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say the 90 nm adder is better from a circuits and architecture standpoint just because it has less latency. The 90 nm adder might be faster only due to its inherently faster devices. To compare the adder architecture and circuit design, it is more fair to normalize each adder's latency to the delay of one FO4 inverter.
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FO4 is generally used as a delay metric because such a load is generally seen in case of tapered buffers driving large loads, and approximately in any logic gate of a logic path sized for minimum delay. Also, for most technologies the optimum fanout for such buffers generally varies from 2.7 to 5.3.
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Because scaled technologies are inherently faster (in absolute terms), circuit performance can be more fairly compared using the fan out of 4 as a metric. For example, given two 64-bit adders, one implemented in a 0.5 μm technology and the other in 90 nm technology, it would be unfair to
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A fan out of 4 is the answer to the canonical problem stated as follows: Given a fixed size inverter, small in comparison to a fixed large load, minimize the delay in driving the large load. After some math, it can be shown that the minimum delay is achieved when the load is driven by a chain of N
199:, driven by an inverter 4x smaller than itself, and driving an inverter 4x larger than itself. Both conditions are necessary since input signal rise/fall time affects the delay as well as output loading.
401:"This document details the relationship between CV/I device delay metrics, fan-out-of-4 (FO4) inverter gate delay metrics, and high-performance microprocessor clock frequency trends"
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If the load itself is not large, then using a fan out of 4 scaling in successive logic stages does not make sense. In these cases, minimum sized transistors may be faster.
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Horowitz, Mark; Harris, David; Ho, Ron; Wei, Gu-Yeon. "The Fanout-of-4 Inverter Delay Metric".
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456:// ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News. Vol. 30. No. 2. IEEE Computer Society, 2002
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The Thirty-Seventh
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Harris, D.; Sutherland, I. (2003). "Logical effort of carry propagate adders".
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Some examples of high-frequency CPUs with long pipeline and low stage delay:
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inverters, each successive inverter ~4x larger than the previous; N ~ log
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Optimal Logic Depth Per Pipeline Stage is 6 to 8 FO4 Inverter Delays
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has design with cycle delay of 13 FO4; clock period of Intel's
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191:= the MOS gate capacitance of the logic gate under consideration
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27:Measure of time used in digital CMOS technologies
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129:Learn how and when to remove this message
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149:is a measure of time used in digital
30:For the role-playing video game, see
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67:adding citations to reliable sources
377:"IBM POWER6 Processor and Systems"
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442:// RWT, Aug 15, 2002
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63:improve this article
375:Kostenko, Natalya.
143:digital electronics
413:on 3 December 2013
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280:References
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