133:
832:'s Law (or Ratio): if all other factors are equal, then, when there is free access of air a body decomposes twice as fast as if immersed in water and eight times faster than if buried in the earth. Ultimately, the rate of bacterial decomposition acting on the tissue will depend upon the temperature of the surroundings. Colder temperatures decrease the rate of decomposition while warmer temperatures increase it. A dry body will not decompose efficiently. Moisture helps the growth of microorganisms that decompose the organic matter, but too much moisture could lead to anaerobic conditions slowing down the decomposition process.
1363:. The spoilage of meat occurs, if the meat is untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people handling the meat, and by their implements. Meat can be kept edible for a much longer time â though not indefinitely â if proper hygiene is observed during production and processing, and if appropriate food safety,
160:
587:. The accumulation of gases within the bodily cavity causes the distention of the abdomen and gives a cadaver its overall bloated appearance. The gases produced also cause natural liquids and liquefying tissues to become frothy. As the pressure of the gases within the body increases, fluids are forced to escape from natural orifices, such as the nose, mouth and anus, and enter the surrounding environment. The buildup of pressure combined with the loss of integrity of the skin may also cause the body to rupture.
1445:, are considered recalcitrant. Litter with a higher proportion of labile compounds decomposes much more rapidly than does litter with a higher proportion of recalcitrant material. Consequently, dead animals decompose more rapidly than dead leaves, which themselves decompose more rapidly than fallen branches. As organic material in the soil ages, its quality decreases. The more labile compounds decompose quickly, leaving an increasing proportion of recalcitrant material called
148:
1342:
273:
7516:
689:
7526:
1633:
J.; Brauman, Alain; Flemming, Stephen; Henschel, Joh R.; Johnson, Dan L.; Jones, T. Hefin; Kovarova, Marcela; Kranabetter, J. Marty; Kutny, Les; Lin, Kuo-Chuan; Maryati, Mohamed; Masse, Dominique; Pokarzhevskii, Andrei; Rahman, Homathevi; Sabarå, Millor G.; Salamon, Jörg-Alfred; Swift, Michael J.; Varela, Amanda; Vasconcelos, Heraldo; White, Don; Zou, Xiaoming (2008).
4547:
614:
which will then further allow purging of gases and fluids into the surrounding environment. Ruptures in the skin allow oxygen to re-enter the body and provide more surface area for the development of fly larvae and the activity of aerobic microorganisms. The purging of gases and fluids results in the strong distinctive odors associated with decay.
1632:
Wall, Diana H.; Bradford, Mark A.; St. John, Mark G.; Trofymow, John A.; Behan-Pelletier, Valerie; Bignell, David E.; Dangerfield, J. Mark; Parton, William J.; Rusek, Josef; Voigt, Winfried; Wolters, Volkmar; Gardel, Holley Zadeh; Ayuke, Fred O.; Bashford, Richard; Beljakova, Olga I.; Bohlen, Patrick
672:
During this stage, it is important to monitor the ecosystem for any signs of continued disturbance or ecological stress. The resurgence of plant growth is a positive sign, but it may take several years for the ecosystem to fully recover and return to its pre-disturbance state. All that remains of the
1205:
Decomposition of plant matter occurs in many stages. It begins with leaching by water; the most easily lost and soluble carbon compounds are liberated in this process. Another early process is physical breakup or fragmentation of the plant material into smaller pieces, providing greater surface area
668:
As the ecosystem recovers from the disturbance, the CDI moves into the dry/remains stage, which is characterized by a decrease in the intensity of the disturbance and an increase in the amount of plant growth around the affected area. This is a sign that the nutrients and other ecological resources
451:
or, more commonly, lividity. Depending on the position of the body, these parts would vary. For instance, if the person was flat on their back when they died, the blood would collect in the parts that are touching the ground. If the person was hanging, it would collect in their fingertips, toes and
1374:
such as bacteria, molds and yeasts, along with natural decay of the food. These decomposition bacteria reproduce at rapid rates under conditions of moisture and preferred temperatures. When the proper conditions are lacking the bacteria may form spores which lurk until suitable conditions arise to
613:
hatch and begin to feed on the body's tissues. Maggot activity, typically confined to natural orifices, and masses under the skin, causes the skin to slip, and hair to detach from the skin. Maggot feeding, and the accumulation of gases within the body, eventually leads to post-mortem skin ruptures
622:
Active decay is characterized by the period of greatest mass loss. This loss occurs as a result of both the voracious feeding of maggots and the purging of decomposition fluids into the surrounding environment. The purged fluids accumulate around the body and create a cadaver decomposition island
1413:
tend to have lower decomposition rates, and thus, higher levels of organic matter. The smaller particles of clay result in a larger surface area that can hold water. The higher the water content of a soil, the lower the oxygen content and consequently, the lower the rate of decomposition. Clay
1066:
varies greatly. Even when a body is decomposed, embalming treatment can still be achieved (the arterial system decays more slowly) but would not restore a natural appearance without extensive reconstruction and cosmetic work, and is largely used to control the foul odors due to decomposition.
113:
3632:
888:
The bodies of newborns who never ingested food are an important exception to the normal process of decomposition. They lack the internal microbial flora that produces much of decomposition and quite commonly mummify if kept in even moderately dry conditions.
1395:
The rate of decomposition is governed by three sets of factors: the physical environment (temperature, moisture and soil properties), the quantity and quality of the dead material available to decomposers, and the nature of the microbial community itself.
1408:
between the bacterial cells and the soil water causes the cells to gain water quickly. Under these conditions, many bacterial cells burst, releasing a pulse of nutrients. Decomposition rates also tend to be slower in acidic soils. Soils which are rich in
1292:
is one such remaining product of decomposing plants with a very complex chemical structure, causing the rate of microbial breakdown to slow. Warmth increases the speed of plant decay by roughly the same amount, regardless of the composition of the plant.
402:
Five general stages are typically used to describe the process of decomposition in vertebrate animals: fresh, bloat, active decay, advanced decay, and dry/remains. The general stages of decomposition are coupled with two stages of chemical decomposition:
631:
Decomposition is largely inhibited during advanced decay due to the loss of readily available cadaveric material. Insect activity is also reduced during this stage. When the carcass is located on soil, the area surrounding it will show evidence of
1375:
continue reproduction. Decomposition rates and speed may differ or vary due to abiotic factors such as moisture level, temperature, and soil type. They also vary depending on the initial amount of breakdown caused by the prior consumers in the
1404:), which slows microbial growth. In dry soils, decomposition slows as well, but bacteria continue to grow (albeit at a slower rate) even after soils become too dry to support plant growth. When the rains return and soils become wet, the
1136:
found in corpses; the sequence in which they appear, the kinds of insects, and where they are found in their life cycle are clues that can shed light on the time of death, the length of a corpse's exposure, and whether the corpse was
1399:
Decomposition rates are low under very wet or very dry conditions. Decomposition rates are highest in damp, moist conditions with adequate levels of oxygen. Wet soils tend to become deficient in oxygen (this is especially true in
341:
and other animals. Additionally, soil animals are considered key regulators of decomposition at local scales but their role at larger scales is unresolved. The most important arthropods that are involved in the process include
920:
is the practice of delaying the decomposition of human and animal remains. Embalming slows decomposition somewhat but does not forestall it indefinitely. Embalmers typically pay great attention to parts of the body seen by
876:
In extremely dry or cold conditions, the normal process of decomposition is halted â by either lack of moisture or temperature controls on bacterial and enzymatic action â causing the body to be preserved as a
1077:
There are some examples where bodies have been inexplicably preserved (with no human intervention) for decades or centuries and appear almost the same as when they died. In some religious groups, this is known as
716:
activity than a body that is buried or confined in special protective gear or artifacts. This is due, in part, to the limited number of insects that can penetrate soil and the lower temperatures under the soil.
623:(CDI). Liquefaction of tissues and disintegration become apparent during this time and strong odors persist. The end of active decay is signaled by the migration of maggots away from the body to pupate.
1062:. The generally cool and anoxic conditions in these environments limits the rate of microbial activity, thus limiting the potential for decomposition. The time for an embalmed body to be reduced to a
119:
118:
115:
114:
120:
1284:
Wood decomposition is a complex process involving fungi which transport nutrients to the nutritionally scarce wood from outside environment. Because of this nutritional enrichment, the fauna of
435:
stage begins immediately after the heart stops beating. From the moment of death, the body begins cooling or warming to match the temperature of the ambient environment, during a stage called
390:. Some of these scavengers also remove and scatter bones, which they ingest at a later time. Aquatic and marine environments have break-down agents that include bacteria, fish, crustaceans,
925:, such as the face and hands. The chemicals used in embalming repel most insects and slow down bacterial putrefaction by either killing existing bacteria in or on the body themselves or by
1152:
132:
218:. Although no two organisms decompose in the same way, they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition. The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as
117:
929:
cellular proteins, which means that they cannot act as a nutrient source for subsequent bacterial infections. In sufficiently dry environments, an embalmed body may end up
839:. On the surface in tropical areas, invertebrates alone can easily reduce a fully fleshed corpse to clean bones in under two weeks. The skeleton itself is not permanent;
2486:
Vass, Arpad A.; Bass, William M.; Volt, Jeffrey D.; Foss, John E.; Ammons, John T. (1992). "Time since death determinations of human cadavers using soil solution".
897:
Aerobic decomposition takes place in the presence of oxygen. This is most common to occur in nature. Living organisms that use oxygen to survive feed on the body.
362:
seen in the summer. In North
America, the most important non-insect animals that are typically involved in the process include mammal and bird scavengers, such as
5363:
4616:
2030:
598:
and other colored pigments. The associated gases which accumulate within the body at this time aid in the transport of sulfhemoglobin throughout the body via the
820:
The speed at which decomposition occurs varies greatly. Factors such as temperature, humidity, and the season of death all determine how fast a fresh body will
3246:"A preliminary study on the antibacterial activity and insect repellent properties of embalming fluids from the 18th Dynasty (1550â1292 BCE) in ancient Egypt"
702:
5507:
5577:
4334:
2438:
Fancher, James P.; Aitkenhead-Peterson, Jacqueline A.; Farris, Travis; Mix, Ken; Schwab, Arthur Paul; Wescott, Daniel J.; Hamilton, Michelle D. (2017).
720:
The rate and manner of decomposition in an animal body are strongly affected by several factors. In roughly descending degrees of importance, they are:
99:
1421:
The quality and quantity of the material available to decomposers is another major factor that influences the rate of decomposition. Substances like
901:
takes place in the absence of oxygen. This could be a place where the body is buried in organic material and oxygen cannot reach it. This process of
5114:
7555:
6505:
2628:
681:, which will become dry and bleached if exposed to the elements. If all soft tissue is removed from the cadaver, it is referred to as completely
471:, bringing about the release of cellular enzymes capable of initiating the breakdown of surrounding cells and tissues. This process is known as
5587:
5315:
3048:
2782:
116:
6566:
6530:
4519:
4483:
3773:
3548:
3504:
3466:
2415:
2367:
2312:
2001:
1609:
933:
and it is not uncommon for bodies to remain preserved to a viewable extent after decades. Notable viewable embalmed bodies include those of:
5592:
6500:
5149:
1190:
1184:
1091:
3217:
4557:
1147:
that studies skeletons and human remains, usually to seek clues as to the identity, age, sex, height and ethnicity of their former owner.
6802:
5780:
5197:
6535:
5533:
5356:
4609:
3735:
3649:
3582:
3115:
2188:
2083:
1832:
1765:
1709:
439:. Shortly after death, within three to six hours, the muscular tissues become rigid and incapable of relaxing, during a stage called
6510:
4869:
4302:
3340:
2901:
412:
257:; the latter means "the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms", typically by microorganisms.
1583:
Janaway, Robert C.; Percival, Steven L.; Wilson, Andrew S. (2009). "Decomposition of human remains". In
Percival, Steven L. (ed.).
1265:) undergoes chemical alteration by microbes. Different types of compounds decompose at different rates. This is dependent on their
1112:
specifically studies the processes of decomposition to apply the biological and chemical principles to forensic cases to determine
2351:
1593:
1414:
minerals also bind particles of organic material to their surface, making them less accessible to microbes. Soil disturbance like
712:
A dead body that has been exposed to the open elements, such as water and air, will decompose more quickly and attract much more
847:
can reduce it to unrecognizable components. This is one reason given for the lack of human remains found in the wreckage of the
7038:
6490:
6180:
5612:
5325:
5192:
4904:
2219:
857:
bone and has a characteristic greasy feel. Under certain conditions (underwater, but also cool, damp soil), bodies may undergo
744:
2859:"Insects of forensic importance associated to cadaveric decomposition in a rural area of the Andean Amazon, CaquetĂĄ, Colombia"
1032:
A body buried in a sufficiently dry environment may be well preserved for decades. This was observed in the case for murdered
5870:
3678:
2734:
2577:
2444:
2131:
20:
5997:
5642:
2440:"An evaluation of soil chemistry in human cadaver decomposition islands: potential for estimating postmortem interval (PMI)"
1418:
increases decomposition by increasing the amount of oxygen in the soil and by exposing new organic matter to soil microbes.
1288:
insects may develop and, in turn, affect dead wood, contributing to decomposition and nutrient cycling in the forest floor.
4144:"Nutritional dynamics during the development of xylophagous beetles related to changes in the stoichiometry of 11 elements"
6586:
6264:
6043:
5597:
5349:
4602:
3802:
3388:
1491:
92:
5475:
3962:"Temporal dynamic of parasite-mediated linkages between the forest canopy and soil processes and the microbial community"
948:, was kept perfectly preserved for many years, and still is as far as is known (her body is no longer on public display).
7550:
7064:
6608:
6515:
6482:
4009:
3044:"A practical review of adipocere: key findings, case studies and operational considerations from crime scene to autopsy"
3000:
2686:
2529:
2488:
1865:
993:
have also had their cadavers preserved in the fashion of Lenin's preservation and are now displayed in their respective
4221:
4101:"Fungal transformation of tree stumps into a suitable resource for xylophagous beetles via changes in elemental ratios"
6520:
5832:
4723:
4576:
1533:
1197:
over a period of six days. Each frame is approximately 12 hours apart, as the fruit shrivels and becomes covered with
2778:"Thanatomicrobiome and epinecrotic community signatures for estimation of post-mortem time interval in human cadaver"
1273:
is a component of wood, which is relatively resistant to decomposition and can in fact only be decomposed by certain
5897:
5617:
4821:
4718:
2026:"Effect of temperature and time on the thanatomicrobiome of the cecum, ileum, kidney, and lung of domestic rabbits"
1163:, has several bodies laid out in various situations in a fenced-in plot near the medical center. Scientists at the
159:
4279:
Singh, R. Paul; Anderson, B. A. (2004). "The major types of food spoilage: an overview". In Steele, Robert (ed.).
234:, meaning tomb. Decomposition can also be a gradual process for organisms that have extended periods of dormancy.
6887:
6757:
6078:
5690:
5582:
5440:
5425:
5420:
4811:
2949:
447:
causes it to drain to the dependent portions of the body, creating an overall bluish-purple discoloration termed
5837:
3798:"Changes in litter during the initial leaching phase: an experiment on the leaf litter of Mediterranean species"
2945:"Bodily circulation and the measure of a life: forensic identification and valuation after the Titanic disaster"
1437:, which are broken down more slowly, are "moderately labile". Compounds which are more resistant to decay, like
692:
Pig carcass in the different stages of decomposition: fresh, bloat, active decay, advanced decay and dry remains
6068:
6063:
6033:
5300:
5182:
4551:
4430:
4325:
Gram, Lone; Ravn, Lars; Rasch, Maria; Bartholin Bruhn, Jesper; Christensen, Allan B.; Givskov, Michael (2002).
3641:
2897:"Bone degradation, burial medium and species representation: debunking the myths, an experiment-based approach"
1239:
85:
853:, even in parts of the ship considered inaccessible to scavengers. Freshly skeletonized bone is often called
7565:
7365:
7360:
7288:
7210:
6495:
5912:
5775:
5685:
5553:
5435:
5405:
5262:
5227:
4947:
4914:
4889:
4193:"The mathematics of leaf decay: a mathematical model reveals commonality within the diversity of leaf decay"
1006:
898:
140:
1699:
GonzĂĄlez Medina, Alejandro; GonzĂĄlez
Herrera, Lucas; Perotti, M. Alejandra; JimĂ©nez RĂos, Gilberto (2013).
7570:
7400:
7293:
7033:
6939:
6904:
6525:
6336:
6252:
6058:
6002:
5937:
5800:
5735:
5670:
5330:
5232:
5020:
4728:
4708:
3496:
1584:
1471:
1167:
study how the human body decays in various circumstances to gain a better understanding of decomposition.
498:
250:
4471:
4222:"Fire and grazing in grasslands of the Argentine Caldenal: effects on plant and soil carbon and nitrogen"
3490:
2127:"Autolytic changes in blood cells and other tissue cells of human cadavers. I. Viability and ion studies"
1528:
1082:. It is not known whether or for how long a body can stay free of decay without artificial preservation.
478:
Visible changes caused by decomposition are limited during the fresh stage, although autolysis may cause
7283:
7205:
7018:
6914:
6850:
6815:
6259:
6227:
5962:
5907:
5770:
5755:
5538:
5495:
5485:
5480:
5237:
5217:
5073:
5063:
5005:
5000:
4836:
4688:
4507:
4057:
1639:
1316:
mammals, and the physical movement of animals through the grass are the primary agents of breakdown and
1144:
1140:
1033:
825:
568:
1040:, who was found to be almost perfectly preserved over 30 years after his death, permitting an accurate
4220:
Harris, Wylie N.; Moretto, Alicia S.; Distel, Roberto A.; Boutton, Thomas W.; BĂło, Roberto M. (2007).
2833:
2620:
7395:
7248:
7137:
7099:
7089:
6855:
6222:
6088:
6053:
6048:
5972:
5967:
5922:
5820:
5790:
5785:
5637:
5500:
5490:
5035:
4874:
4663:
4236:
4066:
4018:
3919:
3857:
3811:
3257:
2910:
2233:
2024:
Lawrence, Kelsey E.; Lam, Khiem C.; Morgun, Andrey; Shulzhenko, Natalia; Löhr, Christiane V. (2019).
1943:
1648:
1160:
1113:
1020:
970:
959:
926:
873:. The formation of adipocere slows decomposition by inhibiting the bacteria that cause putrefaction.
829:
468:
266:
4594:
4053:"Litter chemistry influences decomposition through activity of specific microbial functional guilds"
3846:"Effects of soil macro- and mesofauna on litter decomposition and soil organic matter stabilization"
2996:"Reconstructing the sequence of events surrounding body disposition based on color staining of bone"
567:
stage provides the first clear visual sign that microbial proliferation is underway. In this stage,
467:
from the tissues. The resulting decrease in pH and other chemical changes cause cells to lose their
7560:
7455:
7320:
6620:
6361:
6341:
6321:
6284:
6173:
6138:
6113:
5977:
5947:
5892:
5805:
5695:
5680:
5627:
5460:
5395:
5277:
5207:
4738:
3335:
2224:
1454:
1180:
1129:
958:, whose body was kept submerged in a special tank of fluid for decades and is on public display in
472:
404:
287:
5341:
3184:
Hau, Teo Chee; Hamzah, Noor
Hazfalinda; Lian, Hing Hiang; Hamzah, Sri Pawita Albakri Amir (2014).
1635:"Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent"
1379:. This means the form that organic matter is in, original plant or animal, partially eaten, or as
7501:
7405:
7345:
7305:
7253:
7185:
7157:
7069:
7023:
6615:
6247:
6217:
6149:
6098:
6093:
5902:
5865:
5563:
5528:
5385:
5310:
5212:
5144:
5134:
5068:
5015:
4826:
4771:
4733:
4658:
3881:
3222:
2807:
2546:
2257:
1959:
1890:
1790:
1734:
1705:(Acari: Parasitidae) in forensic autopsies and its application on postmortem interval estimation"
1674:
1558:
1383:
matter when the detritivore encounters it. The more broken down the matter, the faster the final
1266:
1119:
1019:
before burial in a dry vault from which he was later removed and placed on public display at the
599:
502:
7173:
5607:
2573:"The impact of shallow burial on differential decomposition to the body: a temperate case study"
882:
7489:
7273:
7268:
7112:
7094:
6727:
6715:
6038:
6007:
5795:
5622:
5430:
5295:
5272:
5129:
5010:
4786:
4698:
4683:
4668:
4648:
4515:
4479:
4397:
4351:
4298:
4163:
3985:
3935:
3873:
3769:
3731:
3695:
3645:
3578:
3544:
3500:
3462:
3357:
3159:
3111:
3099:
3065:
3017:
2976:
2799:
2751:
2703:
2655:
2594:
2505:
2461:
2411:
2363:
2308:
2249:
2184:
2148:
2100:
2059:
1997:
1882:
1828:
1782:
1726:
1605:
1550:
1364:
1360:
685:, but if only portions of the bones are exposed, it is referred to as partially skeletonized.
572:
494:
179:
147:
4422:
7529:
7482:
7380:
7195:
7190:
7147:
6924:
6919:
6705:
6571:
6561:
6463:
6448:
6433:
6384:
6237:
5992:
5855:
5847:
5765:
5647:
5632:
5568:
5548:
5465:
5455:
5450:
5415:
5247:
5187:
5058:
4859:
4801:
4713:
4673:
4389:
4343:
4290:
4252:
4244:
4155:
4122:
4112:
4074:
4026:
3975:
3927:
3865:
3819:
3687:
3536:
3424:
3349:
3309:
3265:
3197:
3151:
3103:
3057:
3009:
2966:
2958:
2918:
2870:
2791:
2743:
2695:
2645:
2637:
2586:
2538:
2497:
2453:
2403:
2355:
2301:
Soil analysis in forensic taphonomy: chemical and biological effects of buried human remains
2241:
2140:
2092:
2049:
2039:
1990:
Soil analysis in forensic taphonomy: chemical and biological effects of buried human remains
1951:
1874:
1774:
1718:
1664:
1656:
1597:
1542:
1405:
1341:
1317:
1097:
1079:
906:
603:
530:
490:
291:
1327:. In fact, decomposition contributes over 90 percent of carbon dioxide released each year.
7470:
7435:
7385:
7340:
7315:
6954:
6825:
6684:
6556:
6551:
6468:
6418:
6411:
6399:
6309:
6128:
5987:
5957:
5952:
5942:
5875:
5860:
5740:
5720:
5602:
5470:
5376:
5267:
5177:
5119:
5104:
4703:
4629:
4586:
3966:
3723:
Forensic anthropology and medicine: complementary sciences trom recovery to cause of death
3096:
Taphonomy of human remains: forensic analysis of the dead and the depositional environment
2396:
Forensic anthropology and medicine: complementary sciences from recovery to cause of death
1100:
because the usual motive for such studies is to determine the time and cause of death for
1002:
821:
805:
767:
682:
272:
136:
68:
29:
3451:"Simulacra of eternal life: ostensions, exhibitions and the concealment of human remains"
2619:
Matuszewski, Szymon; Konwerski, Szymon; FrÄ
tczak, Katarzyna; SzafaĆowicz, MichaĆ (2014).
6976:
4326:
4240:
4070:
4022:
3923:
3908:"Do soil fauna really hasten litter decomposition? A meta-analysis of enclosure studies"
3861:
3815:
3261:
2914:
2237:
1947:
1652:
7519:
7243:
7074:
6835:
6770:
6603:
6581:
6458:
6406:
6166:
6108:
5932:
5885:
5815:
5810:
5705:
5572:
5445:
5252:
5242:
5222:
5099:
5025:
4990:
4929:
4806:
4761:
4653:
4127:
4100:
3293:
Ajileye, Ayodeji
Blessing; Esan, Ebenezer Olubunmi; Adeyemi, Oluwakemi Abidemi (2018).
2971:
2944:
2650:
2054:
2025:
1669:
1453:, and these also accumulate as the microbes die, further reducing the quality of older
1324:
990:
951:
858:
595:
576:
518:
464:
343:
246:
225:
191:
183:
4347:
3691:
2571:
Schotsmans, Eline M.J.; Van de Voorde, Wim; De Winne, Joan; Wilson, Andrew S. (2011).
1070:
An animal can be preserved almost perfectly, for millions of years in a resin such as
7544:
7278:
7263:
7220:
7132:
6966:
6944:
6820:
6787:
6654:
6133:
5109:
5083:
5040:
5030:
4985:
4972:
4844:
4678:
4633:
4143:
4004:
3885:
3823:
3610:
3606:
3013:
2858:
2811:
2699:
2550:
2343:
2144:
1700:
1660:
1634:
1434:
1410:
1371:
1351:
1336:
1254:
1198:
544:
359:
355:
194:
and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the
38:
3294:
2747:
2590:
2457:
2261:
1855:
GonzĂĄlez Medina, Alejandro; Soriano
Hernando, Ăscar; JimĂ©nez RĂos, Gilberto (2015).
1760:
1738:
1678:
1562:
688:
7375:
7258:
7142:
7059:
6983:
6971:
6830:
6737:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6592:
6443:
6423:
6366:
6351:
6242:
6118:
6103:
5760:
5730:
5675:
5558:
5523:
5400:
4899:
4280:
3869:
3845:
3727:
3528:
3245:
2399:
2126:
1894:
1856:
1816:
1794:
1356:
1215:
1211:
1037:
955:
945:
902:
538:
506:
448:
440:
436:
408:
299:
58:
53:
48:
43:
3383:
2078:
1189:
937:
4393:
3931:
3269:
2359:
1601:
835:
The most important variable is the body's accessibility to insects, particularly
485:
The small amount of oxygen remaining in the body is quickly depleted by cellular
210:, also help decompose the organic materials. Organisms that do this are known as
7450:
7445:
7415:
7370:
7350:
7335:
7330:
7310:
7227:
7152:
7122:
7079:
6909:
6792:
6453:
6428:
6394:
6326:
6304:
6299:
6289:
5410:
5139:
4957:
4919:
4894:
4884:
4849:
4796:
4776:
4248:
3540:
3094:. In Schotsmans, Eline M. J.; MĂĄrquez-Grant, Nicholas; Forbes, Shari L. (eds.).
3091:
2777:
2439:
2407:
2391:
2296:
1985:
1927:
1305:
1238:) play a major role in breaking down matter, both directly and indirectly via a
1219:
986:
982:
978:
848:
724:
637:
591:
552:
522:
215:
3061:
2874:
2835:
A handbook of the practice of forensic medicine, based upon personal experience
2795:
1096:
Various sciences study the decomposition of bodies under the general rubric of
16:
Process in which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter
7420:
7390:
7355:
7325:
7298:
7200:
7028:
6988:
6840:
6797:
6775:
6742:
6438:
6356:
6314:
6294:
6204:
6123:
5700:
5665:
5305:
5257:
5202:
5172:
5078:
4995:
4939:
4816:
4766:
4294:
3759:
3202:
3185:
3107:
2641:
2542:
2245:
2096:
1778:
1722:
1502:
1466:
1426:
1376:
1258:
1223:
1207:
1176:
974:
669:
present in the surrounding soil have not yet returned to their normal levels.
641:
633:
486:
420:
416:
311:
307:
254:
211:
125:
7178:
4167:
3939:
3877:
3721:
3572:
2962:
2682:"The inïŹuence of insects on decomposition rate in buried and surface remains"
2044:
881:. Frozen mummies commonly restart the decomposition process when thawed (see
7465:
7460:
7425:
7215:
7107:
6892:
6845:
6782:
6747:
6722:
6598:
6279:
6274:
6028:
5982:
5710:
5154:
5124:
4924:
4879:
4854:
4791:
4781:
4756:
4748:
4693:
4286:
4192:
4030:
4003:
Yuan, Yongge; Lin, Xinru; Chen, Gelv; Van
Kleunen, Mark; Li, Junmin (2023).
3906:
Frouz, Jan; RoubĂÄkovĂĄ, Alena; HedÄnec, Petr; TajovskĂœ, Karel (2015-05-01).
3765:
3458:
3090:
Piombino-Mascali, Dario; Gill-Frerking, Heather; Beckett, Ronald G. (2017).
2304:
2180:
1993:
1878:
1824:
1476:
1430:
1297:
1285:
1278:
1250:
1227:
1164:
1156:
1109:
1055:
1012:
994:
966:
941:
917:
862:
761:
754:
738:
674:
653:
645:
548:
347:
330:
220:
207:
195:
164:
7494:
7043:
4401:
4355:
4117:
4005:"Parasitic plants indirectly regulate decomposition of soil organic matter"
3989:
3699:
3492:
Modern mummies: the preservation of the human body in the twentieth century
3361:
3163:
3155:
3069:
3021:
2980:
2922:
2803:
2755:
2707:
2659:
2598:
2465:
2253:
2174:
2104:
2079:"Early post-mortem changes and stages of decomposition in exposed cadavers"
2063:
1886:
1786:
1730:
1554:
1058:, arresting decomposition and resulting in a preserved specimen known as a
828:. A basic guide for the effect of environment on decomposition is given as
4546:
3960:
Mellado, Ana; Morilas, Lourdes; Gallardo, Antonio; Zamora, Regino (2016).
2509:
2152:
1323:
The chemical aspects of plant decomposition always involve the release of
1222:) soil invertebrate fauna, whereas in standing parts of plants, primarily
333:
also play an important role in decomposition if the body is accessible to
7440:
7410:
6961:
6949:
6882:
6710:
6379:
6346:
6232:
6212:
6083:
6012:
5543:
5050:
4962:
4909:
4864:
4197:
3428:
1861:(Diptera, Chironomidae) in the assessment of the postsubmersion interval"
1486:
1320:, while bacteria and fungi play the main roles in further decomposition.
1246:
1235:
1123:
1063:
1059:
1016:
795:
777:
657:
584:
564:
537:. The process of microbial proliferation within a body is referred to as
351:
322:
303:
199:
3313:
2680:
Simmons, Tal; Cross, Peter A.; Adlam, Rachel E.; Moffatt, Colin (2010).
1546:
885:), whilst heat-desiccated mummies remain so unless exposed to moisture.
7477:
7117:
7084:
6929:
6877:
6638:
6576:
6389:
6269:
6073:
5880:
5750:
5745:
5372:
5320:
4980:
4625:
4257:
4159:
3353:
1963:
1507:
1415:
1401:
1313:
1309:
1041:
922:
866:
813:
649:
580:
534:
526:
514:
479:
444:
391:
387:
4051:
Bhatnagar, Jennifer M.; Peay, Kabir G.; Treseder, Kathleen K. (2018).
3980:
3961:
2501:
1819:. In Benbow, M. Eric; Tomberlin, Jeffery K.; Tarone, Aaron M. (eds.).
7430:
7127:
6897:
6765:
6689:
6331:
4377:
4078:
3907:
2524:
1450:
1438:
1289:
1270:
1262:
1133:
750:
731:
713:
610:
460:
363:
334:
295:
73:
4506:
Chapin, F. Stuart III; Matson, Pamela A.; Mooney, Harold A. (2002).
4470:
Chapin, F. Stuart III; Matson, Pamela A.; Mooney, Harold A. (2002).
4052:
3797:
3673:
3450:
3139:
3043:
2995:
2896:
2729:
2681:
2621:"Effect of body mass and clothing on decomposition of pig carcasses"
2572:
2342:
Janaway, Robert C.; Percival, Stephen L.; Wilson, Andrew S. (2009).
1955:
1116:(PMI), post-burial interval as well as to locate clandestine graves.
415:, which breaks down the main components of the body. With death the
286:
Decomposition begins at the moment of death, caused by two factors:
2857:
Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany; VirgĂŒez-DĂaz, Yenny; Wolff, Marta (2018).
636:
death. The CDI surrounding the carcass will display an increase in
7013:
6993:
6934:
6732:
6189:
4569:
3412:
1481:
1446:
1442:
1422:
1380:
1340:
1274:
1231:
1194:
1188:
1071:
930:
878:
809:
771:
687:
510:
456:
383:
338:
326:
280:
271:
203:
187:
158:
152:
146:
131:
111:
4099:
Filipiak, MichaĆ; Sobczyk, Ćukasz; Weiner, January (2016-04-09).
3535:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 188. Springer. pp. 125â143.
1122:
studies the clues to the cause of death found in the corpse as a
551:
are the first carrion insects to arrive and they seek a suitable
182:
are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as
3244:
Barnes, Kate M.; Whiffin, Ashleigh L.; Bulling, Mark T. (2019).
1496:
1449:. Microbial cell walls also contain recalcitrant materials like
1301:
1048:
844:
840:
783:
678:
371:
315:
190:, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the
6162:
5345:
4598:
3384:"Radiological exploration of the embalmed cadaver of Eva Peron"
541:
and leads to the second stage of decomposition known as bloat.
501:
tracts, creating an ideal environment for the proliferation of
1815:
Beasley, James C.; Olson, Zach H.; DeVault, Travis L. (2015).
1101:
1051:
870:
836:
379:
375:
367:
276:
4376:
André, Stéphane; Vallaeys, Tatiana; Planchon, Stella (2017).
3796:
Adamou, Ibrahima; Joffre, Richard; Gillon, Dominique (1995).
2394:. In Schmidt, Aurore; Cunha, Eugénia; Pinheiro, João (eds.).
4327:"Food spoilage: interactions between food spoilage bacteria"
3042:
Magni, Paola A.; Lawn, Jessica; Guareschi, Edda E. (2021).
2218:
Carter, David O.; Yellowlees, David; Tibbett, Mark (2007).
571:
takes place, leading to the accumulation of gases, such as
3140:"The intestinal microflora during the first weeks of life"
1349:
The decomposition of food, either plant or animal, called
443:. Since blood is no longer being pumped through the body,
1153:
University of
Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility
6158:
3761:
Forensic taphonomy: the postmortem fate of human remains
3720:
Schmitt, Aurore; Cunha, Eugénia; Pinheiro, João (2006).
1857:"The use of the developmental rate of the aquatic midge
1044:
when the case of his murder was re-opened in the 1990s.
419:
of the living organism collapses and is followed by the
3186:"Decomposition process and post mortem changes: review"
2730:"Soil temperature calculation for burial site analysis"
1355:
in this context, is an important field of study within
865:, caused by the action of soil chemicals on the body's
314:, that are the chief source of the unmistakably putrid
249:). The former means "the degradation of a substance by
4378:"Spore-forming bacteria responsible for food spoilage"
1370:
Spoilage of food is attributed to contamination from
3413:"Shaping eternity: the preservation of Lenin's body"
656:; changes in pH; and a significant increase in soil
7236:
7166:
7052:
7006:
6868:
6756:
6698:
6647:
6636:
6629:
6544:
6481:
6203:
6196:
6021:
5921:
5846:
5719:
5656:
5516:
5384:
5286:
5165:
5092:
5049:
4971:
4938:
4835:
4747:
4641:
3672:Kulshrestha, Pankaj; Satpathy, Debasish K. (2001).
3382:Gotta, Cesar H.; Buzzi, Alfredo E. (5 March 2004).
4282:Understanding and measuring the shelf-life of food
3455:Public uses of human remains and relics in history
2838:. London, United Kingdom: The New Sydenham Society
2776:Dash, Hirak Ranjan; Das, Surajit (November 2020).
1821:Carrion ecology, evolution, and their applications
4478:. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 159â69.
3453:. In Cavicchioli, Silvia; Provero, Luigi (eds.).
2525:"Review of human decomposition processes in soil"
2220:"Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems"
1986:"Decomposition chemistry in a burial environment"
606:, giving the body an overall marbled appearance.
4514:. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 61â67.
4142:Filipiak, MichaĆ; Weiner, January (2016-09-01).
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
3758:Haglund, William D.; Sorg, Marcella H. (1996).
3577:. Munich, Germany: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
3571:Weitschat, Wilfried; Wichard, Wolfgang (2002).
2348:Microbiology and aging: clinical manifestations
1529:"Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere"
1527:Lynch, Michael D. J.; Neufeld, Josh D. (2015).
517:, to produce a variety of substances including
3531:. In Wieder, R. Kelman; Vitt, Dale H. (eds.).
2994:Huculak, Meaghan A.; Rogers, Tracy L. (2009).
2031:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
1759:Braig, Henk R.; Perotti, M. Alejandra (2009).
423:that undergoes predictable changes over time.
6174:
5357:
4610:
2728:Prangnell, Jonathan; McGowan, Glenys (2009).
2299:. In Tibbett, Mark; Carter, David O. (eds.).
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
1988:. In Tibbett, Mark; Carter, David O. (eds.).
1429:decompose readily and are considered labile.
93:
8:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
2523:Dent B.B.; Forbes S.L.; Stuart B.H. (2004).
905:has a bad odor accompanied by it due to the
703:Environmental effects on forensic entomology
306:. These processes release compounds such as
4512:Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
4508:"Soil properties and ecosystem functioning"
4476:Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
4201:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT News Office
3574:Atlas of plants and animals in Baltic amber
2297:"Cadaver decomposition and soil: processes"
1359:. Food decomposition can be slowed down by
431:Among those animals that have a heart, the
6644:
6633:
6200:
6181:
6167:
6159:
5578:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
5364:
5350:
5342:
4617:
4603:
4595:
4563:
4335:International Journal of Food Microbiology
3288:
3286:
3250:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
1817:"Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers"
1226:life-forms such as parasitic plants (e.g.
1214:), this process is largely carried out by
100:
86:
25:
4256:
4126:
4116:
3979:
3201:
2970:
2649:
2053:
2043:
1668:
1367:and food storage procedures are applied.
697:Factors affecting decomposition of bodies
294:by the body's own internal chemicals and
5476:Predatorâprey (LotkaâVolterra) equations
5115:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
4560:â Food decomposition (a Flash animation)
2295:Carter, David O.; Tibbett, Mark (2008).
1928:"A summer carrion study of the baby pig
1005:, whose preserved body can be viewed in
590:Intestinal anaerobic bacteria transform
5508:Random generalized LotkaâVolterra model
3674:"Use of beetles in forensic entomology"
3302:American Journal of Biomedical Sciences
2629:International Journal of Legal Medicine
2173:Saukko, Pekka; Knight, Bernard (2013).
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1519:
505:. These multiply, consuming the body's
28:
5316:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
4186:
4184:
3457:. Abingdon-on-Thames, United Kingdom:
3295:"Human embalming techniques: a review"
3049:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
2783:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2125:Laiho, Kauno; PenttilÀ, Antti (1981).
909:and organic matter containing sulfur.
482:to appear at the surface of the skin.
6531:List of ways people dishonor the dead
2179:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
411:. These two stages contribute to the
394:larvae and other carrion scavengers.
7:
5331:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
3607:"How can a corpse be incorruptible?"
1185:Fungal extracellular enzyme activity
1092:Forensic entomological decomposition
861:and develop a waxy substance called
804:Foods/objects inside the specimen's
801:The surface on which the body rests;
5781:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
4472:"Factors controlling decomposition"
3529:"Decomposition in boreal peatlands"
3527:Moore, Tim; Basiliko, Nate (2006).
673:cadaver at this stage is dry skin,
6536:List of ways people honor the dead
5534:Ecological effects of biodiversity
3092:"The taphonomy of natural mummies"
2084:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1766:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1710:Experimental and Applied Acarology
1210:. In fallen dead parts of plants (
14:
6567:GompertzâMakeham law of mortality
4870:Generalist and specialist species
3341:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
2902:Journal of Archaeological Science
413:chemical process of decomposition
202:begin to decompose shortly after
7524:
7515:
7514:
5593:Occupancyâabundance relationship
4545:
4191:Chu, Jennifer (4 October 2012).
3912:European Journal of Soil Biology
3014:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01086.x
2700:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01402.x
2346:. In Percival, Steven L. (ed.).
2344:"Decomposition of human remains"
1661:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01672.x
1300:ecosystems, natural damage from
7525:
5613:Relative abundance distribution
5326:Plant defense against herbivory
5193:Competitive exclusion principle
4905:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3634:A manual of forensic entomology
2748:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.07.002
2591:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.036
2458:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.002
1206:for colonization and attack by
1086:Importance to forensic sciences
1015:, whose body was injected with
944:, whose body was injected with
7556:Biodegradable waste management
5198:Consumerâresource interactions
3870:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.08.039
3679:Forensic Science International
3609:. Marina Del Rey, California:
3449:Milicia, Maria Teresa (2020).
3138:Bezirtzoglou, Eugenia (1997).
2895:Nicholson, Rebecca A. (1996).
2832:Casper, Johann Ludwig (1861).
2735:Forensic Science International
2578:Forensic Science International
2445:Forensic Science International
2132:Forensic Science International
1592:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
1308:that feed on decaying matter,
1143:is the medico-legal branch of
1132:studies the insects and other
302:, the breakdown of tissues by
253:or physical processes", e.g.,
21:Decomposition (disambiguation)
1:
6587:Maternal mortality in fiction
6044:Biological data visualization
5871:Environmental niche modelling
5598:Population viability analysis
4348:10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00233-7
3803:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3692:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00410-8
3631:Smith, Kenneth G. V. (1986).
3389:European Society of Radiology
1703:Poecilochirus austroasiaticus
1492:Microbiology of decomposition
178:is the process by which dead
6501:Expressions related to death
6454:Medical declaration of death
5529:Density-dependent inhibition
4394:10.1016/j.resmic.2016.10.003
3932:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.03.002
3824:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00006-Z
3495:. Jefferon, North Carolina:
3270:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.05.032
3001:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2687:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2489:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2392:"Decay process of a cadaver"
2360:10.1007/978-1-59745-327-1_14
2145:10.1016/0379-0738(81)90003-7
1866:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1602:10.1007/978-1-59745-327-1_14
6521:Preventable causes of death
5998:Liebig's law of the minimum
5833:Resource selection function
4724:Metabolic theory of ecology
4577:Stages of human development
4249:10.1016/j.actao.2007.05.001
3541:10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9_7
3489:Quigley, Christine (2006).
3411:Vronskaya, Alla G. (2010).
3218:"The decomposition process"
2408:10.1007/978-1-59745-099-7_5
2352:Springer Science + Business
2176:Knight's forensic pathology
1534:Nature Reviews Microbiology
318:of decaying animal tissue.
7587:
5898:Niche apportionment models
5618:Relative species abundance
4822:Primary nutritional groups
4719:List of feeding behaviours
3605:Clark, Josh (2023-08-23).
3533:Boreal peatland ecosystems
3062:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102109
2875:10.1590/1809-4392201701033
2796:10.1007/s00253-020-10922-3
1345:A punnet of rotten peaches
1334:
1245:Following this, the plant
1174:
1089:
1028:Environmental preservation
700:
455:Once the heart stops, the
264:
18:
7510:
6888:Consciousness after death
6811:
6375:
6147:
6079:Ecosystem based fisheries
5691:Interspecific competition
5583:Minimum viable population
5441:Maximum sustainable yield
5426:Intraspecific competition
5421:Effective population size
5301:Anti-predator adaptations
4812:Photosynthetic efficiency
4583:
4574:
4566:
4295:10.1533/9781855739024.1.3
3844:Frouz, Jan (2018-12-15).
3203:10.17576/jsm-2014-4312-08
3108:10.1002/9781118953358.ch8
2950:Social Studies of Science
2642:10.1007/s00414-014-0965-5
2543:10.1007/s00254-003-0913-z
2246:10.1007/s00114-006-0159-1
2097:10.1007/s10493-009-9284-9
1984:Forbes, Shari L. (2008).
1779:10.1007/s10493-009-9287-6
1723:10.1007/s10493-012-9606-1
155:after it fell from a tree
139:skull decomposing in the
7289:Personification of death
6511:People by cause of death
6069:Ecological stoichiometry
6034:Alternative stable state
4431:Arizona State University
4382:Research in Microbiology
4148:Physiological Entomology
3642:Cornell University Press
2963:10.1177/0306312718801173
2045:10.1177/1040638719828412
1926:Payne, Jerry A. (1965).
969:leaders with pronounced
708:Exposure to the elements
609:If insects have access,
7366:Death-positive movement
7211:Post-mortem photography
6491:Causes of death by rate
6419:Death by natural causes
5913:Ontogenetic niche shift
5776:Ideal free distribution
5686:Ecological facilitation
5436:Malthusian growth model
5406:Consumer-resource model
5263:Paradox of the plankton
5228:Energy systems language
4948:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
4915:Optimal foraging theory
4890:Heterotrophic nutrition
4285:. Boca Raton, Florida:
4031:10.1111/1365-2435.14232
3764:. Boca Raton, Florida:
3334:Lynerup, Niels (2007).
3098:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
2390:Pinheiro, JoĂŁo (2006).
2303:. Boca Raton, Florida:
1992:. Boca Raton, Florida:
1879:10.1111/1556-4029.12707
1823:. Boca Raton, Florida:
913:Artificial preservation
899:Anaerobic decomposition
753:, depth of burial, and
398:Stages of decomposition
290:, the breaking down of
265:For human remains, see
141:Serengeti National Park
7401:Fascination with death
7039:Reincarnation research
7034:Out-of-body experience
6496:Notable deaths by year
6337:Immunogenic cell death
6253:Temporal lobe necrosis
6059:Ecological forecasting
6003:Marginal value theorem
5801:Landscape epidemiology
5736:Cross-boundary subsidy
5671:Biological interaction
5021:Microbial intelligence
4709:Green world hypothesis
4118:10.3390/insects7020013
3726:. Totowa, New Jersey:
3156:10.1006/anae.1997.0102
2923:10.1006/jasc.1996.0049
2398:. Totowa, New Jersey:
1586:Microbiology and aging
1472:Chemical decomposition
1346:
1202:
1047:Bodies submerged in a
693:
640:and nutrients such as
321:Prime decomposers are
283:
237:One can differentiate
168:
156:
144:
129:
7206:Post-mortem chemistry
7019:Near-death experience
6915:Desecration of graves
6851:Postmortem caloricity
6816:Beating heart cadaver
6260:Programmed cell death
6228:Liquefactive necrosis
6064:Ecological humanities
5963:Ecological energetics
5908:Niche differentiation
5771:Habitat fragmentation
5539:Ecological extinction
5486:Small population size
5238:Feed conversion ratio
5218:Ecological succession
5150:San Francisco Estuary
5064:Ecological efficiency
5006:Microbial cooperation
4058:Ecological Monographs
3730:. pp. 461â464].
3256:(June 2019): 600â09.
3100:John Wiley & Sons
2530:Environmental Geology
2077:Goff, M. Lee (2009).
1640:Global Change Biology
1391:Rate of decomposition
1344:
1192:
1155:(better known as the
1145:physical anthropology
1141:Forensic anthropology
1090:Further information:
1054:may become naturally
789:Body size and weight;
701:Further information:
691:
493:naturally present in
459:can no longer supply
275:
239:abiotic decomposition
162:
150:
135:
123:
7396:Festival of the Dead
7294:Dying-and-rising god
7249:Chinese burial money
7138:Prohibition of dying
7090:Death-qualified jury
6856:Post-mortem interval
6516:Premature obituaries
6223:Coagulative necrosis
6089:Evolutionary ecology
6054:Ecological footprint
6049:Ecological economics
5973:Ecological threshold
5968:Ecological indicator
5838:Sourceâsink dynamics
5791:Land change modeling
5786:Insular biogeography
5638:Species distribution
5377:Modelling ecosystems
5036:Microbial metabolism
4875:Intraguild predation
4664:Biogeochemical cycle
4630:Modelling ecosystems
4554:at Wikimedia Commons
3640:. Ithaca, New York:
3499:. pp. 213â214.
3429:10.1162/thld_a_00170
1761:"Carcases and mites"
1161:Knoxville, Tennessee
1114:post-mortem interval
1021:San Giovanni Rotondo
1007:St. Peter's Basilica
971:cults of personality
893:Anaerobic vs aerobic
730:The availability of
569:anaerobic metabolism
469:structural integrity
350:(Sarcophagidae) and
267:corpse decomposition
261:Animal decomposition
243:biotic decomposition
19:For other uses, see
7551:Anaerobic digestion
7456:Philosophy of death
7321:Death from laughter
6621:Perinatal mortality
6362:Mitotic catastrophe
6342:Ischemic cell death
6285:Intrinsic apoptosis
6233:Gangrenous necrosis
6139:Theoretical ecology
6114:Natural environment
5978:Ecosystem diversity
5948:Ecological collapse
5938:Bateman's principle
5893:Limiting similarity
5806:Landscape limnology
5628:Species homogeneity
5466:Population modeling
5461:Population dynamics
5278:Trophic state index
4241:2007AcO....32..207H
4071:2018EcoM...88..429B
4023:2023FuEco..37..302Y
3924:2015EJSB...68...18F
3862:2018Geode.332..161F
3816:1995SBiBi..27..931I
3461:. pp. 101â19.
3314:10.5099/aj180200082
3262:2019JArSR..25..600B
3102:. pp. 101â19.
2943:Bier, Jess (2018).
2915:1996JArSc..23..513N
2402:. pp. 85â116.
2354:. pp. 313â34.
2238:2007NW.....94...12C
2225:Naturwissenschaften
1996:. pp. 203â23.
1948:1965Ecol...46..592P
1859:Chironomus riparius
1827:. pp. 107â27.
1653:2008GCBio..14.2661W
1596:. pp. 313â34.
1547:10.1038/nrmicro3400
1455:soil organic matter
1181:Anaerobic digestion
1171:Plant decomposition
1130:Forensic entomology
774:and crushing blows;
503:anaerobic organisms
206:. Animals, such as
163:Decomposing fallen
7502:Thanatosensitivity
7406:Hierarchy of death
7346:Death notification
7254:Coins for the dead
7186:Forensic pathology
7070:Capital punishment
7024:Near-death studies
6616:Mortality salience
6248:Fibrinoid necrosis
6218:Avascular necrosis
6150:Outline of ecology
6099:Industrial ecology
6094:Functional ecology
5958:Ecological deficit
5903:Niche construction
5866:Ecosystem engineer
5643:Speciesâarea curve
5564:Introduced species
5379:: Other components
5311:Deimatic behaviour
5213:Ecological network
5145:North Pacific Gyre
5130:hydrothermal vents
5069:Ecological pyramid
5016:Microbial food web
4827:Primary production
4772:Foundation species
4160:10.1111/phen.12168
4010:Functional Ecology
3354:10.1002/ajpa.20728
3223:Aggie Horticulture
2307:. pp. 29â51.
1347:
1331:Food decomposition
1267:chemical structure
1234:) and fungi (e.g.
1203:
1120:Forensic pathology
989:and most recently
694:
360:green bottle flies
284:
180:organic substances
169:
157:
145:
130:
7538:
7537:
7274:Death anniversary
7269:Death and culture
7113:Dying declaration
7095:Death certificate
7002:
7001:
6864:
6863:
6716:Neuropreservation
6506:Natural disasters
6477:
6476:
6156:
6155:
6039:Balance of nature
5796:Landscape ecology
5681:Community ecology
5623:Species diversity
5559:Indicator species
5554:Gradient analysis
5431:Logistic function
5339:
5338:
5296:Animal coloration
5273:Trophic mutualism
5011:Microbial ecology
4802:Photoheterotrophs
4787:Myco-heterotrophy
4699:Ecosystem ecology
4684:Carrying capacity
4649:Abiotic component
4593:
4592:
4584:Succeeded by
4550:Media related to
4521:978-0-387-95443-1
4485:978-0-387-95443-1
4289:. pp. 3â23.
3981:10.1111/nph.13984
3775:978-0-8493-9434-8
3550:978-3-540-31913-9
3506:978-1-4766-1373-4
3468:978-0-429-29590-4
3392:. Vienna, Austria
2790:(22): 9497â9512.
2502:10.1520/JFS13311J
2417:978-1-58829-824-9
2369:978-1-58829-640-5
2314:978-1-4200-6991-4
2003:978-1-4200-6991-4
1611:978-1-59745-327-1
1365:food preservation
1242:cascading effect
1230:), insects (e.g.
960:Lenin's Mausoleum
604:lymphatic systems
128:played backwards.
124:Decomposition of
121:
110:
109:
7578:
7528:
7527:
7518:
7517:
7498:
7483:Assisted suicide
7381:Death trajectory
7196:Mortuary science
7191:Funeral director
7182:
7148:Suspicious death
6920:Eternal oblivion
6706:Cryopreservation
6645:
6634:
6572:Infant mortality
6562:Excess mortality
6464:Terminal illness
6449:Lazarus syndrome
6434:End-of-life care
6385:Accidental death
6238:Caseous necrosis
6201:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6160:
5856:Ecological niche
5828:selection theory
5648:Umbrella species
5633:Species richness
5569:Invasive species
5549:Flagship species
5456:Population cycle
5451:Overexploitation
5416:Ecological yield
5366:
5359:
5352:
5343:
5248:Mesotrophic soil
5188:Climax community
5120:Marine food webs
5059:Biomagnification
4860:Chemoorganotroph
4714:Keystone species
4674:Biotic component
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4567:Preceded by
4564:
4549:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4467:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4434:. Tempe, Arizona
4427:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4226:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4079:10.1002/ecm.1303
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3639:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3190:Sains Malaysiana
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2653:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2292:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1923:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1672:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1591:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1524:
1406:osmotic gradient
1318:nutrient cycling
1269:. For instance,
1098:forensic science
1080:incorruptibility
907:hydrogen sulfide
573:hydrogen sulfide
531:hydrogen sulfide
499:gastrointestinal
491:aerobic microbes
329:, though larger
200:living organisms
122:
102:
95:
88:
26:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7506:
7492:
7436:Museum of Death
7386:Dignified death
7341:Death messenger
7316:Death education
7232:
7176:
7162:
7100:Declared death
7048:
6998:
6955:Online mourning
6860:
6826:Cadaveric spasm
6807:
6752:
6694:
6685:Skeletonization
6625:
6557:Child mortality
6552:Birthday effect
6540:
6473:
6469:Unnatural death
6400:Brainstem death
6371:
6310:Pseudoapoptosis
6192:
6187:
6157:
6152:
6143:
6129:Systems ecology
6017:
5988:Extinction debt
5953:Ecological debt
5943:Bioluminescence
5924:
5917:
5886:marine habitats
5861:Ecological trap
5842:
5722:
5715:
5658:
5652:
5608:Rapoport's rule
5603:Priority effect
5544:Endemic species
5512:
5471:Population size
5387:
5380:
5370:
5340:
5335:
5288:
5282:
5268:Trophic cascade
5178:Bioaccumulation
5161:
5088:
5045:
4967:
4934:
4831:
4743:
4704:Ecosystem model
4637:
4623:
4589:
4587:Skeletonization
4579:
4572:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4469:
4468:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4425:
4423:"Decomposition"
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4229:Acta Oecologica
4224:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3967:New Phytologist
3959:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3768:. p. 636.
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3644:. p. 205.
3637:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3196:(12): 1873â82.
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3150:(2â3): 173â77.
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2294:
2293:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1956:10.2307/1934999
1925:
1924:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1701:"Occurrence of
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1647:(11): 2661â77.
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1463:
1393:
1339:
1333:
1249:(consisting of
1187:
1173:
1094:
1088:
1030:
1003:Pope John XXIII
915:
895:
883:Ătzi the Iceman
806:digestive tract
710:
705:
699:
666:
629:
620:
561:
429:
400:
358:), such as the
344:carrion beetles
270:
263:
137:African buffalo
112:
106:
69:Skeletonization
30:Stages of death
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7584:
7582:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7566:Signs of death
7563:
7558:
7553:
7543:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7522:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7244:Apparent death
7240:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:Cause of death
7072:
7067:
7065:Administration
7062:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6964:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6885:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6836:Death erection
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6771:Natural burial
6762:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6642:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6604:Mortality rate
6601:
6596:
6589:
6584:
6582:Maternal death
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6526:Unusual deaths
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6459:Organ donation
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6407:Clinical death
6404:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6209:
6207:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6163:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6109:Microecosystem
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6008:Thorson's rule
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Assembly rules
5929:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5818:
5816:Patch dynamics
5813:
5811:Metapopulation
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5706:Storage effect
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Neutral theory
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Native species
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5446:Overpopulation
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5253:Nutrient cycle
5250:
5245:
5243:Feeding frenzy
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Energy quality
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5183:Cascade effect
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5026:Microbial loop
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:Lithoautotroph
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4973:Microorganisms
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4930:Prey switching
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:Photosynthesis
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:Chemosynthesis
4759:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4654:Abiotic stress
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4580:Decomposition
4573:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4541:
4540:External links
4538:
4535:
4534:
4520:
4498:
4484:
4445:
4414:
4368:
4342:(1â2): 79â97.
4317:
4303:
4271:
4212:
4180:
4134:
4091:
4043:
3995:
3974:(4): 1382â92.
3952:
3898:
3836:
3788:
3774:
3750:
3737:978-1588298249
3736:
3712:
3686:(1â2): 15â17.
3664:
3651:978-0801419270
3650:
3623:
3597:
3584:978-3931516949
3583:
3563:
3549:
3519:
3505:
3481:
3467:
3441:
3403:
3374:
3326:
3282:
3236:
3209:
3176:
3130:
3117:978-1118953327
3116:
3082:
3034:
2986:
2935:
2887:
2863:Acta Amazonica
2849:
2824:
2768:
2720:
2672:
2636:(1): 1039â48.
2611:
2585:(1): e43âe48.
2563:
2537:(4): 576â585.
2515:
2496:(5): 1236â53.
2478:
2452:(1): 130â139.
2430:
2416:
2382:
2368:
2327:
2313:
2274:
2203:
2190:978-0340760444
2189:
2165:
2117:
2091:(1â2): 21â36.
2069:
2016:
2002:
1976:
1942:(5): 592â602.
1907:
1847:
1834:978-1138893849
1833:
1807:
1773:(1â2): 45â84.
1751:
1717:(3): 297â305.
1691:
1624:
1610:
1575:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1392:
1389:
1372:microorganisms
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1325:carbon dioxide
1277:, such as the
1172:
1169:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1127:
1117:
1087:
1084:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1000:
999:
998:
952:Vladimir Lenin
949:
914:
911:
894:
891:
859:saponification
818:
817:
802:
799:
793:
790:
787:
781:
775:
765:
758:
748:
745:Cause of death
742:
735:
728:
709:
706:
698:
695:
665:
662:
628:
627:Advanced decay
625:
619:
616:
596:sulfhemoglobin
577:carbon dioxide
560:
557:
519:propionic acid
465:carbon dioxide
428:
425:
399:
396:
279:eating a dead
262:
259:
247:biodegradation
192:nutrient cycle
184:carbon dioxide
108:
107:
105:
104:
97:
90:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7583:
7572:
7571:Biostratinomy
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7531:
7523:
7521:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7279:Death anxiety
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7264:Darwin Awards
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7226:
7222:
7221:Biostratinomy
7219:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7133:Necropolitics
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6967:Reincarnation
6965:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6870:Other aspects
6867:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:Body donation
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6788:Dismemberment
6786:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:Mummification
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6690:Fossilization
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6680:Decomposition
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Pallor mortis
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6172:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6134:Urban ecology
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Kleiber's law
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:Foster's rule
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5084:Trophic level
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5041:Phage ecology
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Microbial mat
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:Bacteriophage
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Decomposition
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Mesopredators
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:Apex predator
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Biotic stress
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4588:
4581:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4552:Decomposition
4548:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4499:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4433:
4432:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4388:(4): 379â87.
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4369:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4306:
4304:9781855739024
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4275:
4272:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4235:(2): 207â14.
4234:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:(3): 429â44.
4064:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:(2): 302â14.
4016:
4012:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3899:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:(7): 931â39.
3809:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3624:
3612:
3611:HowStuffWorks
3608:
3601:
3598:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:(5): 979â84.
3007:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:(5): 635â62.
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:(4): 513â33.
2908:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2869:(2): 126â36.
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:(1): 104â09.
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:(4): 889â92.
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:(2): 109â20.
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2038:(2): 155â63.
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:(3): 822â26.
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:(4): 217â29.
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:hemicellulose
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:clay minerals
1407:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1385:decomposition
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1338:
1337:Meat spoilage
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:hemicellulose
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:detritivorous
1217:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
961:
957:
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
935:
934:
932:
928:
924:
919:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
892:
890:
886:
884:
880:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
780:, or wetness;
779:
776:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
715:
707:
704:
696:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
670:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
626:
624:
617:
615:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:carbohydrates
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Calliphoridae
353:
349:
346:, mites, the
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
282:
278:
274:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Decomposition
166:
161:
154:
149:
142:
138:
134:
127:
103:
98:
96:
91:
89:
84:
83:
81:
80:
75:
74:Fossilization
72:
70:
67:
65:
64:Decomposition
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
39:Pallor mortis
37:
36:
35:
34:
31:
27:
22:
7376:Death threat
7259:Dark tourism
7201:Necrobiology
7143:Right to die
7101:
7060:Abortion law
6984:Resurrection
6972:Palingenesis
6869:
6831:Coffin birth
6738:Plastination
6699:Preservation
6679:
6675:Putrefaction
6670:Rigor mortis
6665:Algor mortis
6660:Livor mortis
6637:
6593:Memento mori
6591:
6444:Lazarus sign
6424:Death rattle
6367:Suicide gene
6352:Karyorrhexis
6243:Fat necrosis
6119:Regime shift
6104:Macroecology
5825:
5821:
5761:Edge effects
5731:Biogeography
5676:Commensalism
5524:Biodiversity
5401:Allee effect
5140:kelp forests
5093:Example webs
4958:Detritivores
4952:
4797:Organotrophs
4777:Kinetotrophs
4729:Productivity
4575:
4558:1Lecture.com
4525:. Retrieved
4511:
4501:
4489:. Retrieved
4475:
4436:. Retrieved
4429:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4385:
4381:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4339:
4333:
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4281:
4274:
4262:. Retrieved
4232:
4228:
4215:
4203:. Retrieved
4196:
4171:. Retrieved
4154:(1): 73â84.
4151:
4147:
4137:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4062:
4056:
4046:
4034:. Retrieved
4014:
4008:
3998:
3971:
3965:
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3915:
3911:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3853:
3849:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3807:
3801:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3760:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3728:Humana Press
3722:
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3683:
3677:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3633:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3573:
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3532:
3522:
3510:. Retrieved
3491:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3454:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3420:
3416:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3387:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3345:
3339:
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3308:(2): 82â95.
3305:
3301:
3273:. Retrieved
3253:
3249:
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3221:
3212:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3147:
3143:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3095:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3053:
3047:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3005:
2999:
2989:
2954:
2948:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2906:
2900:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2866:
2862:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2834:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2787:
2781:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2739:
2733:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2691:
2685:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2633:
2627:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2582:
2576:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2534:
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2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2449:
2443:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2400:Humana Press
2395:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2347:
2318:. Retrieved
2300:
2265:. Retrieved
2232:(1): 12â24.
2229:
2223:
2194:. Retrieved
2175:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2136:
2130:
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2108:. Retrieved
2088:
2082:
2072:
2035:
2029:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1989:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1939:
1935:
1929:
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1870:
1864:
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1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1820:
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1770:
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1644:
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1585:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1538:
1532:
1522:
1420:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1369:
1361:conservation
1357:food science
1350:
1348:
1322:
1306:detritivores
1295:
1283:
1257:, microbial
1244:
1240:multitrophic
1216:saprophagous
1212:plant litter
1204:
1150:
1095:
1076:
1069:
1046:
1038:Medgar Evers
1034:civil rights
1031:
956:Soviet Union
916:
903:putrefaction
896:
887:
875:
854:
849:
834:
819:
812:compared to
792:Composition;
770:, including
719:
711:
683:skeletonized
671:
667:
630:
621:
618:Active decay
608:
589:
562:
543:
539:putrefaction
484:
477:
454:
449:livor mortis
441:rigor mortis
437:algor mortis
432:
430:
409:putrefaction
401:
320:
300:putrefaction
285:
242:
238:
236:
230:
229:
219:
216:detritivores
198:. Bodies of
175:
171:
170:
126:strawberries
63:
59:Putrefaction
54:Rigor mortis
49:Algor mortis
44:Livor mortis
7493: [
7451:Necrophobia
7446:Necrophilia
7416:Immortality
7371:Death squad
7351:Death panel
7336:Death march
7331:Death knell
7311:Death drive
7284:Death deity
7228:Thanatology
7177: [
7123:Legal death
7102:in absentia
7080:Civil death
6925:Examination
6910:Crematorium
6793:Excarnation
6630:After death
6429:Dysthanasia
6395:Brain death
6327:Autoschizis
6305:Phenoptosis
6300:Parthanatos
6290:Necroptosis
6197:In medicine
5756:Disturbance
5659:interaction
5481:Recruitment
5411:Depensation
5203:Copiotrophs
5074:Energy flow
4996:Lithotrophy
4940:Decomposers
4920:Planktivore
4895:Insectivore
4885:Heterotroph
4850:Bacterivore
4817:Phototrophs
4767:Chemotrophs
4739:Restoration
4689:Competition
4258:11336/20641
3856:: 161â172.
3027:25 February
2928:25 February
2880:18 February
2842:18 February
2817:18 February
2761:11 February
2713:11 February
2665:11 February
2604:11 February
1427:amino acids
1259:metabolites
1208:decomposers
1193:A decaying
1126:phenomenon.
991:Hugo ChĂĄvez
987:Kim Jong Il
983:Ho Chi Minh
979:Kim Il Sung
822:skeletonize
725:Temperature
664:Dry/remains
638:soil carbon
600:circulatory
592:haemoglobin
553:oviposition
549:flesh flies
523:lactic acid
495:respiratory
348:flesh-flies
212:decomposers
167:in a forest
7561:Composting
7545:Categories
7421:Last rites
7391:Extinction
7361:Death pose
7356:Death poem
7326:Death hoax
7306:Death camp
7299:Psychopomp
7174:Death tech
7029:Necromancy
7007:Paranormal
6989:Underworld
6841:Dissection
6803:Resomation
6798:Promession
6776:Sky burial
6743:Prosection
6728:Maceration
6439:Euthanasia
6357:Karyolysis
6315:Pyroptosis
6295:Paraptosis
6205:Cell death
6124:Sexecology
5701:Parasitism
5666:Antibiosis
5501:Resistance
5496:Resilience
5386:Population
5306:Camouflage
5258:Oligotroph
5173:Ascendency
5135:intertidal
5125:cold seeps
5079:Food chain
4880:Herbivores
4855:Carnivores
4782:Mixotrophs
4757:Autotrophs
4636:components
3417:Thresholds
3348:: 162â90.
3056:(102109).
2556:4 February
2471:4 February
2423:28 January
2375:28 January
2320:28 January
2267:28 January
2196:21 January
2009:21 January
1969:21 January
1930:Sus scrofa
1900:14 January
1840:14 January
1514:References
1503:Putrescine
1467:Cadaverine
1377:food chain
1286:saproxylic
1228:mistletoes
1177:Composting
1175:See also:
1104:purposes:
995:mausoleums
975:Mao Zedong
762:scavengers
760:Access by
642:phosphorus
634:vegetation
487:metabolism
463:or remove
452:earlobes.
421:necrobiome
417:microbiome
352:blow-flies
331:scavengers
312:putrescine
308:cadaverine
255:hydrolysis
208:earthworms
143:, Tanzania
7466:Sacrifice
7461:Predation
7426:Longevity
7216:Taphonomy
7153:Trust law
7108:Death row
6893:Afterlife
6846:Gibbeting
6783:Cremation
6748:Taxidermy
6723:Embalming
6599:Micromort
6545:Mortality
6322:Autolysis
6280:Autophagy
6275:Apoptosis
6029:Allometry
5983:Emergence
5711:Symbiosis
5696:Mutualism
5491:Stability
5396:Abundance
5208:Dominance
5166:Processes
5155:tide pool
5051:Food webs
4925:Predation
4910:Omnivores
4837:Consumers
4792:Mycotroph
4749:Producers
4694:Ecosystem
4659:Behaviour
4287:CRC Press
4168:1365-3032
4111:(2): 13.
3940:1164-5563
3918:: 18â24.
3886:135319222
3878:0016-7061
3766:CRC Press
3497:McFarland
3459:Routledge
3423:: 10â13.
3336:"Mummies"
2812:222173345
2551:129020735
2305:CRC Press
2181:CRC Press
1994:CRC Press
1932:Linnaeus"
1825:CRC Press
1800:7 January
1744:7 January
1684:7 January
1617:7 January
1568:1 January
1477:Ecosystem
1431:Cellulose
1298:grassland
1279:white-rot
1251:cellulose
1236:polypores
1224:parasitic
1165:Body Farm
1157:Body Farm
1110:taphonomy
1108:Forensic
1036:activist
1013:Padre Pio
967:Communist
942:Argentina
938:Eva PerĂłn
931:mummified
918:Embalming
863:adipocere
755:soil type
739:embalming
675:cartilage
654:magnesium
646:potassium
545:Blowflies
473:autolysis
405:autolysis
288:autolysis
224:from the
221:taphonomy
196:biosphere
165:nurse log
151:A rotten
7520:Category
7490:Thanabot
7441:Necronym
7411:Homicide
6962:Obituary
6950:Mourning
6940:Internet
6883:Cemetery
6758:Disposal
6711:Cryonics
6380:Abortion
6347:Pyknosis
6213:Necrosis
6084:Endolith
6013:Xerosere
5925:networks
5741:Ecocline
5287:Defense,
4963:Detritus
4865:Foraging
4734:Resource
4402:27989764
4356:12222639
4198:MIT News
3990:27105275
3945:28 April
3891:28 April
3850:Geoderma
3829:28 April
3781:21 April
3743:21 April
3705:21 April
3700:11457603
3657:21 April
3616:14 April
3590:14 April
3556:14 April
3512:14 April
3434:31 March
3396:31 March
3367:17 March
3362:18046750
3319:17 March
3275:17 March
3229:17 March
3169:10 March
3164:16887585
3144:Anaerobe
3070:33596512
3022:19549030
2981:30253686
2804:33001249
2756:19656646
2708:20412365
2660:24487775
2599:20728294
2466:28866239
2262:13518728
2254:17091303
2158:24 March
2110:24 March
2105:19554461
2064:30741115
1887:25613586
1787:19629724
1739:16228053
1731:22914911
1679:18613932
1594:Springer
1563:23683614
1555:25730701
1487:Leachate
1461:See also
1402:wetlands
1352:spoilage
1310:termites
1296:In most
1247:detritus
1064:skeleton
1060:bog body
1056:embalmed
1017:formalin
973:such as
946:paraffin
923:mourners
867:proteins
796:Clothing
784:Rainfall
778:Humidity
658:nitrogen
585:nitrogen
515:proteins
480:blisters
388:vultures
323:bacteria
304:bacteria
251:chemical
7530:Outline
7478:Suicide
7118:Inquest
7085:Coroner
6977:SaáčsÄra
6945:Midwife
6930:Funeral
6905:Customs
6878:Carrion
6577:Karoshi
6390:Autopsy
6270:Anoikis
6074:Ecopath
5881:Habitat
5751:Ecotype
5746:Ecotone
5723:ecology
5721:Spatial
5657:Species
5517:Species
5388:ecology
5373:Ecology
5321:Mimicry
5289:counter
5233:f-ratio
4981:Archaea
4669:Biomass
4642:General
4634:Trophic
4626:Ecology
4237:Bibcode
4128:4931425
4105:Insects
4067:Bibcode
4019:Bibcode
3920:Bibcode
3858:Bibcode
3812:Bibcode
3474:7 April
3258:Bibcode
3123:3 March
3075:3 March
2972:6193206
2911:Bibcode
2651:4196037
2510:1402750
2234:Bibcode
2153:7239364
2055:6838823
1964:1934999
1944:Bibcode
1936:Ecology
1895:7167656
1795:8377711
1670:3597247
1649:Bibcode
1508:Staling
1416:tilling
1314:grazing
1281:fungi.
1124:medical
1042:autopsy
954:of the
850:Titanic
826:mummify
814:lettuce
650:calcium
611:maggots
581:methane
535:ammonia
527:methane
445:gravity
364:coyotes
335:insects
296:enzymes
292:tissues
7431:Martyr
7167:Fields
7128:Murder
7044:SĂ©ance
7014:Ghosts
6898:Tukdam
6766:Burial
6648:Stages
6332:Eschar
5105:Rivers
5001:Marine
4527:2 June
4518:
4491:2 June
4482:
4438:2 June
4407:26 May
4400:
4361:26 May
4354:
4310:19 May
4301:
4264:2 June
4205:12 May
4173:12 May
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1561:
1553:
1499:(turf)
1451:chitin
1439:lignin
1423:sugars
1381:faecal
1290:Lignin
1271:lignin
1263:lignin
1261:, and
1232:aphids
1183:, and
1137:moved.
1134:vermin
965:Other
927:fixing
830:Casper
772:wounds
768:Trauma
751:Burial
737:Prior
732:oxygen
714:insect
677:, and
555:site.
511:lipids
461:oxygen
372:wolves
298:, and
231:taphos
7497:]
7471:human
7237:Other
7181:]
7053:Legal
6994:Vigil
6935:Grief
6483:Lists
6190:Death
6022:Other
5923:Other
5876:Guild
5848:Niche
5100:Lakes
4570:Death
4426:(PDF)
4330:(PDF)
4225:(PDF)
4084:5 May
4036:5 May
3882:S2CID
3638:(PDF)
3298:(PDF)
2808:S2CID
2624:(PDF)
2547:S2CID
2258:S2CID
1960:JSTOR
1891:S2CID
1791:S2CID
1735:S2CID
1675:S2CID
1590:(PDF)
1559:S2CID
1482:Humus
1447:humus
1443:cutin
1275:fungi
1195:peach
1159:) in
1102:legal
1072:amber
879:mummy
855:green
845:soils
841:acids
837:flies
810:bacon
679:bones
594:into
565:bloat
559:Bloat
457:blood
433:fresh
427:Fresh
384:crows
376:foxes
339:mites
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188:water
153:apple
7158:Will
6639:Body
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5110:Soil
4529:2024
4516:ISBN
4493:2024
4480:ISBN
4440:2024
4409:2024
4398:PMID
4363:2024
4352:PMID
4312:2024
4299:ISBN
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4175:2024
4164:ISSN
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3160:PMID
3125:2024
3112:ISBN
3077:2024
3066:PMID
3029:2024
3018:PMID
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2930:2024
2882:2024
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2800:PMID
2763:2024
2752:PMID
2715:2024
2704:PMID
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2656:PMID
2606:2024
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2558:2024
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2462:PMID
2425:2024
2412:ISBN
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2364:ISBN
2322:2024
2309:ISBN
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2250:PMID
2198:2024
2185:ISBN
2160:2024
2149:PMID
2112:2024
2101:PMID
2060:PMID
2011:2024
1998:ISBN
1971:2024
1902:2024
1883:PMID
1842:2024
1829:ISBN
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1727:PMID
1686:2024
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1606:ISBN
1570:2024
1551:PMID
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1433:and
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1302:fire
1199:mold
1151:The
1049:peat
871:fats
869:and
652:and
602:and
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563:The
547:and
533:and
513:and
497:and
489:and
407:and
386:and
380:rats
368:dogs
316:odor
310:and
277:Ants
6412:DOA
4390:doi
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4344:doi
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4253:hdl
4245:doi
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4113:doi
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2050:PMC
2040:doi
1952:doi
1875:doi
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1665:PMC
1657:doi
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940:of
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