1259:
1268:
38:
161:
functional groups. The compound to be tested is added to the
Fehling's solution and the mixture is heated. Aldehydes are oxidized, giving a positive result, but ketones do not react, unless they are α-hydroxy ketones. The bistartratocuprate(II) complex oxidizes the aldehyde to a
600:
129:. These two solutions, stable separately, are combined when needed for the test because the copper(II) complex formed by their combination is not stable: it slowly decomposes into copper hydroxide in the alkaline conditions. The active
140:
Other methods of preparing comparable cupric-ion test-reagent solutions were developed at about the same time as
Fehling's. These include the Violette solution (eponymous for Charles Violette) and the Soxhlet solution (eponymous for
373:
166:
anion, and in the process the copper(II) ions of the complex are reduced to copper(I) ions. Red copper(I) oxide then precipitates out of the reaction mixture, which indicates a positive result i.e. that
794:
42:
On the left, the solution in the absence of reducing sugars. On the right, copper oxide, which would appear in the bottom of the solution if reducing sugars are present.
717:
Structure and stability of carboxylate complexes. Part VII. Crystal and molecular structures of copper(II)meso-tartrate trihydrate and copper(II)d-tartrate trihydrate.
388:
137:. The tartrate serves as a ligand. However, the coordination chemistry is complex and various species with different metal to ligand ratio have been determined.
860:
1290:
264:
798:
853:
637:
1305:
1310:
1295:
113:
Fehling's solution is prepared by combining two separate solutions: Fehling's A, which is a deep blue aqueous solution of
1320:
846:
145:), both containing tartrate, and Soldaïni's solution (eponymous for Arturo Soldaïni), which instead contains carbonate.
1195:
1093:
1315:
830:
118:
973:
1240:
1183:
1300:
1235:
1009:
1076:
1021:
979:
1245:
1065:
688:
Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel tartrate copper(II) two-dimensional coordination polymer: {·4H
243:
test and
Benedict's solution also. The positive tests are consistent with it being readily oxidizable to
1059:
915:
747:
172:
824:
258:
The net reaction between an aldehyde and the copper(II) ions in
Fehling's solution may be written as:
1271:
1099:
991:
927:
669:
1207:
1189:
1111:
997:
985:
944:
240:
222:
102:
98:
1162:
1150:
1117:
114:
1167:
1145:
595:{\displaystyle {\ce {RCHO + 2 Cu(C4H4O6)2^2- + 5 OH- -> RCOO- + Cu2O + 4 C4H4O6^2- + 3 H2O}}}
1070:
938:
909:
611:
142:
66:
703:
1263:
1123:
933:
646:
126:
90:
1213:
1156:
1129:
1105:
179:
134:
94:
635:[The quantitative determination of sugar and starch by means of copper sulfate].
1015:
921:
886:
740:
Single crystal growth and characterization of pure and sodium-modified copper tartrate.
674:
244:
218:
823:
17:
1284:
1201:
1140:
1135:
721:
226:
122:
1224:
1219:
726:
214:
78:
778:
1038:
967:
838:
232:
163:
213:. Another use is in the breakdown of starch to convert it to glucose syrup and
182:
and other reducing sugars (e.g., maltose). It will give a positive result for
650:
633:"Die quantitative Bestimmung von Zucker und Stärkmehl mittelst Kupfervitriol"
881:
379:
368:{\displaystyle {\ce {RCHO + 2 Cu^2+ + 5 OH- -> RCOO- + Cu2O + 3 H2O}}}
210:
154:
1229:
202:
195:
191:
130:
74:
187:
183:
158:
82:
632:
250:
The solution cannot differentiate between benzaldehyde and acetone.
186:
monosaccharides (due to the oxidisable aldehyde group) but also for
37:
206:
168:
239:
H) also gives a positive
Fehling's test result, as it does with
842:
117:, and Fehling's B, which is a colorless solution of aqueous
171:
has taken place (this is the same positive result as with
738:
I. Quasim, A. Firdous, B. Want, S. K. Khosa, P. . Kotru:
585:
547:
534:
511:
447:
434:
421:
358:
335:
780:
391:
267:
1176:
1086:
1052:
1031:
960:
902:
895:
874:
55:
47:
715:C. K. Prout, J. R. Carruthers, F. J. C. Rossotti:
594:
367:
178:Fehling's test can be used as a generic test for
133:is a tartrate complex of Cu, which serves as an
101:test. The test was developed by German chemist
153:Fehling's solution can be used to distinguish
97:and non-reducing sugars, supplementary to the
854:
761:Novel Copper-Tartrate Coordination Compounds.
27:Chemical test for the reducibility of a sugar
8:
77:used to differentiate between water-soluble
30:
725:A, Inorg. Phys. Theo., 1971, S. 3336–3342,
899:
861:
847:
839:
686:Fangfang Jian, Pusu Zhao, Qingxiang Wang:
190:monosaccharides, as they are converted to
36:
584:
579:
574:
559:
554:
546:
541:
533:
528:
523:
510:
505:
492:
479:
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454:
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428:
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407:
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392:
390:
357:
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347:
334:
329:
316:
303:
298:
283:
278:
268:
266:
783:(third ed.). Wiley. pp. 62–63.
623:
29:
7:
1267:
795:"Fehling's Test for Reducing Sugars"
201:Fehling's can be used to screen for
198:, and then give a positive result.
748:doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.09.021
665:The Species of Fehling's Solution.
217:in order to measure the amount of
25:
1266:
1257:
638:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
1291:Biochemistry detection methods
485:
450:
408:
309:
125:) made strongly alkaline with
1:
869:Analytical reagents and tests
777:Spencer, Guilford L. (1898).
704:doi:10.1080/00958970500148446
1062:(aldehyde & ketones etc)
1337:
961:Proteins & amino acids
896:Sugars, fats, and proteins
831:Collier's New Encyclopedia
825:"Fehling's Solution"
675:doi:10.1002/ejic.201600168
663:T. G. Hörner, P. Klüfers:
1254:
746:310, 2008, S. 5357–5363,
119:potassium sodium tartrate
35:
1241:Fecal coliform detection
1006:(aldehyde & ketones)
1000:(aldehyde & ketones)
974:Bicinchoninic acid assay
727:doi:10.1039/J19710003336
702:58, 2005, S. 1133–1138,
651:10.1002/jlac.18490720112
1236:Pesticide detection kit
1196:Folin–Ciocalteu reagent
1192:(creates free radicals)
1010:Van Slyke determination
1306:Coordination complexes
1094:Dille–Koppanyi reagent
1077:Ceric ammonium nitrate
1022:Xanthoproteic reaction
980:Bradford protein assay
596:
369:
109:Laboratory preparation
18:Fehling's reagent
1184:Dragendorff's reagent
918:(reducing sugars etc)
903:Sugars & starches
597:
370:
221:, thus revealing the
1311:Copper(II) compounds
1296:Carbohydrate methods
1264:Chemistry portal
1132:(MDMA, opiates, etc)
992:Pierce Protein Assay
928:Aniline acetate test
767:5, 1972, S. 497–508.
673:2016, S. 1798–1807,
670:Eur. J. Inorg. Chem.
389:
265:
93:, and as a test for
1321:Analytical reagents
1246:Prion detection kit
1112:Gallic acid reagent
1073:(types of alcohols)
986:Lowry protein assay
631:H. Fehling (1849).
587:
567:
549:
536:
513:
467:
449:
436:
423:
360:
337:
223:dextrose equivalent
194:by the base in the
173:Benedict's solution
103:Hermann von Fehling
51:Colorimetric method
32:
1163:Salicylate testing
1151:Zimmermann reagent
1118:Liebermann reagent
1096:(barbiturates etc)
1060:Benedict's reagent
1004:Fehling's solution
951:Fehling's solution
916:Benedict's reagent
592:
575:
550:
537:
524:
501:
437:
424:
411:
406:
365:
348:
325:
149:Use of the reagent
115:copper(II) sulfate
71:Fehling's solution
1278:
1277:
1153:(Benzodiazepines)
1100:Ehrlich's reagent
1048:
1047:
953:(reducing sugars)
947:(reducing sugars)
912:(Monosaccharides)
759:N. D. Jespersen:
744:J. Cryst. Growth.
590:
578:
553:
540:
527:
516:
504:
491:
478:
440:
427:
414:
405:
395:
363:
351:
340:
328:
315:
302:
282:
271:
209:, thus detecting
143:Franz von Soxhlet
91:functional groups
67:organic chemistry
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
1328:
1316:Oxidizing agents
1270:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1208:Melzer's reagent
1190:Fenton's reagent
1124:Mandelin reagent
1114:(drug precursor)
1066:Denigés' reagent
998:Tollens' reagent
945:Tollens' reagent
934:Starch indicator
900:
863:
856:
849:
840:
835:
827:
810:
809:
807:
806:
797:. Archived from
791:
785:
784:
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768:
757:
751:
736:
730:
713:
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684:
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333:
326:
321:
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313:
308:
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269:
127:sodium hydroxide
99:Tollens' reagent
88:
40:
33:
21:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1214:Marquis reagent
1172:
1168:Folin's reagent
1157:Zwikker reagent
1146:Simon's reagent
1130:Marquis reagent
1106:Froehde reagent
1082:
1079:test (alcohols)
1044:
1027:
994:(total protein)
988:(total protein)
982:(concentration)
976:(concentration)
956:
891:
870:
867:
822:
819:
814:
813:
804:
802:
793:
792:
788:
776:
775:
771:
758:
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737:
733:
714:
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700:J. Coord. Chem.
695:
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681:
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630:
629:
625:
620:
608:
488:
475:
387:
386:
312:
299:
279:
263:
262:
256:
238:
180:monosaccharides
151:
135:oxidizing agent
121:(also known as
111:
95:reducing sugars
86:
59:Monosaccharides
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:Chemical tests
1298:
1293:
1283:
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1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1204:(caffeine etc)
1199:
1198:(antioxidants)
1193:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1159:(barbiturates)
1154:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1120:(street drugs)
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:(indoles, etc)
1097:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1071:Lucas' reagent
1068:
1063:
1056:
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1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
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1019:
1016:Sakaguchi test
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
964:
962:
958:
957:
955:
954:
948:
942:
939:Molisch's test
936:
931:
925:
919:
913:
910:Barfoed's test
906:
904:
897:
893:
892:
890:
889:
887:Xylenol orange
884:
878:
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817:External links
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693:
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645:(1): 106–113.
622:
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612:Barfoed's test
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245:carbon dioxide
236:
219:reducing sugar
150:
147:
110:
107:
73:is a chemical
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
49:
48:Classification
45:
44:
41:
31:Fehling's test
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
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1231:
1228:
1226:
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1218:
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1212:
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1206:
1203:
1202:Murexide test
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Drug checking
1139:
1137:
1136:Mecke reagent
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
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1116:
1113:
1110:
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1098:
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1055:
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1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:(amino acids)
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
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952:
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801:on 2008-01-24
800:
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724:
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722:J. Chem. Soc.
718:
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304:
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272:
261:
260:
259:
253:
251:
248:
246:
242:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:maltodextrins
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
165:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Rochelle salt
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
1225:Nitrite test
1220:Nitrate test
1003:
950:
829:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
789:
779:
772:
764:
760:
755:
743:
739:
734:
720:
716:
711:
699:
687:
682:
668:
664:
659:
642:
636:
626:
378:or with the
377:
257:
254:Net reaction
249:
231:
227:starch sugar
225:(DE) of the
200:
177:
152:
139:
112:
79:carbohydrate
70:
64:
1186:(alkaloids)
1039:Sudan stain
968:Biuret test
922:Bial's test
233:Formic acid
164:carboxylate
1285:Categories
1126:(ketamine)
1024:(proteins)
1018:(arginine)
970:(proteins)
930:(pentoses)
924:(pentoses)
805:2008-01-19
765:Anal. Let.
618:References
382:included:
1216:(various)
1108:(opioids)
564:−
494:−
486:⟶
481:−
464:−
318:−
310:⟶
305:−
105:in 1849.
1053:Alcohols
1041:(lipids)
882:Aluminon
606:See also
380:tartrate
241:Tollens'
211:diabetes
155:aldehyde
56:Analytes
1272:Commons
1232:(blood)
1230:Luminol
1210:(fungi)
941:(carbs)
834:. 1921.
203:glucose
196:reagent
192:aldoses
131:reagent
87:>C=O
75:reagent
875:Metals
188:ketose
184:aldose
159:ketone
83:ketone
1177:Other
1087:Drugs
207:urine
169:redox
1032:Fats
763:In:
742:In:
719:In:
698:In:
667:In:
490:RCOO
394:RCHO
314:RCOO
270:RCHO
235:(HCO
81:and
647:doi
205:in
175:).
157:vs
65:In
1287::
828:.
692:O}
643:72
641:.
503:Cu
477:OH
404:Cu
327:Cu
301:OH
281:Cu
247:.
229:.
89:)
69:,
862:e
855:t
848:v
808:.
750:.
729:.
706:.
696:.
694:∞
690:2
677:.
653:.
649::
589:O
581:2
577:H
572:3
569:+
561:2
556:6
552:O
543:4
539:H
530:4
526:C
521:4
518:+
515:O
507:2
499:+
472:5
469:+
461:2
456:2
451:)
443:6
439:O
430:4
426:H
417:4
413:C
409:(
400:2
397:+
362:O
354:2
350:H
345:3
342:+
339:O
331:2
323:+
296:5
293:+
288:+
285:2
276:2
273:+
237:2
85:(
20:)
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