1958:
2445:
2627:
United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of
Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a
38:
2429:, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial/state governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the
1699:
2849:
2187:
dozens of regional governments. They can also be grouped based on their body polity type, such as emirate, provincial, republican or state federal systems. Another way to study federated countries is by categorizing them into those whose entire territory is federated as opposed to only part of its territory comprising the federal portion of the country. Some federal systems are national systems while others, like the
1723:
625:
2362:), was overlaid upon the pre-existing regional governments of the thirteen independent States. With each level of government allocated a defined sphere of powers, under a written constitution and the rule of law (that is, subject to the independent third-party arbitration of a supreme court in competence disputes), the two levels were thus brought into a coordinate relationship for the first time.
2861:
1711:
2394:. Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, but in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched. Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence.
3106:(conceived in its core meaning of ultimate authority) resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples). This is determined by the absence or presence of a unilateral right of secession for the parts. The structures are termed, respectively, the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union).
2873:
2544:
that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the
Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from
2496:
It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances. The acquisition of new powers by a federal government
2711:
Federalism is sometimes viewed in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center." However, those skeptical of federal prescriptions sometimes
2634:
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In
Australia, if a
2626:
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the
2008:
as "neither a national nor a federal
Constitution, but a composition of both" (i.e. as constituting neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century United States, the meaning of federalism
2500:
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as
2186:
Many countries have implemented federal systems of government with varying degree of central and regional sovereignty. The federal government of these countries can be divided into minimalistic federations, consisting of only two sub-federal units or multi-regional, those that consist of three to
2171:
Proponents for federal systems have historically argued that the power-sharing inherent in federal systems reduces both domestic security threats and foreign threats. Federalism allows states to be large and diverse, mitigating the risk of a tyrannical government through centralization of powers.
2707:
It has been argued that federalism and other forms of territorial autonomy are a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested,
1838:, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level. It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state.
2369:
observed that the two levels of government in the US were "co-equally supreme". In this, he echoed the perspective of
American founding father James Madison who saw the several States as forming "distinct and independent portions of the supremacy" in relation to the general government.
2194:
In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a
2325:
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North
America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the
2110:
integrative, or aggregative federalization, designating various processes like: integration of non-federated political subjects by creating a new federation, accession of non-federated subjects into an existing federation, or transformation of a confederation into a
2156:"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e.g. they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states).
2668:
refers in the
English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made
2708:
however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.
2061:, each of which insisted on keeping its complete independence, changing conditions in the Hellenistic period drove many city states to band together even at the cost of losing part of their sovereignty. Subsequent unions of states included the first and second
2521:, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the
2310:" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a
3482:
2025:
of a state is organized internally, and this is the meaning most often used in modern times. Political scientists, however, use it in a much broader sense, referring instead to a "multi-layer or pluralistic concept of social and political life."
2153:" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center.
2456:
exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the
2349:
The contemporary concept of federalism came about with the creation of an entirely new system of government that provided for democratic representation at two governing levels simultaneously, which was implemented in the
3939:
2635:
proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the
Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the
3469:
2600:. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.
2163:
noted that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of
3184:
2720:, for example, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out."
2588:
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States
3932:
3819:
2589:
3925:
2497:
may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts.
2489:(called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to
3759:
2550:
1101:
2501:
autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (
1753:
1091:
3447:
2271:, "federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels. The
1121:
2354:. In the United States implementation of federalism, a bicameral general government, consisting of a chamber of popular representation proportional to population (
2029:
The first forms of federalism took place in ancient times, in the form of alliances between states. Some examples from the seventh to second century B.C. were the
2730:
1081:
1071:
3198:
2334:
intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the
2640:
2517:). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (
3731:
2675:– the conversion from a federal governance to either a completely unitary or more unitary one, the term was borrowed from the German for conversion from
2662:') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice.
653:
2698:
defederalize – to remove from federal government, such as taking a responsibility from a national level government and giving it to states or provinces.
4200:
2687:
were mostly left intact in the formal sense, but their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended and replaced with the
809:
4324:
3810:
3788:
2327:
1111:
1096:
2493:
earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federation, but a system of asymmetric devolved government within a unitary state.
2421:
provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The
Constitution of some countries, like
2585:
of the United States and
Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.
2355:
2249:, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Switzerland.
3716:
3613:
3358:
3192:
3133:
3049:
3022:
2911:
2482:
2331:
1126:
2513:), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (
1746:
1651:
1457:
1066:
2985:
2434:
2200:
1656:
1462:
1389:
3422:
2469:, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as
4287:
3499:
3070:
3866:
3331:
3293:
2351:
2078:
2005:
1076:
521:
2561:
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as '
2283:. Although there are medieval and early modern examples of European states which used confederal and federal systems, contemporary
2553:, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.
1782:
127:
2486:
2302:, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the
2262:
1739:
934:
3749:
2898:
Grabill, Stephen J. (2013). "Althusius in context: A biographical and historical introduction". In Althusius, Johannes (ed.).
1992:". Their common early meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among
1898:
1646:
1561:
1447:
1116:
646:
516:
294:
142:
3872:
3364:
2565:', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a
1957:
3478:
3443:
2684:
2597:
2522:
2405:
retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the
2272:
2093:
rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments. The term
1106:
764:
531:
3299:
2839:
2608:
In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government. A
2903:
2458:
1596:
1136:
919:
824:
280:
112:
83:
4355:
4180:
3175:
2803:
2335:
2245:
as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries. Headquartered in
1641:
1131:
1086:
584:
31:
1949:
as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the "federal union of states".
1044:
2655:– the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system.
2131:, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:
4350:
3835:
3285:
2609:
2537:
2452:
Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'.
2418:
2142:
Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with
1676:
1156:
117:
88:
2753:
4031:
3858:
2902:. Sources in early modern economics, ethics, and law. Translated by Veenstra, Jeffrey J. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
2827:
2401:. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the
2319:
2181:
2074:
1004:
639:
244:
2659:
2578:
2398:
1621:
1341:
944:
359:
249:
2397:
In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as
2009:
would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form established at the
3949:
3917:
3895:
2444:
2010:
1507:
1452:
1384:
954:
799:
670:
289:
2562:
2390:
In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the
4236:
3981:
3976:
2747:
2577:
represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of
2422:
1862:
1636:
1576:
1551:
1221:
959:
909:
904:
864:
844:
526:
468:
414:
1379:
3966:
3634:
2794:
2770:
2453:
2426:
2062:
1820:
1703:
1631:
1497:
1226:
1029:
854:
709:
704:
346:
179:
3102:
This author identifies two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether
2168:. In particular individual states required a federation as a safeguard against the possibility of war.
37:
4251:
4026:
2785:
2665:
2384:
2359:
2242:
2238:
2165:
2070:
2038:
1934:
1778:
1681:
1626:
1616:
1571:
1566:
1502:
1487:
1482:
1256:
939:
456:
327:
317:
302:
229:
147:
2199:
in actuality. Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in
1789:, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two.
4345:
4266:
4246:
4160:
4122:
4097:
2676:
2593:
2284:
2280:
2030:
1591:
1586:
1414:
1236:
1206:
1039:
974:
949:
924:
889:
869:
859:
839:
774:
568:
478:
332:
234:
184:
122:
3708:
2592:, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the
1773:
that combines a general government (the central or federal government) with regional governments (
4070:
3679:
3414:
2636:
2406:
2339:
2050:
1790:
1346:
984:
964:
879:
606:
199:
3009:. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp. 168–176, at pp. 168–170.
2970:
4127:
4021:
3991:
3862:
3839:
3722:
3712:
3671:
3609:
3545:
3406:
3354:
3327:
3289:
3188:
3129:
3085:
3045:
3018:
3002:
2989:
2907:
2877:
2815:
2741:
2713:
2652:
2541:
2438:
2402:
2288:
2234:
2054:
1803:
1606:
1581:
1536:
1331:
1166:
1034:
1019:
1009:
874:
849:
749:
744:
601:
275:
137:
132:
93:
66:
3321:
3125:
3033:
1807:, Montesquieu for his part sees examples of federalist republics in corporate societies, the
4309:
4294:
4145:
4006:
4001:
3911:
3801:
3797:
3704:
3661:
3537:
3398:
3121:
3010:
2821:
2430:
2358:), and a chamber of equal State-based representation consisting of two delegates per State (
2303:
2143:
2136:
2058:
2001:
1993:
1715:
1671:
1394:
1271:
1216:
1181:
784:
759:
754:
729:
699:
551:
307:
161:
3809:
Broschek, Jorg (2016). "Federalism in Europe, America and Africa: A Comparative Analysis".
3507:
3386:
3183:. International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Stockholm:
3093:
4282:
4205:
4195:
4107:
4090:
4011:
3986:
3041:
2853:
2688:
2672:
2549:
that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the
2533:
2485:. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or
2474:
2330:
has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the
2322:, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.
2307:
2150:
2099:
describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context. Since the term
2034:
1830:, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from
1727:
1556:
1492:
1404:
1399:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1246:
1241:
1231:
1196:
989:
969:
734:
714:
629:
611:
436:
421:
2103:
also describes distinctive political processes, its use as well depends on the context.
4102:
4080:
4054:
3887:
3754:
2865:
2680:
2643:
provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.
2618:
highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution.
2462:
2366:
2343:
2276:
2258:
2188:
2128:
2066:
2046:
1946:
1812:
1541:
1356:
1351:
1266:
1191:
1186:
1024:
994:
829:
789:
739:
719:
678:
507:
426:
380:
322:
3281:
Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism
2848:
1722:
624:
4339:
4175:
4075:
4041:
3971:
3683:
3650:"Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse"
3541:
3418:
2809:
2779:
2764:
2410:
2315:
2311:
2230:
2196:
2160:
2115:
2042:
1997:
1996:
based on a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that
1938:
1835:
1827:
1666:
1429:
1361:
1336:
1316:
1201:
899:
779:
431:
409:
384:
214:
55:
3812:
Federalism and Decentralization: Perceptions for Political and Institutional Reforms
4314:
4210:
4190:
4185:
4150:
3602:
2735:
2391:
2022:
1546:
1531:
1424:
1419:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1261:
1251:
1176:
1171:
979:
884:
724:
194:
3852:
3698:
3348:
4241:
4165:
3103:
2574:
2570:
2546:
2414:
1930:
1922:
1794:
1786:
1661:
1211:
929:
819:
794:
769:
498:
463:
366:
354:
219:
3350:
Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village
4319:
4261:
4226:
4117:
4112:
4049:
4016:
3843:
3279:
3014:
2860:
2095:
1842:
1831:
1816:
1770:
1161:
999:
894:
834:
694:
588:
578:
312:
174:
46:
17:
3726:
3675:
3549:
3410:
3402:
3089:
4304:
4256:
2758:
2566:
2478:
2466:
2090:
1989:
1942:
1850:
1846:
1601:
1301:
1014:
814:
473:
371:
254:
209:
189:
2532:
of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of
2292:
2993:
804:
4299:
4170:
3996:
3666:
3649:
2695:
also has a broader sense referring to political consolidation in general.
2614:
2287:
originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was
2135:
Ideational theories, which hold that a greater ideological commitment to
2013:, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states.
1910:
1890:
1874:
1774:
1611:
1409:
1286:
596:
556:
239:
224:
204:
73:
3608:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 72.
1799:
Politica Methodice Digesta, Atque Exemplis Sacris et Profanis Illustrata
4231:
3387:"Publius Before Kant: Federal-Republican Security and Democratic Peace"
2529:
2525:. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.
2470:
1918:
1906:
1878:
1858:
1854:
914:
511:
169:
3700:
Peace by design: Managing intrastate conflict through decentralization
2106:
In political theory, two main types of federalization are recognized:
1797:. Althusius notably exposes the bases of this political philosophy in
4155:
4085:
2582:
2246:
1981:
1976:
1914:
1894:
1870:
1866:
561:
503:
401:
3120:. Very short introductions (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
3084:(3). Turin, Italy: Centro Studi sul Federalismo: 88–120, at p. 104.
2750: – Flexible government where state and national level cooperate
2114:
devolutive, or dis-aggregative federalization: transformation of a
2738: – Term for a political community founded for the common good
2717:
2490:
2448:
Satiric depiction of late 19th-century political tensions in Spain
2443:
1971:
1956:
1926:
1902:
1882:
36:
30:
This article is about the form of government. For other uses, see
2806: – Federations which are not states or national governments
2222:, among others, are also organized along federalist principles.
2021:
In the narrow sense, federalism refers to the mode in which the
1985:
1886:
3921:
2824: – 1579 treaty unifying the northern Netherlands provinces
1970:
The terms "federalism" and "confederalism" share a root in the
3185:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
2812: – Division of civil society along religiopolitical lines
1811:
bringing together villages, and the cities themselves forming
3786:
Bednar, Jenna (2011). "The Political Science of Federalism".
2318:. The U.S. Constitution was written as a replacement for the
3237:
3235:
2139:
ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted.
2536:) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the
3832:
Unions of States: The Theory and Practice of Confederation
2573:
is often used to represent the component states while the
3586:
Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987)
3148:
Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987)
2612:
of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the
1793:
is considered the father of modern federalism along with
3631:
Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration
3003:"Comparative federalism, confederalism, unitary systems"
3818:. Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. pp. 23–50.
3116:
Usherwood, Simon McDougall; Pinder, John (2018-01-25).
2832:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2799:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2775:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2761: – Legal and military structure in medieval Europe
2716:
can lead to secession or dissolution of the nation. In
2639:
would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The
3471:
70 years on campaigns for a united and federal Europe
2837:
2830: – Political idea of a global federal government
2744: – Political power sharing among cultural groups
2437:
or shared between the Union and the Member States as
1819:
was first adopted in the unions of states during the
3500:"The Churchill Society London. Churchill's Speeches"
3007:
21st century political science: A reference handbook
2790:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
4275:
4219:
4138:
4063:
4040:
3957:
2089:Modern federalism is a political system based upon
2077:(1781–89), and second American union formed as the
3854:The European Union: A Polity of States and Peoples
3750:"Why talk of federalism won't help peace in Syria"
3601:
2818: – Political powers reserved for U.S. states
2551:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2073:(1815–66), the first American union known as the
1961:The pathway of regional integration or separation
3743:
3741:
3739:
2306:supported a stronger central government, while "
3040:(1st ed.). Peterborough, Ontario, Canada:
3005:. In Ishiyama, John; Breuning, Marijke (eds.).
2767: – Theoretic rebirth of antique governance
2731:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
3933:
3118:The European Union: A very short introduction
2433:, powers which are not either exclusively of
2229:, federalism typically implies opposition to
2075:Confederation of the United States of America
1747:
647:
8:
3038:Comparative federalism: A systematic inquiry
2782: – Pro-European British political group
2545:the fact that states in the US maintain all
3391:European Journal of International Relations
3940:
3926:
3918:
3034:"Federal principles, federal organization"
2980:. In Benson, George Charles Sumner (ed.).
2275:advocates for this development within the
2045:. An early ancestor of federalism was the
1754:
1740:
665:
654:
640:
61:
3709:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549009.001.0001
3665:
3528:Law, John (2012). "Sense on Federalism".
2268:
3748:Meyer-Resende, Michael (18 March 2016).
3265:
3253:
3226:
3032:Hueglin, Thomas O.; Fenna, Alan (2006).
2441:are retained by the constituent States.
810:Free association (Marxism and anarchism)
3802:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105522
3789:Annual Review of Law and Social Science
3214:
2926:
2890:
2844:
2773: – 1873–1874 republican government
2487:the Spain of the autonomous communities
677:
72:
3574:
3562:
3241:
3126:10.1093/actrade/9780198808855.001.0001
2938:
2505:) with their own legislative council (
2146:or ethnically fragmented populations.
1845:or federal province or state include
7:
1652:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
3504:www.churchill-society-london.org.uk
3161:
2986:Institute for Studies in Federalism
2067:United Provinces of the Netherlands
1657:Libertarianism in the United States
3444:"CBC on Federalism and Separatism"
3217:, pp. 18, 25, 30, 43, 53, 60.
2299:
25:
3590:, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 258.
3152:, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 259.
1077:Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism
522:Biology and political orientation
3825:from the original on 2020-10-20.
3542:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02336.x
3488:from the original on 2016-09-28.
3204:from the original on 2021-03-28.
2871:
2859:
2847:
1721:
1709:
1697:
623:
3948:Autonomous types of first-tier
3875:from the original on 2023-07-31
3762:from the original on 2017-03-15
3450:from the original on 2022-03-24
3425:from the original on 2022-04-15
3367:from the original on 2023-07-31
3302:from the original on 2017-03-07
3071:"How can we define federalism?"
2263:Federalism in the United States
935:Natural rights and legal rights
3536:(3): 541–550, at pp. 543–544.
3468:Pistone, Sergio (2016-06-08).
3353:. Princeton University Press.
3326:. Cambridge University Press.
2413:in 1871. The constitutions of
2207:
2206:The governments of Argentina,
1647:Libertarianism in South Africa
1562:Center for Libertarian Studies
517:Theories of political behavior
143:Political history of the world
1:
3479:Union of European Federalists
2952:
2797: – Political arrangement
2598:Council of the European Union
2528:Federations often employ the
2491:specific rights they had held
2273:Union of European Federalists
2065:(1291–1798 and 1815–48), the
765:Decriminalization of sex work
532:Critique of political economy
3268:, pp. 27–28, 39–41, 44.
3044:. pp. 31–84, at p. 31.
2988:. pp. 21–64, at p. 22.
2754:Democratic World Federalists
2356:the House of Representatives
2279:, ultimately leading to the
2253:Europe vs. the United States
1597:Freeman on the land movement
920:Libertarianism (metaphysics)
825:Free-market environmentalism
113:Outline of political science
3912:The Principle of Federation
3851:Gerven, Walter van (2005).
3703:. Oxford University Press.
3347:Deudney, Daniel H. (2007).
2950:
2804:Non-governmental federation
2788: – bilateral relations
2604:Intergovernmental relations
2226:
2219:
2211:
2203:or Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1642:Libertarian science fiction
32:Federalism (disambiguation)
4372:
3836:Leicester University Press
3286:Princeton University Press
3078:Perspectives on Federalism
3001:Downs, William M. (2011).
2683:. During the Nazi era the
2610:First Ministers conference
2538:United States Constitution
2382:
2256:
2215:
2179:
1677:Sovereign citizen movement
118:Index of politics articles
29:
4032:List of federal countries
3859:Stanford University Press
3015:10.4135/9781412979351.n20
2984:. Claremont, California:
2904:Christian's Library Press
2828:World Federalist Movement
2685:traditional German states
2660:constitutional federalism
2409:'s agreement to join the
2320:Articles of Confederation
2233:movements (most commonly
2182:List of federal countries
1704:Libertarianism portal
3830:Forsyth, Murray (1981).
3629:Lijphart, Arend (1977).
3403:10.1177/1354066104045540
3385:Deudney, Daniel (2004).
3323:Kant: Political Writings
3278:Ziblatt, Daniel (2008).
3174:Bulmer, Elliot (2017) .
2969:Diamond, Martin (1961).
2581:, as is the case in the
2399:exclusive federal powers
2383:Not to be confused with
2374:Constitutional structure
2079:United States of America
2004:had referred to the new
1945:. Some characterize the
1826:Federalism differs from
1622:Libertarian conservatism
1045:Workers' self-management
945:Non-aggression principle
3910:P.-J. Proudhon (1863),
3896:Oxford University Press
3697:Brancati, Dawn (2009).
3648:Hale, Henry E. (2004).
3600:Koonz, Claudia (2003).
2712:believe that increased
2703:In relation to conflict
2658:Formal federalism (or '
2542:Federalist Paper No. 39
2328:U.S. federal government
2281:United States of Europe
2011:Philadelphia Convention
2002:"The Federalist No. 39"
1637:Libertarian Republicans
955:Participatory economics
800:Expropriative anarchism
527:Political organisations
290:International relations
128:Politics by subdivision
3982:Corporative federalism
3977:Cooperative federalism
2748:Cooperative federalism
2449:
1962:
1863:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1577:Conscientious objector
960:Propaganda of the deed
910:Individual reclamation
905:Individualist feminism
865:Freedom of information
845:Freedom of association
805:Federalism (anarchist)
59:
3967:Asymmetric federalism
3635:Yale University Press
3588:The Federalist Papers
3256:, pp. 27–28, 39.
3150:The Federalist Papers
2978:s view of federalism"
2795:Layer cake federalism
2771:Federal republicanism
2647:Other technical terms
2622:Constitutional change
2563:intrastate federalism
2454:Asymmetric federalism
2447:
1960:
1821:Old Swiss Confederacy
1632:Libertarian socialism
1627:Libertarian Democrats
1557:Austro-libertarianism
1475:Historical background
1102:Intellectual property
1030:Voluntary association
855:Freedom of conscience
710:Anti-authoritarianism
705:Age of consent reform
607:Political campaigning
347:Public administration
180:Collective leadership
40:
4027:Symmetric federalism
3667:10.1353/wp.2004.0011
3320:Reiss, H.S. (2013).
2982:Essays in federalism
2885:Notes and references
2786:Forum of Federations
2666:Executive federalism
2507:câmara de vereadores
2385:separation of powers
2243:Forum of Federations
2239:Government of Canada
2191:are supra national.
2123:Reasons for adoption
2063:Swiss Confederations
2039:Peloponnesian League
1935:United Arab Emirates
1815:. Federalism in the
1716:Anarchism portal
1682:Technolibertarianism
1667:Public choice theory
1617:Green libertarianism
1572:Classical liberalism
1567:Civil libertarianism
1483:Age of Enlightenment
1092:Foreign intervention
940:Night-watchman state
457:Separation of powers
328:Political psychology
303:Comparative politics
281:political scientists
268:Academic disciplines
148:Political philosophy
4267:Territorial dispute
4247:Military occupation
4161:Dependent territory
4123:Supranational union
4098:Multinational state
3604:The Nazi Conscience
3530:Political Quarterly
2951:See the diagram in
2285:European federalism
2166:checks and balances
1728:Politics portal
1592:Economic liberalism
1587:Cultural liberalism
1122:Political alliances
975:Reproductive rights
950:Non-interventionism
890:Homestead principle
870:Freedom of religion
860:Freedom of contract
840:Freedom of assembly
775:Drug liberalization
630:Politics portal
479:Election commission
450:Government branches
333:Political sociology
185:Confessional system
123:Politics by country
4356:Political theories
4325:Tribal sovereignty
4071:Composite monarchy
3892:Federal Government
3244:, p. 35, 392.
3069:Law, John (2013).
2523:constituent states
2450:
2407:Kingdom of Bavaria
2379:Division of powers
2340:Federalist Society
2051:Hellenistic Greece
1963:
1791:Johannes Althusius
1082:Capital punishment
1072:Affirmative action
985:Right to sexuality
965:Property is theft!
880:Freedom of thought
313:Political analysis
245:Semi-parliamentary
60:
4351:Political systems
4333:
4332:
4128:Continental union
4022:Fiscal federalism
3992:Ethnic federalism
3732:Chapter summaries
3718:978-0-19-954900-9
3633:. New Haven, CT:
3615:978-0-674-01172-4
3577:, pp. 10–15.
3360:978-1-4008-3727-4
3194:978-91-7671-117-0
3135:978-0-19-880885-5
3051:978-1-55111-410-1
3024:978-1-4129-6901-7
2941:, pp. 31–22.
2913:978-1-938948-59-6
2742:Consociationalism
2714:regional autonomy
2653:Fiscal federalism
2465:, as well as the
2439:concurrent powers
2403:states of Germany
2289:Winston Churchill
2235:Quebec separatism
2118:into a federation
2069:(1579–1795), the
2055:Greek city states
1804:The Spirit of Law
1764:
1763:
1607:Geolibertarianism
1582:Constitutionalism
1537:Anti-collectivism
1442:National variants
1292:Friedman (Milton)
1127:Political parties
1040:Workers' councils
1035:Voluntary society
1020:Stateless society
1010:Spontaneous order
875:Freedom of speech
850:Freedom of choice
750:Counter-economics
745:Cognitive liberty
664:
663:
612:Political parties
552:Electoral systems
276:Political science
250:Semi-presidential
162:Political systems
138:Political history
133:Political economy
27:Political concept
16:(Redirected from
4363:
4310:Stateless nation
4295:Decentralization
4146:Associated state
4007:Federal republic
4002:Federal monarchy
3942:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3899:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3847:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3805:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3745:
3734:
3730:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3669:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3597:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3506:. Archived from
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3230:
3229:, p. 23–50.
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3182:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3092:. Archived from
3075:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3028:
2997:
2977:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2900:On law and power
2895:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2833:
2822:Union of Utrecht
2800:
2791:
2776:
2641:German Basic Law
2594:German Bundesrat
2569:legislature the
2435:Union competence
2332:Founding Fathers
2308:Anti-Federalists
2304:Federalist Party
2241:established the
2237:). In 1999, the
2085:Political theory
2081:(1789-present).
2059:Classical Greece
1994:sovereign states
1756:
1749:
1742:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1672:Small government
1332:Friedman (David)
1107:Internal debates
785:Economic freedom
760:Decentralization
755:Crypto-anarchism
730:Artistic freedom
700:Academic freedom
666:
656:
649:
642:
628:
627:
418:
363:
318:Political theory
308:Election science
298:
284:
62:
53:
44:
21:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4288:Autonomous area
4271:
4215:
4206:Tributary state
4196:Satellite state
4134:
4108:Political union
4091:Colonial empire
4059:
4036:
4012:Federated state
3987:Dual federalism
3953:
3946:
3907:
3902:
3888:Wheare, Kenneth
3886:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3850:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3747:
3746:
3737:
3719:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3474:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3428:
3426:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3296:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3096:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3042:Broadview Press
3031:
3025:
3000:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:§ Overview
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2798:
2789:
2774:
2726:
2705:
2693:Gleichschaltung
2673:Gleichschaltung
2649:
2629:double majority
2624:
2606:
2559:
2519:municipio libre
2509:) and a mayor (
2388:
2381:
2376:
2352:US Constitution
2265:
2257:Main articles:
2255:
2184:
2178:
2151:Social contract
2125:
2087:
2019:
2006:US Constitution
1968:
1955:
1760:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1493:Aristotelianism
1476:
1468:
1467:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1132:Theories of law
1060:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
990:Self-governance
970:Refusal of work
735:Civil liberties
715:Anti-capitalism
688:
660:
622:
617:
616:
547:
546:
537:
536:
494:
493:
484:
483:
452:
451:
442:
441:
437:Public interest
422:Domestic policy
412:
405:
404:
393:
392:
357:
350:
349:
338:
337:
299:
292:
285:
278:
270:
269:
260:
259:
165:
164:
153:
152:
108:
107:
98:
67:Politics series
58:
51:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4369:
4367:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:Personal union
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4081:Dynastic union
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4055:Regional state
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:administration
3947:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3906:
3905:External links
3903:
3901:
3900:
3884:
3867:
3848:
3827:
3806:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3755:Foreign Policy
3735:
3717:
3689:
3660:(2): 165–193.
3654:World Politics
3640:
3621:
3614:
3592:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3520:
3491:
3460:
3435:
3397:(3): 315–356.
3377:
3359:
3339:
3332:
3312:
3294:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3193:
3187:. p. 12.
3166:
3164:, p. 544.
3154:
3141:
3134:
3108:
3099:on 2015-07-15.
3060:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3029:
3023:
2998:
2973:The Federalist
2965:
2958:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2912:
2906:. p. xx.
2889:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2816:States' rights
2813:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2681:direct current
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2623:
2620:
2605:
2602:
2558:
2555:
2483:Basque Country
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2367:Kenneth Wheare
2344:New Federalism
2277:European Union
2259:Federal Europe
2254:
2251:
2189:European Union
2180:Main article:
2177:
2174:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2129:Daniel Ziblatt
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2101:federalization
2086:
2083:
2047:Achaean League
2035:Aetolic League
2031:Archaic League
2018:
2015:
1967:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1947:European Union
1841:Examples of a
1813:confederations
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:Anti-socialism
1549:
1544:
1542:Anti-communism
1539:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:Related topics
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1458:United Kingdom
1455:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Tax resistance
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Social ecology
1002:
997:
995:Self-ownership
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:Free migration
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
790:Egalitarianism
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
740:Class struggle
737:
732:
727:
722:
720:Antimilitarism
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
691:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
679:Libertarianism
675:
674:
662:
661:
659:
658:
651:
644:
636:
633:
632:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
593:
592:
576:
571:
566:
565:
564:
554:
548:
544:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
501:
495:
492:Related topics
491:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
453:
449:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
434:
429:
427:Foreign policy
424:
419:
406:
400:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
374:
369:
364:
351:
345:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
325:
323:Policy studies
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
288:
286:
274:
271:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
166:
160:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
109:
106:Primary topics
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
80:
77:
76:
70:
69:
56:Unitary states
50:
47:Federal states
41:
26:
24:
18:Federalisation
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4368:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:Indirect rule
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Dual monarchy
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4042:Unitary state
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Confederation
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3874:
3870:
3868:9780804750646
3864:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3565:, p. 11.
3564:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3510:on 2012-04-22
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3461:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3333:9781107268364
3329:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3313:
3301:
3297:
3295:9780691136493
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3266:Broschek 2016
3262:
3259:
3255:
3254:Broschek 2016
3250:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:Broschek 2016
3223:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2929:, p. 18.
2928:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:Pillarisation
2808:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2780:Federal Union
2778:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:Neo-feudalism
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:prior to 1913
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:apportionment
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Lisbon Treaty
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:United States
2416:
2412:
2411:German Empire
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:unitary state
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:United States
2296:
2294:
2291:'s speech in
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:sovereigntist
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:confederation
2192:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:Immanuel Kant
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2127:According to
2122:
2117:
2116:unitary state
2113:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:. Unlike the
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:Delian League
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:James Madison
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:United States
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:unitary state
1833:
1829:
1828:confederalism
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:is a mode of
1768:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:United States
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:Individualism
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:Direct action
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
684:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
638:
637:
635:
634:
631:
626:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
590:
586:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
509:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
488:
487:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
455:
454:
446:
445:
438:
435:
433:
432:Civil society
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
416:
411:
410:Public policy
408:
407:
403:
397:
396:
386:
382:
378:
377:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
361:
356:
353:
352:
348:
342:
341:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
296:
291:
287:
282:
277:
273:
272:
264:
263:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
230:Parliamentary
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
215:Hybrid regime
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
163:
157:
156:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
102:
101:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
79:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
63:
57:
48:
39:
33:
19:
4315:Subsidiarity
4211:Vassal state
4191:Puppet state
4186:Protectorate
4151:Client state
3958:
3891:
3877:. Retrieved
3857:. Stanford:
3853:
3831:
3811:
3793:
3787:
3764:. Retrieved
3753:
3699:
3692:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3630:
3624:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3512:. Retrieved
3508:the original
3503:
3494:
3477:. Brussels:
3470:
3463:
3452:. Retrieved
3438:
3427:. Retrieved
3394:
3390:
3380:
3369:. Retrieved
3349:
3342:
3322:
3315:
3304:. Retrieved
3280:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3222:
3215:Forsyth 1981
3210:
3176:
3169:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3117:
3111:
3094:the original
3081:
3077:
3063:
3037:
3006:
2981:
2972:
2961:
2946:
2934:
2927:Forsyth 1981
2922:
2899:
2893:
2736:Commonwealth
2710:
2706:
2692:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2607:
2587:
2560:
2557:Bicameralism
2527:
2518:
2515:lei orgânica
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2451:
2396:
2392:constitution
2389:
2364:
2348:
2324:
2297:
2266:
2224:
2205:
2193:
2185:
2170:
2159:
2137:decentralist
2126:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2028:
2023:body politic
2020:
1975:
1969:
1840:
1825:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1766:
1765:
1547:Anti-fascism
1532:Abolitionism
1448:South Africa
1415:Korwin-Mikke
1151:Philosophers
1137:War on Drugs
980:Right to die
885:Gift economy
725:Anti-statism
573:
360:street-level
235:Presidential
195:Dictatorship
65:Part of the
4242:Irredentism
4220:Development
4201:Trusteeship
4166:Direct rule
4139:Subordinacy
3950:subdivision
3796:: 269–288.
3575:Wheare 1946
3563:Wheare 1946
3242:Gerven 2005
3104:sovereignty
2939:Wheare 1946
2677:alternating
2596:and in the
2575:lower house
2571:upper house
2547:sovereignty
2540:) wrote in
2312:confederacy
2071:German Bund
1980:, meaning "
1931:Switzerland
1923:South Sudan
1801:(1603). In
1795:Montesquieu
1787:territorial
1662:Objectivism
1374:Politicians
1117:Objectivism
1112:LGBT rights
1097:Immigration
930:Natural law
820:Free market
795:Evictionism
770:Departurism
499:Sovereignty
464:Legislature
367:Technocracy
355:Bureaucracy
220:Meritocracy
200:Directorial
4346:Federalism
4340:Categories
4320:Suzerainty
4262:Separatism
4237:Detachment
4227:Annexation
4118:Superstate
4113:Real union
4050:Devolution
4017:Federation
3959:Federalism
3894:. London:
3879:2020-10-18
3844:1170233780
3514:2011-09-06
3454:2022-03-24
3429:2022-04-15
3371:2022-04-15
3306:2017-03-11
3177:Federalism
2878:Philosophy
2689:Gau system
2669:centrally.
2503:municípios
2481:, and the
2360:the Senate
2144:culturally
2111:federation
2096:federalist
2091:democratic
2041:, and the
1899:Micronesia
1843:federation
1832:devolution
1817:modern era
1775:provincial
1771:government
1767:Federalism
1498:Liberalism
1000:Single tax
895:Illegalism
835:Free trade
695:Abstention
589:Governance
579:Government
574:Federalism
175:City-state
4305:Home rule
4257:Secession
4252:Partition
3727:245559225
3684:155052031
3676:1086-3338
3550:0032-3179
3419:143608840
3411:1354-0661
3090:2036-5438
2759:Feudalism
2567:bicameral
2534:statehood
2479:Catalonia
2467:Galicians
2365:In 1946,
2336:judiciary
2295:in 1946.
2208:Australia
1966:Etymology
1943:Venezuela
1851:Australia
1847:Argentina
1834:within a
1602:Fusionism
1503:classical
1488:Anarchism
1405:Goldwater
1395:Cleveland
1385:Gladstone
1257:De Cleyre
1182:Jefferson
1157:La Boétie
1087:Criticism
1015:Squatting
815:Free love
569:Unitarism
557:Elections
545:Subseries
474:Judiciary
469:Executive
372:Adhocracy
255:Theocracy
210:Feudalism
190:Democracy
4300:Hegemony
4283:Autonomy
4276:See also
4171:Dominion
3997:Federacy
3890:(1946).
3873:Archived
3820:Archived
3760:Archived
3483:Archived
3448:Archived
3423:Archived
3365:Archived
3300:Archived
3199:Archived
3162:Law 2012
2955:, below.
2854:Politics
2724:See also
2637:monarchy
2615:de facto
2511:prefeito
2463:Catalans
2417:and the
2176:Examples
1990:covenant
1953:Overview
1911:Pakistan
1891:Malaysia
1875:Ethiopia
1783:cantonal
1612:Georgism
1400:Coolidge
1352:Lottieri
1307:Rothbard
1297:Bookchin
1277:Paterson
1222:Proudhon
1197:Hodgskin
1167:Franklin
1067:Abortion
925:Localism
687:Concepts
671:a series
669:Part of
597:Ideology
415:doctrine
376:Service
240:Republic
225:Monarchy
205:Federacy
94:Category
74:Politics
4232:Cession
4181:Mandate
3779:Sources
3766:19 June
2866:Society
2840:Portals
2583:senates
2530:paradox
2475:Galicia
2471:Navarre
2459:Basques
2415:Germany
2298:In the
2201:Belgium
2017:History
1919:Somalia
1907:Nigeria
1879:Germany
1859:Belgium
1855:Austria
1508:radical
1420:Johnson
1380:Bastiat
1362:Brennan
1337:Van Dun
1312:Chomsky
1262:Goldman
1247:Herbert
1242:Spencer
1237:Thoreau
1232:Bakunin
1227:Andrews
1217:Spooner
1212:Stirner
1207:Emerson
1187:Bentham
915:Liberty
602:Culture
512:Country
170:Anarchy
84:Outline
4156:Colony
4086:Empire
4064:Unions
3865:
3842:
3725:
3715:
3682:
3674:
3612:
3548:
3417:
3409:
3357:
3330:
3292:
3191:
3132:
3088:
3048:
3021:
2994:615755
2992:
2910:
2423:Canada
2314:and a
2293:Zürich
2269:Europe
2247:Ottawa
2227:Canada
2220:Mexico
2218:, and
2212:Brazil
2037:, the
2033:, the
1982:treaty
1977:foedus
1941:, and
1937:, the
1933:, the
1915:Russia
1895:Mexico
1871:Canada
1867:Brazil
1430:Hannan
1357:Huemer
1342:Konkin
1322:Machan
1317:Nozick
1267:Gandhi
1252:George
1202:Warren
1192:Godwin
1059:Issues
562:voting
504:Polity
402:Policy
381:Public
295:theory
54:
52:
45:
43:
3823:(PDF)
3816:(PDF)
3680:S2CID
3486:(PDF)
3475:(PDF)
3415:S2CID
3202:(PDF)
3181:(PDF)
3097:(PDF)
3074:(PDF)
2976:'
2718:Syria
2427:India
2338:(see
2216:India
1974:word
1972:Latin
1927:Sudan
1903:Nepal
1883:India
1809:polis
1779:state
1453:Spain
1425:Milei
1390:Acton
1347:Hoppe
1327:Block
1282:Hayek
1272:Mises
1177:Paine
1172:Burke
1162:Locke
585:forms
508:State
385:Civil
89:Index
3863:ISBN
3840:OCLC
3768:2024
3723:OCLC
3713:ISBN
3672:ISSN
3610:ISBN
3546:ISSN
3407:ISSN
3355:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3130:ISBN
3086:ISSN
3067:See
3046:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2990:OCLC
2908:ISBN
2461:and
2425:and
2261:and
1986:pact
1887:Iraq
1410:Paul
1302:Hess
1287:Rand
3798:doi
3705:doi
3662:doi
3538:doi
3399:doi
3122:doi
3011:doi
2679:to
2346:).
2267:In
2225:In
2057:of
2049:in
2000:in
1988:or
4342::
3871:.
3861:.
3838:.
3834:.
3792:.
3758:.
3752:.
3738:^
3721:.
3711:.
3678:.
3670:.
3658:56
3656:.
3652:.
3544:.
3534:83
3532:.
3502:.
3481:.
3446:.
3421:.
3413:.
3405:.
3395:10
3393:.
3389:.
3363:.
3298:.
3288:.
3284:.
3234:^
3197:.
3128:.
3080:.
3076:.
3036:.
3017:.
2691:.
2631:.
2477:,
2473:,
2342:,
2214:,
2210:,
1984:,
1929:,
1925:,
1921:,
1917:,
1913:,
1909:,
1905:,
1901:,
1897:,
1893:,
1889:,
1885:,
1881:,
1877:,
1873:,
1869:,
1865:,
1861:,
1857:,
1853:,
1849:,
1823:.
1785:,
1781:,
1777:,
673:on
587:/
510:/
506:/
383:/
3941:e
3934:t
3927:v
3914:.
3898:.
3882:.
3846:.
3804:.
3800::
3794:7
3770:.
3729:.
3707::
3686:.
3664::
3637:.
3618:.
3552:.
3540::
3517:.
3457:.
3432:.
3401::
3374:.
3336:.
3309:.
3138:.
3124::
3082:5
3054:.
3027:.
3013::
2996:.
2971:"
2916:.
2842::
2387:.
2149:"
1755:e
1748:t
1741:v
655:e
648:t
641:v
591:)
583:(
417:)
413:(
387:)
379:(
362:)
358:(
297:)
293:(
283:)
279:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
