30:
42:
1682:
888:
If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent, Comparison with the diminution in the size of age cohorts born during the famine years suggests that the official
Nationalist figure includes population loss through excess mortality and declined fertility migration, which leaves a famine death toll of well under 1 million.
1670:
899:
Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The
History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010 pp.32, 67, xxiii. Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks p.xi. Yang, Jisheng (2008). Tombstone (Mu Bei - Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji
887:
A detailed survey organized by the
Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population.
398:
to provide, as necessary, to famine areas and transport foods from other areas and to distribute them. The reputation of an emperor depended on how he succeeded. National famines occurred even when the drought areas were too large, especially when simultaneously larger areas of flooded rivers were
377:
391:(16th–11th century BC) until the founding of modern China, chroniclers have regularly described recurring disasters. There have always been times and places where rains have failed, especially in the northwest of China, and this has led to famine.
824:
29:
726:
403:
occurred, or when the central government did not have sufficient reserves. If an emperor could not prevent a famine, he lost prestige and legitimacy. It was said that he had lost the
1158:
1574:
644:
two millions and a half have perished, and there is unfortunately too much reason to believe that the enormous total of nine and a half millions is substantially correct.
183:
Primarily caused by famine, lower life expectancy and plague in the case of the Nian rebellion, the total war casualties are claimed to possibly be 10–30 million people
1163:
Shiue, Carol H. "Local granaries and central government disaster relief: moral hazard and intergovernmental finance in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century China."
1117:
Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn Jean. "From 'Nourish the People' to 'Sacrifice for the Nation': Changing
Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China."
1091:
Kathryn Jean, Edgerton-Tarpley, "From 'Nourish the People' to 'Sacrifice for the Nation': Changing
Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China."
1599:
833:
1512:
841:
In Gansu the estimated mortality was 2.5 to 3 million In
Shaanxi, out of a population of 13 million, an estimated 3 million died of hunger or disease
1033:
1544:
1235:
423:
54:
188:
709:
517:
1706:
1202:
781:
1604:
536:
983:
667:
622:(November 1879). "Report of R.J. Forrest, Esq., H.B.M. Consul at Tien-tsin and Chairman of the Famine Relief Committee at Tien-tsin".
1496:
924:
546:
1122:
1096:
356:
Half of the country, in particular Anhui (18% died), Chongqing (15% died), Sichuan (13% died), Guizhou (11% died), Hunan (8% died)
786:[An Elementary Study about the Characteristics and the Effect of the Great Drought in Northwest China from 1928 to 1930].
1250:
246:
115:
1645:
1579:
1594:
324:
305:
914:
1674:
594:
1619:
1609:
1522:
1428:
1112:
Famine in China and the missionary: Timothy
Richard as relief administrator and advocate of national reform, 1876–1884
264:
1146:
223:
1491:
1711:
1401:
1225:
1406:
1195:
338:
1348:
1517:
1475:
1470:
1353:
1230:
1065:
619:
410:
Qing China built an elaborate system designed to minimize famine deaths. The system was destroyed in the
1584:
1448:
1287:
1005:
499:
161:
Unknown (45 million population decrease, unknown how many emigrated or avoided census to evade taxes)
1614:
1569:
1537:
1532:
1458:
1433:
1389:
348:
1685:
1463:
1294:
1245:
1188:
956:
1589:
1527:
1315:
1304:
1282:
1277:
1266:
1057:
878:
762:
754:
521:
481:
359:
66:
802:
453:
376:
1564:
1438:
1331:
1240:
920:
870:
746:
705:
663:
657:
542:
473:
411:
404:
177:
1640:
1635:
1421:
1416:
1299:
1255:
1049:
862:
853:
Garnaut, Anthony (November 2013). "A Quantitative
Description of the Henan Famine of 1942".
738:
465:
395:
994:
1650:
1411:
1018:
433:
400:
235:
1655:
1168:
173:
41:
1700:
1394:
1343:
1136:
Fighting famine in North China: state, market, and environmental decline, 1690s-1990s
1061:
1053:
882:
826:
Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and
Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s
766:
388:
938:
1443:
142:
699:
234:
The drought from 1898-1901 led to a fear of famine, which was a leading cause of
1326:
930:
17:
387:
In China famines have been an ongoing problem for thousands of years. From the
1211:
1153:
Shiue, Carol H. "The political economy of famine relief in China, 1740–1820."
866:
105:
874:
750:
576:
477:
1381:
598:
1337:
1453:
1376:
1175:
Nourish the people: The state civilian granary system in China, 1650–1850
1129:
Tears from iron: cultural responses to famine in nineteenth-century China
1080:
Nourish the people: The state civilian granary system in China, 1650–1850
637:
276:
209:
832:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 303–307. Archived from
758:
485:
452:
Mallory, Walter H.; Vinacke, Harold M.; King-Hall, Stephen (May 1927).
284:
57:. Between 108 BC and 1911 AD, there were no fewer than 1,828 recorded
1358:
629:
428:
280:
197:
58:
742:
469:
900:
Huang Ji Shi). Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), Hong Kong pp.12, 429.
641:
633:
380:
375:
333:
292:
288:
272:
205:
201:
62:
40:
28:
1184:
685:
History in Three Keys The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
1180:
577:"Hong Xiuquan: The rebel who thought he was Jesus's brother"
383:
officials engaged in famine relief, 19th-century engraving
316:
Drought, wartime constraints, and inefficiency of relief
458:
Journal of the Royal
Institute of International Affairs
33:
Victims of a famine forced to sell their children from
1575:
International Conference on Population and Development
701:
Political Routes to Starvation: Why Does Famine Kill?
1628:
1553:
1505:
1484:
1367:
1313:
1264:
1218:
727:"Introduction: Food, Famine, and the Chinese State"
1141:Maohong, Bao. "Environmental history in China."
919:. Hong Kong: 時代國際出版. pp. 46, 67, 117, 150.
241:0.2 million in Shanxi, the worst hit province.
104:Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;
362:, Floods, Droughts, Typhoons, Insect Invasion
1196:
861:(6). Cambridge University Press: 2034, 2044.
238:. The famine eventually came in Spring 1901.
69:or another. The famines varied in severity.
8:
1127:Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, and Cormac O'gr.
1600:United Nations world population conferences
908:
906:
1513:Population and housing censuses by country
1203:
1189:
1181:
76:
1236:Estimates of historical world population
1036:Great Leap, Great Famine: A Review Essay
424:List of disasters in China by death toll
1173:Will, Pierre-Etienne, and R. Bin Wong.
444:
399:over their banks and thus additionally
1014:
1003:
1177:(University of Michigan Press, 2020).
1082:(University of Michigan Press, 2020).
1078:Pierre-Etienne Will and R. Bin Wong,
595:"Ch'ing China: The Taiping Rebellion"
7:
1669:
1155:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
628:The authorities are assured that in
1605:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
518:"Projects and Events: 14th Century"
65:, or once nearly every year in one
795:Journal of Guyuan Teachers College
429:History of famines in the Far East
189:Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79
25:
1497:Population and Development Review
1042:Population and Development Review
656:Cormac Ó Gráda (March 16, 2009).
254:northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu
1681:
1680:
1668:
1545:Population concern organizations
1251:Projections of population growth
1054:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00595.x
231:Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia
1646:Human impact on the environment
1580:Population Action International
541:. Genealogical Publishing Com.
224:Northern Chinese Famine of 1901
1595:United Nations Population Fund
1131:(U of California Press, 2008).
1032:Gráda, Cormac Ó (March 2011).
725:Li, Lillian M. (August 1982).
662:. Princeton University Press.
538:A Field Guide for Genealogists
1:
632:five millions and a half, in
935:An excerpt is published as:
731:The Journal of Asian Studies
704:. Vernon Press. p. 45.
200:(5.5 million dead), also in
1707:Lists of disasters in China
1620:World Population Foundation
1610:World Population Conference
1523:World population milestones
1165:Journal of Economic History
265:Chinese famine of 1920-1921
247:Chinese famine of 1906–1907
116:Chinese famine of 1333-1337
55:lists of disasters in China
1728:
1492:Population and Environment
984:"中國大饑荒時期「非正常人口死亡」研究之綜述與解讀"
957:"The Great Chinese Famine"
1664:
1402:Human population planning
1226:Demographics of the world
867:10.1017/S0026749X13000103
306:Chinese famine of 1928–30
92:Estimated number of dead
1407:Compulsory sterilization
1119:Journal of Asian Studies
1093:Journal of Asian Studies
790:
782:
339:Second Sino-Japanese War
53:, part of the series of
51:List of famines in China
1349:Malthusian growth model
1143:Environment and History
939:"1959-1961年中国的人口死亡及其成因"
823:Li, Lillian M. (2007).
783:浅析1928-1930年西北大旱灾的特点及影响
683:Cohen, Paul A. (1997).
659:Famine: A Short History
640:half a million, and in
535:Jacobson, Judy (2001).
454:"China: Land of Famine"
394:It was the task of the
154:1810, 1811, 1846, 1849
141:Eventually causing the
1476:Zero population growth
1471:Sustainable population
1395:Malthusian catastrophe
1354:Overshoot (population)
1231:Demographic transition
1013:Cite journal requires
788:Gùyuán Shīzhuān Xuébào
780:Chen, Sherong (2002).
384:
46:
45:Global famines history
38:
1585:Population Connection
1449:Mere addition paradox
1288:Physiological density
379:
372:Responding to famines
44:
32:
1615:World Population Day
1570:Church of Euthanasia
1459:Non-identity problem
1434:Political demography
1390:Human overpopulation
1157:36.1 (2005): 33-55.
1138:(Stanford UP, 2007).
1110:Bohr, Paul Richard.
855:Modern Asian Studies
797:] (in Chinese).
698:Dianda, Bas (2019).
349:Great Chinese Famine
145:to collapse in 1644
1464:Reproductive rights
1295:Population dynamics
1246:Population momentum
982:劉兆崑 (August 2008).
963:. 26 September 2019
916:大饥荒：1959-1961年的中国人口
801:(1). Archived from
687:. pp. 95, 323.
506:. February 6, 1928.
138:Northwestern China
35:The Famine in China
1590:Population Matters
1305:Population pyramid
1283:Population density
1278:Population decline
583:. 17 October 2012.
500:"Heaven, Observe!"
385:
360:Great Leap Forward
259:20 to 25 million
218:9.5 to 13 million
47:
39:
1694:
1693:
1565:7 Billion Actions
1439:Population ethics
1332:Carrying capacity
1241:Population growth
1167:(2004): 100-124.
1145:(2004): 475-499.
1121:(2014): 447-469.
1095:(2014): 447-469.
711:978-1-62273-508-2
412:Taiping Rebellion
405:Mandate of Heaven
369:
368:
365:15 to 55 million
343:0.7 to 1 million
319:6 to 10 million
178:Taiping Rebellion
108:captured capital
16:(Redirected from
1719:
1712:Famines in China
1684:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1641:Green Revolution
1422:Two-child policy
1417:One-child policy
1340:
1300:Population model
1256:World population
1205:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1064:. Archived from
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1001:
999:
993:. Archived from
988:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
953:
947:
946:
934:
929:. Archived from
910:
901:
897:
891:
890:
850:
844:
843:
838:
831:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
777:
771:
770:
722:
716:
715:
695:
689:
688:
680:
674:
673:
653:
647:
646:
636:one million, in
624:China's Millions
616:
610:
609:
607:
606:
597:. Archived from
591:
585:
584:
573:
567:
566:
559:
553:
552:
532:
526:
525:
520:. Archived from
514:
508:
507:
496:
490:
489:
449:
396:Emperor of China
325:1942–1943 famine
208:(1 million) and
125:Famine in China
77:
73:Famines in China
21:
18:Famines in China
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1660:
1624:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1501:
1480:
1429:Overconsumption
1412:Family planning
1369:
1363:
1336:
1320:
1317:
1309:
1271:
1268:
1260:
1214:
1209:
1134:Li, Lillian M.
1107:
1105:Further reading
1102:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1012:
1002:
997:
986:
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
955:
954:
950:
936:
927:
912:
911:
904:
898:
894:
852:
851:
847:
839:on 2021-12-27.
836:
829:
822:
821:
817:
808:
806:
792:
784:
779:
778:
774:
743:10.2307/2055445
724:
723:
719:
712:
697:
696:
692:
682:
681:
677:
670:
655:
654:
650:
618:
617:
613:
604:
602:
593:
592:
588:
575:
574:
570:
561:
560:
556:
549:
534:
533:
529:
516:
515:
511:
498:
497:
493:
470:10.2307/3014847
451:
450:
446:
442:
434:List of famines
420:
374:
313:Northern China
236:Boxer Rebellion
212:(0.5 million).
204:(2.5 million),
75:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1656:Sustainability
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1629:Related topics
1626:
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1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1518:Largest cities
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
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1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
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1468:
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1426:
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1424:
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1409:
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1397:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1338:I = P × A × T
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1280:
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1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1114:(Brill, 2020).
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1071:
1068:on 2016-03-07.
1048:(1): 191–210.
1024:
1015:|journal=
1000:on 2020-12-11.
974:
948:
933:on 2016-02-11.
925:
902:
892:
845:
815:
772:
737:(4): 687–707.
717:
710:
690:
675:
669:978-0691122373
668:
648:
620:Forrest, R. J.
611:
586:
568:
554:
547:
527:
524:on 2016-01-13.
509:
491:
464:(3): 185–187.
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
431:
426:
419:
416:
414:of the 1850s.
373:
370:
367:
366:
363:
357:
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185:
184:
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174:Nian Rebellion
171:
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24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1704:
1702:
1687:
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1667:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
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1649:
1647:
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1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Bennett's law
1634:
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1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
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1608:
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1603:
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1571:
1568:
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1563:
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1560:
1557:organizations
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1375:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Kaya identity
1342:
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1325:
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1306:
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1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1007:
996:
992:
985:
978:
975:
962:
961:Alpha History
958:
952:
949:
944:
940:
932:
928:
926:9789889828233
922:
918:
917:
909:
907:
903:
896:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
842:
835:
828:
827:
819:
816:
805:on 2011-07-07
804:
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789:
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1701:Categories
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967:24 October
809:2011-02-15
605:2010-08-21
563:民国时期社会调查丛编
440:References
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135:1630–1631
128:6 million
120:1333–1337
106:Huang Chao
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1651:Migration
1528:6 billion
1062:154275320
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751:0021-9118
478:1473-799X
1686:Category
1454:Natalism
1377:Eugenics
638:Shantung
581:BBC News
418:See also
277:Shandong
251:1906-07
215:Drought
210:Shandong
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1675:Commons
1318:ecology
1269:biology
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755:JSTOR
642:Chili
634:Honan
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