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turned on, the bearings may be noisy due to damage, and may fail completely within a few days or weeks even though the unit and its bearings are otherwise new. Common solutions include: keeping the spare unit at a distance from the one which is on and vibrating; manually rotating shafts of the spare units on a regular (for example, weekly) basis; or regularly switching between the units so that both are in regular (for example, weekly) operation.
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for the damaged bearings were micro-oscillations which occurred due to the shipping. The small oscillations result in fatigue cracking, followed by release of particles that subsequently start to abrasively damage the contact area between a ball and the bearing race, resulting in a typical wear damage. Because the damage has a similar look to brinelling, it was called false brinelling.
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may fail or need service because of this damage, so it is common to have a nearby spare unit which is left off most of the time but brought into service when needed. Surprisingly, however, vibration from the operating unit can cause bearing failure in the unit which is switched off. When that unit is
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without large rotational movement of all bearing surfaces in the raceway. Lubricant is pushed out of a loaded region during small oscillatory movements and vibration where the bearings surfaces repeatedly do not move very far. Without lubricant, wear is increased when the small oscillatory movements
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If the lubricant is removed, the bearings and races can touch directly. While bearings and races appear smooth to the eye, they are microscopically rough. Thus, high points of each surface can touch, but "valleys" do not. The bearing load is thus spread over much less area increasing the contact
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False brinelling was first mentioned by Almen in 1937. Almen found that wheel bearings were damaged before they were used by customers. Furthermore, he found that the bearings were more damaged for long-distance shipping of the cars and that the season of shipping also had an influence. The reason
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The simulation of false brinelling is possible with the help of the finite element method. For the simulation, the relative displacements (slip) between rolling element and raceway as well as the pressure in the rolling contact are determined. For comparison between simulation and experiments, the
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Physical simulation of the false brinelling mechanism has been standardized since the 1980's in the Fafnir
Bearing test instrument, where two sets of thrust ball bearings are compressed with a fixed load, and the bearings are oscillated by an excentric arm under standardised conditions. This
177:, for which specialty greases had to be developed that result in almost no false brinelling damage. Similar damage may also occur in electric and electronic contacts that are subjected to vibrations during use, think of aerospace and automotive connectors and even
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battery compartments. Although the damage in these areas may not be as severe as the false brinelling in bearings, the damage mechanisms are similar and result in the creation of particles in the contact that can severely influence the electrical connection.
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Tonazzi, D.; Komba, E. Houara; Massi, F.; Le Jeune, G.; Coudert, J. B.; Maheo, Y.; Berthier, Y. (15 April 2017). "Numerical analysis of contact stress and strain distributions for greased and ungreased high loaded oscillating bearings".
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friction work density is used, which is the product of friction coefficient, slip and local pressure. The simulation results can be used to determine critical application parameters or to explain the damage mechanisms.
100:. Wear debris is bad because it is relatively large compared to the surrounding surface finish and thus creates more regions of high contact stress. Worse, the steel in ordinary bearings can oxidize (
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culminated in the ASTM D4170 standard. Although an old method, this is still the leading quality control method for greases that need to avoid the false brinelling damage.
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tended to suffer from false brinelling in the "straight ahead" steering position, due to small movements caused by flexing of the fork. Good modern headsets incorporate a
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Maruyama, Taisuke; Saitoh, Tsuyoshi; Yokouchi, Atsushi (4 May 2017). "Differences in
Mechanisms for Fretting Wear Reduction between Oil and Grease Lubrication".
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Schwack, F.; Prigge, F.; Poll, G. (October 2018). "Finite element simulation and experimental analysis of false brinelling and fretting corrosion".
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Although the car-delivery problem has been solved, there are many modern examples. A major maintenance problem are the pitch bearings in
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Feng, Chen; Maruyama, Taisuke; Saito, Tsuyoshi (2009). "Oil Film
Behavior under Minute Vibrating Conditions in EHL Point Contacts".
45:, but are caused by a different mechanism. False brinelling may occur in bearings which act under small oscillations or vibrations.
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81:. Although these lubricants normally appear liquid (not solid), under high pressure they act as solids and keep the bearing and
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The basic cause of false brinelling is that the design of the bearing does not have a method for redistribution of
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715:"Comparison of Life Calculations for Oscillating Bearings Considering Individual Pitch Control in Wind Turbines"
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Pittroff, Hans (1 September 1965). "Fretting
Corrosion Caused by Vibration With Rolling Bearings Stationary".
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Schwack, Fabian; Bader, Norbert; Leckner, Johan; Demaille, Claire; Poll, Gerhard (15 August 2020).
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Pittroff, Hans (1965). "Fretting
Corrosion Caused by Vibration With Rolling Bearings Stationary".
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651:"Service Life of Blade Bearings - Problems Faced in Service Life Estimation of Blade Bearings"
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249:"Service Life of Blade Bearings - Problems Faced in Service Life Estimation of Blade Bearings"
223:"Time-dependent analyses of wear in oscillating bearing applications (PDF Download Available)"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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to accommodate this flexing, leaving the ball race to provide pure rotational movement.
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449:"Another perspective: False brinelling and fretting corrosion (PDF Download Available)"
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ASTM D4170, Standard Test Method for
Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases
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Almen, J.O. (1937). "Lubricants and False
Brinelling of Ball and Roller Bearings".
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483:. 21st International Conference on Wear of Materials. 376–377, Part B: 1164–1175.
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has the rollers and races separated by a thin layer of lubricant such as
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423:"Fretting Corrosion or False Brinelling | Wear | Surface Science"
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US Motors service bulletin case study, explanation, and pictures
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Test bearings for ASTM D4170 False
Brinelling fretting wear test
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and form an abrasive compound which further accelerates wear.
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Example of an application in which false brinelling may occur
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Comparison between simulated frictional work density and wear
677:"Time-depending analyses of wear in oscillating bearings"
696:"Blade bearings: Damage mechanisms and test strategies"
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False brinelling standstill marks on roller bearings
815:Precision Spindle explanation of false Brinelling
759:. Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB). 2011.
349:. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 42–43.
53:occur again. It is possible for the resulting
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41:, that causes imprints that look similar to
810:Emerson Bearing picture of false Brinelling
504:"The Rusting of Steel Surfaces in Contact"
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69:In normal operation, a rolling-element
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96:The broken-off pieces are also called
719:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
143:False Brinelling Fretting wear tester
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694:Stammler, Matthias (March 2015).
447:Errichello, Robert (April 2004).
649:Schwack, Fabian; Poll, Gerhard.
502:Tomlinson, G. A. (1 July 1927).
247:Schwack, Fabian; Poll, Gerhard.
740:10.1088/1742-6596/753/11/112013
221:Schwack, Fabian (25 May 2017).
565:10.1016/j.triboint.2018.05.013
108:Simulation of false brinelling
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392:10.1080/10402004.2016.1180469
22:False brinelling of a bearing
820:MRO Today on rotating spares
624:Journal of Basic Engineering
355:10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_16
275:Journal of Basic Engineering
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489:10.1016/j.wear.2016.11.037
323:10.1016/j.wear.2020.203335
713:Schwack, Fabian (2016).
675:Schwack, Fabian (2017).
197:Until recently, bicycle
553:Tribology International
453:Lubrication Engineering
605:Mechanical Engineering
529:10.1098/rspa.1927.0104
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559:: 352–362.
98:wear debris
846:Metallurgy
835:Categories
702:: 371–379.
209:References
187:generators
57:debris to
43:brinelling
841:Tribology
792:ignored (
782:cite book
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573:0301-679X
538:1364-5021
408:138588351
400:1040-2004
332:0043-1648
295:0098-2202
50:lubricant
39:corrosion
700:CWD 2015
199:headsets
157:Examples
35:fretting
772:27 June
727:Bibcode
683:(72nd).
660:27 June
516:Bibcode
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459:: 34–36
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71:bearing
59:oxidize
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185:Also,
91:stress
75:grease
827:(PDF)
577:S2CID
404:S2CID
191:pumps
29:is a
794:help
774:2017
761:ISBN
681:STLE
662:2017
569:ISSN
534:ISSN
481:Wear
465:2017
434:2017
396:ISSN
359:ISBN
328:ISSN
314:Wear
291:ISSN
260:2017
234:2017
102:rust
83:race
55:wear
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723:753
632:doi
561:doi
557:126
524:doi
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189:or
79:oil
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