299:
38:
204:, which segregated and strictly regulated the movement of black and coloured people. Other issues expressed were rising food and transportation costs. Furthermore, a rise in the price of bread in mid-1953 had mobilized women in Cape Town to organize politically, further stimulating an interest in the establishment of a women's interest lobby. FEDSAW was thus created as the first attempt at a broad-based and multi-racial women's organization to help meet women's basic needs and those of their family.
257:
323:. Although FEDSAW was allowed to continue operating, they were forced to continue their meetings in secret to avoid police surveillance, intimidation and harassment of its members. Furthermore, the arrest of several key leaders of FEDSAW made it extremely difficult to continue operations. A combination of government pressures and issues funding the organization made it impossible for FEDSAW to continue running. By the mid-1960s, FEDSAW had ceased to exist.
612:
1524:
381:"For the development of every child through free compulsory education for all; for the protection of mother and child through maternity homes, welfare clinics, creches and nursery schools, in countryside and towns; through proper homes for all, and through the provision of water, light, transport, sanitation and the amenities of modern civilization
346:
and participated in the national liberation movement. It was committed to the liberation of the black majority in South Africa from white minority rule, by a process of peaceful change. White South
African women generally abstained from participating in FEDSAW activism, with the exception of those in
286:
Throughout 1957 and into 1958, the women's anti-pass campaign continued to generate wide scale support and attention from the international media. However, increasing pressures from the
Apartheid state ultimately shut down the protests. Police violence also became increasingly violent. In November
795:
Jodi O'Brien
Encyclopedia of Gender and Society 1452266026- 2008 - "Founded initially as an individual membership organization, in time FEDSAW became a federation of affiliate organizations. At FEDSAW's inaugural conference, a Women's Charter was adopted. Although feminist in its orientation, the
686:
In 1989, the United Women's
Congress, The Federation of Transvaal, The Natal Organization of Women and the Port Elizabeth Women's organization revived FEDSAW. Although a much smaller organization by this time, they continued to organize conferences and protests regarding women's issues, including
236:
One of the first protests that FEDSAW coordinated took place on
October 27, 1955, outside the Pretoria Union Buildings, which form the official seat of the South African government as well as the offices of the President of South Africa. This was in response to discriminative policies such as the
678:
Between March and August 1956, FEDSAW planned to host a mass protest at the Union
Buildings in Pretoria, South Africa. Held on August 9, 1956, the protest mobilized "between 6,000 to 20,000 women" from all over the country, including places such as "Cape Town, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth."
359:
FEDSAW's
Charter was drafted at the inaugural conference in 1954. It states the names of the new organization. The Charter asserted that an "intimate relationship" existed between women's inferior status in society and the inferior status assigned to people by "discriminatory laws and colour
282:
in August 1956. This has been considered to be the largest mass gathering of women in South
African History to date as 20,000 women protested at the Pretoria Union buildings. For supporters of the apartheid system, the attendance of white people at these protests was especially unnerving.
1473:
1455:
785:
Margaret J. Daymond Women
Writing Africa: The Southern Region 2003- Page 236 "Federation of South African Women, Women's Charter South Africa 1954 English The inaugural conference of the Federation of South African Women was held in the Trades Hall in Johannesburg in April
152:
Whilst South Africa had many forms of societal segregation prior to
Apartheid, its institutionalization through governmental policy led its founders to organize against several issues, such as rising costs and the pass law system. As a result, FEDSAW became part of the
200:(ANCWL) in the Eastern Cape, organized an informal gathering of women at the Port Elizabeth Annual Trades and Labour council conference. During this informal meeting, a clear concern for issues regarding women and the welfare of their families were expressed -
339:, who argued that women's struggles for emancipation were necessary as part of a wider struggle for liberation in the struggle for a socialist state. There are also parallels in their Charter and objectives with the Communist Party objectives.
682:
The song "Wathint' Abafazki, Wathint' Imbokotho", or "You Have Tampered With The Women, You Have Struck a Rock" was created and popularized by the 1956 protest. In 2016, a monument was also created to memorialize the Women's March Leaders.
291:, a crowd of 7000 marched to the police station in the South African Township of Sharpeville. The South African police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 and injuring 180; many were shot in the back as they fled, this was known as the
1474:
English: Federation of South African Women: African, Hindu and Christian women gathered near Apartheid era prison to protest against Apartheid in 1955. The Hindu women can be seen in traditional sari.(Violet Weinberg is third from the
384:"For the removal of all laws that restrict free movement, that prevent or hinder the right of free association, and activity in democratic organizations, and the right to participate in the work of these organizations
269:
Between 1956 and 1958, a number of Anti-Pass protests were organized across South Africa. From JanuaryāJuly 1956, approximately 50,000 members attended 38 demonstrations. In particular, many were upset about the
253:' people. During the protest, a group of 2000 women of all races and some men attended the protest. The scale, and the multi-racial attendance of the protest helped FEDSAW rise to national prominence.
228:
and trade unionists. At the conference, the aims and philosophy of the organization were established and recorded through the Women's Charter. A National Executive Committee was also selected.
679:
Reported by the Cape Times as the "largest mass gathering of women in history", the demonstration led to the official annual commemoration of 'Women's Day' in South Africa, as August 9.
287:
1956, police opened fire on a crowd of 1000 people in Lichtenburg. Two Africans were killed and an additional two were injured. In 1960, after a day of demonstrations against the
37:
298:
278:, which enforced Africans to carry paper documentation with them at all time and subjected many to forcible removal without appeal. During this time, FEDSAW coordinated the
241:, which legitimized many parts of the Apartheid act, with its major provision being the racial separation of schools, as well as new requirements for African women to carry
387:"To build and strengthen women's sections in the National Liberation Movements, the organization of women in the trade unions, and through the people's varied organizations
360:
prejudices". It made clear that the struggle to emancipate women from discriminatory laws and conventions should be an intrinsic part of any general liberatory struggle.
414:
and the Coloured Women's Organization. While individual membership was not permitted, being a member of one of these organizations meant automatic membership in FEDSAW.
1589:
1574:
275:
116:
African National Congress Women's League, Coloured People's Organization, Congress of Democrats, Food and Canning Workers Union, South African Indian Congress
1594:
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497:
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453:
403:
213:
197:
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Sharpeville Massacre row of graves: 69 people were killed by police on March 21st, 1960, during an anti-pass protest at the Sharpeville Police Station.
378:"Equal rights with men in relation to property, marriage and children, and for the removal of all laws and customs that deny women such equal rights
212:
The first FEDSAW conference took place on April 17, 1954. Approximately 150 delegates attended the conference, including representatives of the
129:) was a political lobby group formed in 1954. At FEDSAW's inaugural conference, a Women's Charter was adopted. Its founding was spear-headed by
1604:
751:
1599:
1008:
English: The row of graves of the 69 people killed by police during an anti-pass protest at the Sharpeville Police Station on 21 March 1960.
1456:
English: The row of graves of the 69 people killed by police during an anti-pass protest at the Sharpeville Police Station on 21 March 1960
1403:"Chapter 41: Women's Charter and Aims - Federation of South African Women." In Feminist Manifestos: A Global Documentary Reader, edited by
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407:
348:
221:
545:
442:
431:
172:
FEDSAW is notable because of its achievement in creating one of the first broad-based women's organizations in the country's history.
246:
662:
In 1956, the top leadership of the Congress Alliance were arrested and prosecuted in the mammoth Treason trial. Amongst them were
1609:
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279:
271:
162:
1545:
315:, the apartheid state declared a national emergency and outlawed hundreds of activist groups. Amongst those banned was the
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843:
711:
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411:
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National, Secretary and President of FEDSAW at the time. The two were acquitted and had their charges withdrawn in 1961.
574:
372:"The right to vote and to be elected to all state bodies, without restriction or discrimination (i.e. universal suffrage)
145:(FEDSAW) was a multi-racial women's organization and lobby group which organized and protested against the institutional
845:
Women in Twentieth Century South African Politics: the Federation of South African Women, Its Roots, Growth and Decline
1534:
217:
943:
Lesotho women protesting violence against women at a National Women's Day protest at National University of Lesotho.
375:"The right to full opportunities for employment with equal pay and possibilities of promotion in all spheres of work
1484:
Lesotho women protesting violence against women at a National Women's Day protest at National University of Lesotho
1462:
316:
260:
National Women's Day protest at the National University of Lesotho, where women protested violence against women.
238:
158:
687:
sexual violence and homelessness. In addition, they "made a contribution towards training women in leadership".
1466:
225:
1423:
815:
368:
In addition to their official Charter, FEDSAW adopted eight specific aims at the 1954 inaugural conference:
71:
390:"To cooperate with all other organizations that have similar aims in South Africa and throughout the world
1180:
English: A younger Lilian Ngoyi smiling awkwardly for the camera during the difficult years of Apartheid.
1415:
English: A younger Lilian Ngoyi smiling awkwardly for the camera during the difficult years of Apartheid
756:
312:
292:
417:
FEDSAW was composed of over 130 delegates from various local, national, and foreign organizations:
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17:
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1034:
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332:
1490:
Kuumba, M. Bahati (2006). "African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistances".
1141:
Kuumba, M. Bahati (2006). "African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistances".
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1006:
Massacre Graves, Phelindaba Cemetery, Sharpeville, Vereeniging, South Africa.jpg
941:
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1421:"Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) | South African History Online".
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288:
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816:"Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) | South African History Online"
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342:
FEDSAW oriented itself from the beginning towards the policies of the
1005:
610:
297:
255:
188:, trade unionist and member of the South African Communist Party,
161:(ANC). The organization is also most notable for organizing the
1517:
331:
FEDSAW's ideology was heavily influenced by the works of
1541:
1471:
India, Nagarjun Kandukuru from Bangalore (2013-04-14),
1507:"The Women's Charter | South African History Online".
1251:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 646.
82:
Anti-Apartheid Group; Women's Interest Group; Activist
1548:
to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
192:, of the African Food and Canning Workers Union, and
1434:", Knowledge (XXG), 2017-12-03, retrieved 2020-03-12
1407:, 204ā8. New York: New York University Press, 2018.
896:"The Women's Charter | South African History Online"
393:"To strive for permanent peace throughout the world"
112:
102:
94:
86:
78:
63:
55:
47:
1500:Nelson, Barbara J., and CaudhurÄ« NÄjamÄ (1994).
232:Protests of the Union Building in Pretoria, 1955
1437:Govender, Pregs (1987). "Re-Launching FEDSAW".
1217:Govender, Pregs (1987). "Re-Launching FEDSAW".
8:
575:South African Coloured People's Organization
30:
1504:. Delhi: New Haven: Yale University Press.
1493:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
1440:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
1347:"Fatima Meer South African History Online"
1293:"African National Congress Women's League"
1219:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
1143:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
149:that was present throughout South Africa.
36:
29:
157:, an anti-apartheid coalition led by the
702:African National Congress Women's League
498:African National Congress Women's League
487:African National Congress Women's League
478:, Retreat Women's Vigilance Association
476:African National Congress Women's League
454:African National Congress Women's League
419:
90:Women's Rights Advocacy; Gender Equality
42:FEDSAW members in anti-Apartheid meeting
1590:1960s disestablishments in South Africa
778:
500:, Nyanga Women's Vigilance Association
402:FEDSAW was made up of members from the
1575:Feminist organisations in South Africa
1046:
1044:
1030:
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969:
967:
489:, Langa Women's Vigilance Association
443:African Food and Canning Workers Union
432:African Food and Canning Workers Union
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1258:
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979:
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888:
869:
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165:, one of the largest protests of the
123:The Federation of South African Women
7:
1449:https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547919
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835:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
1595:Organisations based in Johannesburg
1580:1954 establishments in South Africa
1264:Nelson & Caudhurī 1994, pp. 649
752:National Women's Day (South Africa)
1533:needs additional or more specific
25:
1585:Organizations established in 1954
143:Federation of South African Women
31:Federation of South African Women
1522:
307:Downfall/End of the Organization
1432:File:ANC Womens League logo.svg
529:Cape Factory Workers Committee
272:Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952
558:Garment Workers' Union, No. 2
546:Food and Canning Workers Union
249:, which sought to reclassify '
1:
1605:Multiracial affairs in Africa
842:Walker, Cherryl Jane (1978).
712:South African Indian Congress
585:South African Indian Congress
469:Port Elizabeth, South Africa
412:South African Indian Congress
265:Anti-Pass Protests, 1956-1958
18:Federation of Transvaal Women
1600:Anti-Apartheid organisations
1510:South African History Online
1502:Women and Politics Worldwide
1497:no. 68: 112ā121 ā via JSTOR.
1412:Dayile, Azola (2017-09-07),
1249:Women and Politics Worldwide
1177:Dayile, Azola (2017-09-07),
900:South African History Online
597:Transvaal All-Women's Union
552:East London, United Kingdom
508:African Women's Association
463:Johannesburg, South Africa;
169:to take place in the 1950s.
1465:by Egui_ is licensed under
1453:Hall, Andrew (2017-02-08),
1247:; CaudhurÄ«, NÄjamÄ (1994).
1004:Hall, Andrew (2017-02-08),
600:Johannesburg, South Africa
591:Johannesburg, South Africa
561:Johannesburg, South Africa
523:Johannesburg, South Africa
247:Population Registration Act
218:Transvaal All Women's Union
1626:
1481:Kendall, K. (2008-08-04),
940:Kendall, K. (2008-08-04),
98:Johannesburg, South Africa
1275:"Treason Trial 1956-1961"
550:Cape Town, South Africa;
521:Cape Town, South Africa;
466:Kimberlay, South Africa;
408:The Congress of Democrats
208:FEDSAW Conference of 1954
159:African National Congress
35:
1131:Walker 1978, pp. 197-198
1068:Walker 1978, pp. 302-309
579:Cape Town, South Africa
569:Cape Town, South Africa
566:Guardian Christmas Club
540:Cape Town, South Africa
537:Cape Housewives' League
532:Cape Town, South Africa
503:Cape Town, South Africa
492:Cape Town, South Africa
481:Cape Town, South Africa
448:Cape Town, South Africa
437:Cape Town, South Africa
245:, and amendments to the
1610:Electoral reform groups
1487:., retrieved 2020-03-12
1459:., retrieved 2020-03-12
1427:. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
1418:., retrieved 2020-03-12
1383:"Lilian Masediba Ngoyi"
1365:"Manonmoney Ama Naidoo"
1297:womensleague.anc.org.za
458:Cradock, South Africa;
354:
27:Political lobbing group
1478:, retrieved 2020-03-12
658:Persecution of Leaders
619:
589:Durban, South Africa;
460:Durban, South Africa;
303:
261:
1514:Retrieved 2020-03-11.
648:Hilda Watts Bernstein
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517:Congress of Democrats
511:Durban, South Africa
423:Name of Organization
349:Congress of Democrats
333:Hilda Watts Bernstein
301:
259:
222:Congress of Democrats
72:Hilda Watts Bernstein
1447:: 79ā80 āvia JSTOR.
1424:www.sahistory.org.za
1389:. 22 September 2011.
1387:www.sahistory.org.za
1371:. 16 September 2011.
1369:www.sahistory.org.za
1333:www.sahistory.org.za
1315:www.sahistory.org.za
1279:www.sahistory.org.za
1207:Walker 1978, pp. 233
1198:Walker 1978, pp. 232
1167:Walker 1978, pp. 350
1122:Walker 1978, pp. 195
1113:Walker 1978, pp. 196
1104:Walker 1978, pp. 179
1095:Walker 1978, pp. 198
1086:Walker 1978, pp. 174
1077:Walker 1978, pp. 203
1059:Walker 1978, pp. 312
1050:Walker 1978, pp. 202
994:Walker 1978, pp. 246
985:Walker 1978, pp. 238
973:Walker 1978, pp. 235
961:Walker 1978, pp. 231
930:Walker 1978, pp. 224
921:Walker 1978, pp. 223
882:Walker 1978, pp. 172
873:Walker 1978, pp. 183
861:Walker 1978, pp. 171
820:www.sahistory.org.za
757:Sharpeville Massacre
615:Photograph of young
293:Sharpeville Massacre
1351:v1.sahistory.org.za
1335:. 17 February 2011.
1317:. 17 February 2011.
239:Bantu Education Act
196:, president of the
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1245:Nelson, Barbara J.
747:Women's March 1956
697:1956 Treason Trial
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404:ANC Women's League
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198:ANC Women's League
163:Women's March 1956
104:Official language
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707:Congress Alliance
653:Lilian Diedericks
628:Florence Matomela
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321:Congress Alliance
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851:. p. 165.
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113:Affiliations
95:Headquarters
48:Abbreviation
1554:August 2021
1149:(68): 116.
732:Amma Naidoo
727:Fatima Meer
1569:Categories
1535:categories
1186:2020-03-12
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1014:2020-03-12
949:2020-03-12
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825:2020-03-11
773:References
398:Membership
364:Objectives
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289:pass laws
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691:See also
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319:and the
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1227:JSTOR
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214:ANCWL
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