179:
77:
602:
281:
36:
524:
In 2005, it was estimated that the United States fastener industry runs 350 manufacturing plants and employs 40,000 workers. The industry is strongly tied to the production of automobiles, aircraft, appliances, agricultural machinery, commercial construction, and infrastructure. More than 200 billion
1193:, usually via bar codes or similar methods. This traceability is intended to help ensure that the right parts are used and that quality standards are met in each step of the manufacturing process; additionally, substandard parts can traced back to their source.
549:. The major grade used in stainless steel fasteners: 200 series, 300 series, and 400 series. Titanium, aluminium, and various alloys are also common materials of construction for metal fasteners. In many cases, special coatings or
1177:
American screws, bolts, and nuts were historically not fully interchangeable with their
British counterparts, and therefore would not fit British equipment properly. This, in part, helped lead to the development of numerous
352:
1202:
1525:
Counterfeit Metal
Fasteners: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First [and Second]
572:
When choosing a fastener for a given application, it is important to know the specifics of that application to help select the proper material for the intended use. Factors that should be considered include:
1500:
The Threat from
Substandard Fasteners: Is America Losing Its Grip? : a Report of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives
1182:
and specifications for the manufacturing of essentially any piece of equipment that is used for military or defense purposes, including fasteners. World War II was a significant factor in this change.
477:. Fasteners can also be used to close a container such as a bag, a box, or an envelope; or they may involve keeping together the sides of an opening of flexible material, attaching a
1584:
553:
may be applied to metal fasteners to improve their performance characteristics by, for example, enhancing corrosion resistance. Common coatings/platings include zinc, chrome, and
1414:
1523:
1498:
1205:
investigated counterfeit, mismarked, substandard fasteners and found extensive use in critical civilian and military infrastructure. As a result, they proposed
516:
may join objects together, but they are ordinarily not considered fasteners because their primary purpose is to allow articulation rather than rigid affixment.
1358:
1577:
641:
508:
may be used to mechanically join objects; however, because they have additional common uses, they are not generally categorized as fasteners. Likewise,
525:
fasteners are used per year in the U.S., 26 billion of these by the automotive industry. The largest distributor of fasteners in North
America is the
1189:. Put simply, hardware manufacturers must be able to trace their materials to their source, and provide traceability for their parts going into the
458:, which in a sense can be considered fasteners within the scope of the joint system, although on their own they are not general-purpose fasteners.
1080:
Pan head fasteners combine a slightly flattened top with a larger bearing surface, offering a streamlined appearance for aesthetic applications.
1570:
1398:
1116:
Designed for T-slotted aluminium extrusions, T-slot fasteners provide a secure and adjustable connection for framing and guarding systems.
1092:
Known for their high torque capacity, hex head fasteners are easily driven with a spanner or wrench, ideal for heavy-duty applications.
1223:
1553:
1068:
Ideal for applications where aesthetics are a priority, flat head fasteners sit flush with the surface, offering a clean appearance.
565:
When selecting a fastener for industrial applications, it is important to consider a variety of factors. The threading, the applied
338:
320:
262:
160:
63:
1110:
Featuring protruding "wings" for hand tightening, wing head fasteners are suitable for applications requiring frequent adjustments.
98:
91:
1307:
1104:
Integrating a flange for a larger bearing surface, flange head fasteners distribute clamping force without damaging the material.
379:; that is, joints that can be removed or dismantled without damaging the joining components. Steel fasteners are usually made of
1439:
1472:
1280:
1179:
1098:
Offering increased wrenching area and reduced risk of rounding off, square head fasteners are used in high torque applications.
1074:
With a rounded top, round head fasteners provide a larger bearing surface, suitable for sheet metal or thin plastic assemblies.
375:
device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent
1130:
200:
1134:
1262:
302:
356:
243:
141:
1086:
Designed for high torque applications, socket head fasteners are driven with a hex key, reducing the risk of cam-out.
569:
on the fastener, the stiffness of the fastener, and the number of fasteners needed should all be taken into account.
215:
113:
1522:
United States
Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (1988).
1497:
United States
Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (1988).
291:
189:
87:
196:
49:
222:
120:
1366:
1697:
1934:
843:
229:
127:
1209:(HR5051) that would require laboratory testing of fasteners in critical use applications prior to sale.
812:
554:
1159:
B18.6.2 Slotted Head Cap Screws, Square Head Set Screws, And
Slotted Headless Set Screws (Inch Series)
1979:
1929:
838:
211:
109:
1844:
2005:
1839:
1783:
447:
372:
1243:
1625:
1610:
1549:
1394:
1388:
1019:
1004:
634:
1917:
1849:
1712:
1126:
855:
828:
762:
716:
470:
376:
1854:
1722:
1692:
1667:
1642:
1615:
1029:
906:
860:
711:
674:
649:
645:
630:
566:
538:
513:
478:
395:
380:
1336:
394:
Other methods of joining materials, some of which may create permanent joints, include:
1922:
1702:
1657:
1647:
1315:
953:
780:
691:
626:
455:
580:
Environment, including temperature, water exposure, and potentially corrosive elements
236:
134:
1999:
1961:
1946:
1637:
1447:
994:
755:
750:
411:
55:
1286:
1892:
1752:
1620:
1190:
1186:
1168:
B18.24 Part
Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Standard for B18 Fastener Products
1044:
1034:
989:
911:
879:
795:
775:
721:
653:
618:
542:
505:
435:
384:
1822:
1218:
1024:
983:
946:
817:
770:
664:
546:
388:
178:
76:
1562:
1162:
B18.6.3 Machine Screws, Tapping Screws, and
Metallic Drive Screws (Inch Series)
27:
Hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together
1912:
941:
931:
805:
800:
790:
727:
601:
482:
443:
481:
to a container, etc. There are also special-purpose closing devices, e.g., a
1897:
1869:
1864:
1798:
1788:
1717:
1039:
978:
936:
745:
740:
706:
686:
497:
462:
403:
1974:
1969:
1874:
1859:
1834:
999:
971:
921:
889:
526:
439:
415:
17:
1984:
1826:
1808:
1732:
1672:
1605:
1390:
Fundamentals of Modern
Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems
1203:
United States House Energy Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
958:
896:
833:
785:
735:
550:
407:
399:
1951:
1939:
1907:
1902:
1747:
1707:
1687:
1682:
1049:
1009:
926:
848:
823:
701:
696:
669:
431:
427:
419:
1803:
1793:
1757:
1677:
1652:
1153:
B18.3 Socket Cap, Shoulder, Set Screws, and Hex Keys (Inch Series)
1014:
916:
874:
869:
864:
679:
622:
600:
509:
501:
466:
451:
423:
351:
1767:
1762:
1632:
1146:
493:
489:
1566:
1662:
1244:"FASTENING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
901:
606:
274:
172:
70:
29:
640:
Other more specialized types of threaded fasteners include
537:
There are three major steel fasteners used in industries:
1282:
The North American fastener industry - The industry today
298:
1149:) publishes several standards on fasteners. Some are:
450:
make use of separate internal reinforcements, such as
290:
may contain excessive or inappropriate references to
1960:
1883:
1821:
1776:
1740:
1731:
1598:
1473:"HOUSE REPORT DETAILS DANGERS OF SUBSTANDARD BOLTS"
203:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1393:(4th ed.), John Wiley and Sons, p. 767,
1529:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 319.
1185:A key component of most military standards is
1145:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (
1578:
1415:"Exploring the World of Fastener Head Styles"
8:
1466:
1464:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1737:
1585:
1571:
1563:
1546:Standard Handbook of Fastening and Joining
609:6914 with DIN 6916 washer and UNI 5587 nut
339:Learn how and when to remove this message
321:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
350:
1235:
1141:ASME B18 standards on certain fasteners
1207:Fastener Quality Assurance Act of 1988
1165:B18.18 Quality Assurance For Fasteners
1135:European Industrial Fastener Institute
97:Please improve this article by adding
301:by removing references to unreliable
7:
305:where they are used inappropriately.
201:adding citations to reliable sources
1263:"Fasteners - Their Needs and Types"
1261:Stonecypher, Lamar (21 May 2009).
1224:Taiwan International Fastener Show
25:
1503:. U.S. Government Printing Office
1471:Tribune, Chicago (31 July 1988).
1156:B18.6.1 Wood Screws (Inch Series)
659:Other types of fastener include:
422:, or the use of other adhesives.
45:This article has multiple issues.
1180:United States Military Standards
1129:for fasteners, including the US
621:. The most common types are the
279:
177:
75:
34:
426:may also be used, such as with
188:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1131:Industrial Fasteners Institute
1:
986:(or bands of other materials)
99:secondary or tertiary sources
1593:Clothing materials and parts
1444:B & B Electro-Mechanical
1121:Standards & traceability
1061:Common head styles include:
1548:(3 ed.). McGraw Hill.
1387:Groover, Mikell P. (2010),
1057:Common fastener head styles
2022:
1440:"Why Traceability Matters"
1308:"Materials & Coatings"
642:captive threaded fasteners
617:has internal or external
1544:Parmley, Robert (1996).
1248:dictionary.cambridge.org
1363:AALL American Fasteners
870:solid/round head rivets
1337:"Best Screwdriver Set"
1267:Bright Hub Engineering
1102:Flange head fasteners:
1096:Square head fasteners:
1084:Socket head fasteners:
844:hook and loop fastener
610:
586:Materials to be joined
461:Furniture supplied in
360:
292:self-published sources
86:relies excessively on
1173:For military hardware
1072:Round head fasteners:
633:, possibly involving
604:
354:
1108:Wing head fasteners:
1066:Flat head fasteners:
839:hook-and-eye closure
583:Installation process
197:improve this article
1359:"Material Finishes"
1125:There are multiple
1090:Hex head fasteners:
1078:Pan head fasteners:
875:semi-tubular rivets
592:Weight restrictions
555:hot-dip galvanizing
475:conformat fasteners
355:Typical fasteners (
1784:Artificial leather
1599:Garment structures
1312:Fastener Solutions
611:
448:woodworking joints
371:(UK English) is a
361:
1993:
1992:
1817:
1816:
1626:Detachable collar
1400:978-0-470-46700-8
1114:T-slot fasteners:
880:blind (pop) rivet
615:threaded fastener
446:). Some types of
349:
348:
341:
331:
330:
323:
273:
272:
265:
247:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2013:
1738:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1446:. Archived from
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1365:. Archived from
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1314:. Archived from
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1285:, archived from
1277:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1127:standards bodies
717:captive fastener
650:threaded inserts
605:Structural bolt
527:Fastenal Company
473:, also known as
465:form often uses
367:(US English) or
359:shown for scale)
344:
337:
326:
319:
315:
312:
306:
283:
282:
275:
268:
261:
257:
254:
248:
246:
205:
181:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1956:
1879:
1813:
1772:
1727:
1616:Clerical collar
1594:
1591:
1556:
1543:
1540:
1538:Further reading
1535:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1477:Chicago Tribune
1470:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1215:
1199:
1175:
1143:
1123:
1059:
1054:
1030:tolerance rings
954:retaining rings
907:clevis fastener
675:bolt (fastener)
599:
563:
539:stainless steel
535:
522:
381:stainless steel
345:
334:
333:
332:
327:
316:
310:
307:
296:
284:
280:
269:
258:
252:
249:
206:
204:
194:
182:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
96:
92:primary sources
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1489:
1460:
1431:
1406:
1399:
1379:
1350:
1328:
1299:
1272:
1253:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1195:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1142:
1139:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
976:
975:
974:
966:
965:
964:
961:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
899:
894:
893:
892:
884:
883:
882:
877:
872:
858:
853:
852:
851:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
781:Crocodile clip
778:
773:
765:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
732:
731:
730:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
692:brass fastener
689:
684:
683:
682:
672:
667:
661:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
562:
559:
534:
531:
521:
518:
347:
346:
329:
328:
287:
285:
278:
271:
270:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2018:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:Hook-and-loop
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1557:
1555:9780070485891
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1450:on 2019-04-14
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1420:
1419:DMS Fasteners
1416:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1369:on 2019-04-03
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1318:on 2017-08-16
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1289:on 2008-06-13
1288:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:In 1988, the
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:snap fastener
993:
991:
988:
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
970:
969:
967:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:
885:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
766:
764:
761:
757:
756:lobster clasp
754:
752:
751:circle cotter
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
733:
729:
726:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:threaded rods
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:screw threads
616:
608:
603:
596:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:Accessibility
576:
575:
574:
570:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:Items like a
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
353:
343:
340:
325:
322:
314:
311:November 2017
304:
300:
294:
293:
288:This article
286:
277:
276:
267:
264:
256:
253:November 2017
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214: –
213:
209:
208:Find sources:
202:
198:
192:
191:
186:This article
184:
180:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
151:November 2017
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
94:
93:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1930:Hook-and-eye
1893:Back closure
1884:
1823:Animal hides
1698:Shoulder pad
1621:Collar stays
1545:
1524:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1499:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1443:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1421:. 2023-04-27
1418:
1409:
1389:
1382:
1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
1362:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1339:. Prot Guide
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1311:
1302:
1291:, retrieved
1287:the original
1281:
1275:
1266:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1206:
1200:
1191:supply chain
1187:traceability
1184:
1176:
1144:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1045:wedge anchor
1035:treasury tag
990:screw anchor
796:hairpin clip
776:Bulldog clip
658:
639:
614:
612:
571:
564:
561:Applications
543:carbon steel
536:
523:
506:plastic wrap
487:
474:
460:
436:suction cups
393:
385:carbon steel
368:
364:
362:
335:
317:
308:
297:Please help
289:
259:
250:
240:
233:
226:
219:
207:
195:Please help
190:verification
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1219:Safety wire
1025:toggle bolt
984:rubber band
968:rivet-like
947:tapered pin
820:(thumbtack)
818:drawing pin
771:Binder clip
724:(or cramp)
665:anchor bolt
589:Reusability
547:alloy steel
444:sticky pads
438:), or even
389:alloy steel
1913:Buttonhole
1454:2017-01-16
1425:2024-02-19
1373:2017-01-16
1343:19 October
1322:2017-01-16
1293:2009-02-08
1230:References
942:spring pin
932:safety pin
806:terry clip
801:paper clip
791:Clothespin
734:clasp and
728:hose clamp
492:, string,
483:bread clip
469:locked by
467:cam dowels
357:US quarter
299:improve it
223:newspapers
212:"Fastener"
121:newspapers
110:"Fastener"
88:references
50:improve it
2006:Fasteners
1980:Waistline
1898:Belt hook
1885:Fasteners
1799:Polyester
1777:Synthetic
1718:Waistband
1040:twist tie
979:rock bolt
937:split pin
746:carabiner
741:bolt snap
707:cable tie
687:bolt snap
533:Materials
471:cam locks
463:flat-pack
404:soldering
369:fastening
56:talk page
18:Fasteners
2000:Category
1975:Bustline
1970:Neckline
1875:Stingray
1850:Kangaroo
1733:Textiles
1526:Sessions
1213:See also
1133:and the
1010:stitches
1000:snap-fit
972:well nut
922:linchpin
890:tent peg
520:Industry
456:biscuits
440:friction
396:crimping
373:hardware
365:fastener
1985:Hemline
1855:Ostrich
1827:leather
1809:Spandex
1789:Elastic
1741:Natural
1673:Placket
1606:Armscye
1507:3 March
1482:3 March
1197:History
959:circlip
897:PEM nut
834:grommet
786:circlip
736:shackle
635:washers
551:plating
514:springs
428:magnets
408:brazing
400:welding
303:sources
237:scholar
135:scholar
1952:Zipper
1940:Velcro
1908:Button
1903:Buckle
1748:Cotton
1708:Sleeve
1693:Ruffle
1688:Revers
1683:Pocket
1668:Lining
1643:Facing
1611:Collar
1552:
1397:
1050:zipper
1005:staple
963:e-ring
927:R-clip
912:cotter
849:Velcro
824:flange
813:clutch
702:button
697:buckle
670:batten
652:, and
545:, and
510:hinges
452:dowels
442:(like
434:(like
432:vacuum
420:cement
416:gluing
412:taping
377:joints
239:
232:
225:
218:
210:
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
1962:Seams
1923:Shank
1870:Snake
1865:Sheep
1804:Rayon
1794:Nylon
1758:Linen
1713:Train
1703:Strap
1678:Pleat
1653:Lapel
1015:strap
917:dowel
886:pegs
865:rivet
856:latch
767:clip
763:cleco
722:clamp
680:screw
623:screw
597:Types
504:, or
502:chain
498:cable
424:Force
387:, or
244:JSTOR
230:books
142:JSTOR
128:books
1947:Snap
1918:Frog
1860:Seal
1845:Goat
1840:Deer
1835:Calf
1768:Wool
1763:Silk
1723:Yoke
1658:Gore
1638:Dart
1633:Cuff
1550:ISBN
1509:2024
1484:2024
1395:ISBN
1345:2023
1147:ASME
902:pins
863:and
861:nail
829:frog
646:stud
631:bolt
629:and
567:load
512:and
494:wire
490:rope
216:news
114:news
1753:Fur
1663:Hem
1648:Fly
1020:tie
712:cam
627:nut
607:DIN
479:lid
454:or
199:by
90:to
2002::
1825:/
1475:.
1463:^
1442:.
1417:.
1361:.
1310:.
1265:.
1246:.
1137:.
656:.
648:,
644:,
637:.
625:,
613:A
557:.
541:,
529:.
500:,
496:,
485:.
430:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
391:.
383:,
363:A
101:.
59:.
1586:e
1579:t
1572:v
1558:.
1511:.
1486:.
1457:.
1428:.
1403:.
1376:.
1347:.
1325:.
1296:.
1269:.
1250:.
342:)
336:(
324:)
318:(
313:)
309:(
295:.
266:)
260:(
255:)
251:(
241:·
234:·
227:·
220:·
193:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
