:S2CID
1224:carat
1144:boule
1122:(TiCl
1112:· 2 H
1103:((COO
1028:, by
964:ionic
934:SrTiO
859:SrTiO
850:doped
800:habit
780:doped
741:cubic
696:SrTiO
661:Japan
592:, in
515:oxide
439:Cubic
341:SrTiO
319:.()=O
314:.()=O
272:InChI
204:82899
128:74801
90:JSmol
3411:CaCu
3315:Ti(C
3306:TiSi
3298:TiSe
3210:(OCH
3186:Ti(C
3078:TiCl
3056:TiBr
2961:TiCl
2953:TiBr
2948:TiAl
2914:TiSi
2888:TiBr
2872:TiCl
2773:SrSO
2768:SrSe
2607:SrCl
2587:Sr(C
2579:SrCO
2559:SrBr
2539:SrAl
2270:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2140:2016
2087:PMID
2038:PMID
1982:PMID
1778:link
1752:PMID
1174:and
1079:· 2
1061:salt
1032:and
1012:and
966:and
802:and
521:and
215:UNII
176:MeSH
4313:No
4310:Md
4307:Fm
4304:Es
4301:Cf
4298:Bk
4295:Cm
4292:Am
4289:Pu
4286:Np
4280:Pa
4277:Th
4274:Ac
4271:**
4266:Yb
4263:Tm
4260:Er
4225:Tb
4222:Gd
4211:Sm
4208:Pm
4205:Nd
4202:Pr
4199:Ce
4196:La
4181:Og
4178:Ts
4175:Lv
4172:Mc
4169:Fl
4166:Nh
4163:Cn
4160:Rg
4157:Ds
4154:Mt
4151:Hs
4148:Bh
4145:Sg
4142:Db
4139:Rf
4136:Lr
4133:**
4130:Ra
4127:Fr
4122:Rn
4119:At
4116:Po
4079:TiO
4063:Tl
4060:Hg
4057:Au
4054:Pt
4051:Ir
4048:Os
4045:Re
4039:Ta
4036:Hf
4033:Lu
4023:TiO
4004:TiO
3994:Xe
3988:Te
3985:Sb
3982:Sn
3979:In
3976:Cd
3973:Ag
3970:Pd
3967:Rh
3964:Ru
3961:Tc
3958:Mo
3955:Nb
3952:Zr
3936:Rb
3931:Kr
3928:Br
3925:Se
3922:As
3919:Ge
3916:Ga
3894:TiO
3879:Cu
3868:Co
3865:Fe
3854:Cr
3848:Ti
3845:Sc
3827:Ar
3824:Cl
3815:Si
3812:Al
3809:Mg
3802:TiO
3792:Ne
3774:Be
3752:TiO
3742:He
3598:TiF
3584:TiF
3570:TiF
3556:TiF
3543:TiO
3541:0.5
3537:0.5
3503:TiO
3443:TiO
3379:TiO
3290:TiS
3178:TiO
3166:TiO
3126:TiI
3118:TiH
3110:TiF
3098:TiF
3064:TiC
3048:TiB
2990:TiP
2985:TiN
2977:TiI
2969:TiF
2909:TiS
2904:TiO
2896:TiI
2880:TiH
2813:RuO
2763:SrS
2749:SrO
2702:SrO
2697:SrO
2643:SrI
2635:SrF
2551:SrB
2462:hdl
2454:doi
2442:3−δ
2438:0.7
2436:Fe
2434:0.3
2415:doi
2411:180
2388:doi
2376:168
2353:doi
2349:149
2166:431
2079:doi
2067:111
2028:PMC
2020:doi
1972:PMC
1964:doi
1926:doi
1887:doi
1875:127
1844:doi
1809:doi
1797:163
1744:doi
1722:349
1667:doi
1555:doi
1092:(Sr
895:),
867:of
786:or
765:GGG
761:GAG
757:YAG
739:is
655:of
578:IMA
517:of
459:m,
241:EPA
194:CID
54:STO
4332::
4283:U
4249:Ti
4245:Ho
4233:Ti
4229:Dy
4193:*
4105:Ti
4101:Bi
4096:12
4090:Ti
4086:Bi
4081:20
4077:12
4075:Bi
4042:W
4030:*
4019:Ba
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