601:, tied closely to both the neighborhood councils and the residents' original communities in Altiplano, linked urban and rural communities together. Despite peasant roadblocks causing food shortages and inflation in El Alto, urban residents maintained their solidarity with the peasantry. The conflict also ignited a reconciliation of indigenous struggles with the trade union movement, as both the indigenous peasant and mining cultures of El Alto reinforced each-other, with elements of the two converging into a collective resistance. A
782:
692:
498:. The FEJUVE leadership was replaced and the assemblies took greater control over the organization, in order to prevent a repeat of the monopolization of power by the leadership. It became increasingly difficult for the leadership to operated unilaterally, without popular consent; on one occasion, after FEJUVE president Mauricio Cori was accused of allegedly negotiating for a position in municipal governments and a state company, he was publicly beaten and stripped of his clothes.
860:
felt that the city had been neglected, despite its role as "the vanguard of process of change." The FEJUVE called a 24-hour general strike and for a boycott of government celebrations; it called for further infrastructure projects and increased funding, including a share of the country's nationalized petroleum industry. Morales responded by announcing the construction of a dam to provide water for El Alto and committed $ 1 billion to infrastructure improvements for the city.
856:, the FEJUVE called a general strike in El Alto, demanding that the state increase funding provided to the city, which had seen a 50% population increase over the previous decade. After two days, during which roads into La Paz were blockaded, Morales presided over negotiations to end the strike, promising new infrastructure projects for the city. Of FEJUVE's 14 district councils, 2 refused to agree to the settlement and momentarily continued their blockades of La Paz.
913:
reportedly increased during the 21st century. Once every two years, a congress of neighborhood councils is held; representing each council are four delegates, two from the council's leadership and two elected from its grassroots base by an assembly. These biennial congresses elect the central executive committee of the FEJUVE, which counts 29 ministries, as well as a
President and Vice-President. Each district of El Alto is represented on the committee, according to
490:
grassroots strategy was to disperse themselves within both conferences of the FEJUVE, so that they could regain influence over the organization without supporting either political tendency. They also established the El Alto
Assembly, which gave control back to the local councils and trade unions. The Assembly oversaw strike actions and the construction of infrastructure projects, providing a grassroots democratic alternative to the political party domination.
2691:
586:
815:. The new constitution was finally ratified after a number of concessions to the opposition, thus maintaining the influence of agribusiness and keeping power in the hands of political parties. Despite the anti-capitalist and directly democratic elements of the constitution being struck out, its ratification still implemented the state ownership of natural resources and the expansion of indigenous rights.
3316:
3304:
124:
45:
959:. Market vendors are represented by a street merchants' association, which regulates stall access, keeps track of the markets' upkeep and sanitation, mediates inter-vendor disputes and negotiates with the municipal government on the vendors' behalf. These trade union associations also mediate conflicts between street merchants and collect
534:
526:. In return for legal recognition, the LPP imposed new organizational standards on FEJUVE, requiring it to meet certain legal requirements and to include women in its leadership structures. This new law increased the FEJUVE's influence significantly, with neighborhood councils beginning to function as the
982:
Construction and infrastructure projects are headed by the neighborhood councils, which bring together neighbors to gather materials and work collectively in shifts; those that refuse to work on a collective project are issued a symbolic fine of 50 pesos, although these often go uncollected. Bolivian
912:
Council meetings take place in circles, with men on one side and women on the other, which makes women more comfortable speaking. Leadership of the neighborhood councils have a relatively high proportion of women, around 20-30%. The participation of women and young people in council meetings has also
859:
In
October 2013, on the tenth anniversary of the Bolivian gas conflict, the FEJUVE reported that conditions in the city hadn't improved substantially since the election of Evo Morales; according to the FEJUVE, 60% of the city still lacked a proper sewage system and 10% had no running water. Residents
818:
To mobilize support for the constitution, the FEJUVE came together with other social movements to found the
National Coalition for Change (CONAL-CAM), working together with the COB as part of a popular front. The FEJUVE had found itself undergoing a shift from its former confrontational position to a
630:
and community self-defense, rotating shifts in order to keep the protest going continuously. Councils also worked together with the trade unions to facilitate access to markets and roads for the local populace. The FEJUVE itself did not lead the events, as it was guided by the indigenous principle of
493:
By the end of the 1990s, the local councils had regained control over the FEJUVE, while the CONDEPA progressively dissolved as its clientele network evaporated. The democratization process halted the previous leadership's capacity to act as an intermediary between the councils and the state political
797:
on a non-partisan basis, with delegates elected from ethnic, trade union and neighborhood lists, rather than from political parties. The MAS succeeded in consolidating power over the popular movements and demobilizing them, with the FEJUVE finding itself "unable to mobilize its bases effectively to
920:
As an alternative to the state's policing and courts system, interpersonal conflicts between neighbors are arbitrated by the neighborhood councils, either by an assembly or by an executive decision. The neighborhood councils also manage education through school councils, which regulate curriculums
545:
The councils provided the means for residents of El Alto to develop their own communities, without state intervention. Residents pooled their resources and skills within the neighborhood councils, securing the purchase of land, the construction of schools and public parks, and the installation of
848:
caused
Bolivia's glaciers to melt and weather patterns to change, by 2010, El Alto was facing increasing water scarcity. FEJUVE, which had previously supported the creation of a state-owned water company, began calling for the creation of an autonomous municipal water company for El Alto. State
489:
of decision-making. The experience of the miners' unions, which were used to organizing outside of state and political party control, provided further impulse to the democratization of the FEJUVE. In response to the factional division of the FEJUVE, the grassroots base also divided itself. The
273:
becoming the country's
Minister of Water. This move was criticised by some of its members, who questioned whether the FEJUVE would be able to maintain their autonomy under the new government. While many of the FEJUVE's proposals weren't taken up by the MAS government, they managed to push it to
765:, who had led the FEJUVE's campaign against water privatisation, was appointed as Minister of Public Works and tasked with establishing a new state-owned water company. When the provisioning of water in El Alto degraded under his oversight, he was forced to resign. The former FEJUVE leader
806:
formed to defend their neighborhoods from the rising right-wing paramilitary violence, inspired directly by the FEJUVE. A coalition of social movements even placed Santa Cruz under siege, with FEJUVE and
Morales leading a demonstration on a march to the capital, demanding the
835:
over the economy, with FEJUVE and COB arguing for the program's expansion to El Alto's smaller businesses. This new model of "Andean capitalism" intended to utilize surplus funds from nationalized resources to promote community self-organization and workers' self-management.
453:
and largely kept decision-making power to themselves, only ocassionally sharing them with the assemblies, while political party activists sought to gain control over the organization to serve their electoral ambitions. Initially, the FEJUVE leadership only questioned the
1941:
McNelly, Angus (2019). "The Highs and Lows of
Bolivia's Rebel City: Known as the epicenter of anti-austerity rebellion during Bolivia's Gas War, El Alto remains a powerful example of the potential for local movements to leverage their cities to shape national politics".
871:
As of 2008, FEJUVE counted 570 neighborhood councils spread throughout El Alto's nine districts. Each council has at least 200 members, which elect their own leadership committees and hold monthly neighborhood assemblies, which make decisions through discussion and
242:, in order to provide services for local inhabitants where the state had little presence. In 1979, these neighborhood councils united into a single Federation, the FEJUVE. Over the subsequent decades, the FEJUVE built infrastructure, schools and parks, and provided
769:
received particular criticism for her role as the
Minister of Environment and Water, due to her mismanagement of the return of El Alto's water supply from private to public ownership. FEJUVE had proposed the new public water company be self-managed through
760:
FEJUVE found itself caught between its own autonomy and the new left-wing government, when a number of its leaders became members of the government, leading some to question whether the
Federation remained independent or if it had been coopted by the MAS.
925:
has described the FEJUVE's governance structure as a "horizontal kind of organizational experience", as local councils largely make decisions autonomously, without mediation from the senior leadership. According to Uruguayan political theorist
908:
are prohibited from leadership and delegational positions. However, these restrictions haven't always been closely followed, as members of political parties and municipal officials have reportedly taken leadership positions within the FEJUVE.
659:, effectively placing the capital under siege, even shutting down the airport to cut the city off from the world. The social cohesion associated with the neighborhood councils was consolidated during this period of insurrection; sociologist
466:(CONDEPA). The FEJUVE subsequently lost its autonomy, as its leadership was brought under the control of CONDEPA. By the early 1990s, this had resulted in a fragmentation of the FEJUVE; it initially divided into factions that supported the
934:
state; there is a veritable dispersion of authority (at least with respect to territorial control) in some 500 units. The one gives way to the multiple. Therefore, no representation or control of the population is possible." The
849:
officials in La Paz countered with a proposal for a centralized water company based in El Alto, but the FEJUVE remained suspicious of such plans due to past failures of La Paz to deliver services for EL Alto.
979:, which regulates their routes and allocates their itineraries. El Alto's trade union federation, which has a powerful role in the city's economy, cooperates closely with the FEJUVE on key issues.
558:
that has resulted in El Alto's relatively low crime rate. FEJUVE has also acted to mobilize their neighborhoods in protest against the government: leading the movement for the establishment of the
2490:
2841:
2824:
939:
has considered this dispersion of power and strong community cohesion in El Alto to be a "problem", as it has placed obstacles in the way of state bureaucracy and real estate speculation.
315:, who largely practiced traditional methods of farming, eventually found themselves unable to compete with the cheap food that was imported into the country, following the
936:
2502:
2846:
2829:
663:
himself believes that El Alto's "community of neighbors" was formed during the uprising. Emily Achtenberg has compared the autonomy achieved during the conflict to
2652:
3356:
3351:
3371:
876:. Each council is led by an executive committee consisting of 15 secretariats, less than a third of which are permanent. Each executive committee has a
717:(MAS) was brought to power by the promise to implement the "October Agenda", proposed by social movements including the FEJUVE, which would reintroduce
3346:
2321:
2025:
1848:
1804:
853:
3366:
3336:
2657:
812:
651:
Neighborhood councils seized control of resources, territory and infrastructure from the government, which provided El Alto with a high degree of
3158:
675:. But the FEJUVE nevertheless refused to seize state power, instead laying the groundwork for a broader political shift that culminated in the
2632:
819:"constructive but critical collaboration" with the MAS government. The FEJUVE's collaboration with the government has since resulted in a new
320:
3381:
3163:
2874:
2711:
2415:
1985:
1765:
269:(MAS). Many members of the FEJUVE joined the new government under a policy of "constructive but critical collaboration", with FEJUVE leader
3361:
2982:
2468:
2375:
615:, encouraged a high level of popular participation in neighborhood campaigns, through a system of both individual benefits and penalties.
2597:
2575:
2526:
2448:
905:
300:
239:
3376:
2869:
2811:
1742:
Achtenberg, Emily (2009). "Community Organizing, Rebellion, and the Progressive State: Neighborhood Councils in El Alto, Bolivia". In
808:
2897:
554:
regulation authority in the city, overseeing property transactions, mediating disputes between neighbors and establishing a form of
559:
538:
449:
existed between the leadership and the grassroots membership of the FEJUVE. Members reported that the council leadership was often
2987:
714:
699:
2475:
2726:
2568:
738:
2664:
676:
307:
redistributed land to peasants from the highlands, while providing financial support to lowland farms that were dedicated to
258:
2430:
774:, but the local government rejected this proposition. The entry of FEJUVE leaders into the government damaged its status in
437:, the provision of electricity and drinking water, and the establishment of a hospital and a public university in El Alto.
3341:
3077:
3057:
2963:
2836:
2819:
2799:
2676:
794:
458:" of the party activists, which were offering neighborhood activists favors in exchange for votes. But the FEJUVE and the
312:
3294:
1836:
250:
of 2003, during which they took over management of most of the city's economy and organised a blockade of the capital of
3052:
2970:
2756:
2669:
2590:
2453:
2314:
831:, which are organized along the traditional lines of participatory democracy. This process resulted in the extension of
507:
3101:
914:
877:
582:, the infrastructure that FEJUVE had already built provided a means for El Alto's citizens to resist the government.
425:
for the new residents. The councils increasingly coordinated with each other and, by 1979, had united together into a
964:
952:
459:
228:
3231:
3226:
3047:
2904:
2607:
2370:
922:
660:
494:
parties. Grassroots activists became more suspicious of leadership figures, who were increasingly scrutinized for
2851:
873:
623:
606:
224:
2731:
2485:
2480:
2197:
2193:
2161:
2157:
2069:
2065:
1892:
1888:
781:
463:
422:
342:
The small town quickly became a major urban center, with over 850,000 residents, largely made up of indigenous
266:
101:
691:
304:
2265:
3246:
3191:
3181:
3141:
3072:
3042:
2925:
2909:
2892:
2690:
2561:
2517:
2507:
2307:
803:
771:
746:
519:
515:
430:
220:
143:
798:
advance the cause of the cityâs indigenous informal proletarian masses". However, with the outbreak of the
647:, the people didnât take any notice . The people rose up They triumphed, not us . We simply obeyed orders.
3153:
3062:
3029:
2975:
2721:
824:
799:
786:
730:
729:. But the efforts of the government to implement this were frustrated by the country's integration in the
644:
523:
471:
316:
279:
991:
and self-management of the economy by the unions and neighborhood councils brought about a high level of
827:
into the process. The Ministry of Production and Microenterprise has also provided support for El Alto's
514:(LPP), which devolved a fifth of the national budget to local municipalities, giving local communities a
331:, leading to thousands of miners being displaced and large sections of the peasantry being expelled from
3128:
2642:
2585:
2458:
901:
590:
579:
446:
350:. The Bolivian state had little presence in the city, leaving its residents without infrastructure like
247:
370:. Three quarters of the city's residents had no access to healthcare and nearly half of them were not
3133:
3118:
3087:
2958:
2794:
2746:
2741:
2699:
2637:
988:
863:
In June 2016, the FEJUVE called a general strike in El Alto, but it only received a minimal turnout.
702:
495:
434:
90:
3236:
3211:
2770:
2395:
2227:
956:
832:
766:
750:
718:
598:
567:
283:
585:
3267:
3173:
3082:
3034:
3017:
2935:
2789:
2716:
2612:
2536:
2512:
2497:
2339:
2259:
992:
762:
672:
2287:
1880:
2236:
2149:
745:
restricted agrarian reform to the redistribution of already publicly-held lands, while the new
3186:
3123:
3067:
2751:
2463:
2201:
2165:
2129:
2101:
2073:
2037:
2029:
1991:
1981:
1929:
1896:
1860:
1852:
1816:
1808:
1779:
1771:
1761:
885:
828:
722:
563:
406:
359:
324:
308:
3308:
3276:
3241:
3221:
3216:
3196:
3148:
3113:
2736:
2647:
2602:
1951:
1919:
1915:
1757:
948:
726:
668:
632:
619:
555:
482:
467:
410:
382:
355:
208:
192:
179:
171:
2013:
1792:
3206:
2992:
1743:
889:
486:
477:
But by this time, the FEJUVE grassroots was already pushing the organization towards more
378:
238:, neighborhood councils were first established by residents of El Alto in the wake of the
175:
2425:
2281:
1963:
927:
618:
The grassroots organizing of the resistance was strengthened by traditional practices of
3320:
3281:
2884:
2531:
2185:
984:
845:
820:
775:
602:
547:
375:
347:
275:
243:
2057:
3330:
3200:
2940:
2930:
2021:
1925:
1844:
1800:
734:
418:
343:
235:
2276:
2245:
893:
742:
627:
605:
shut down El Alto, with thousands mobilizing in popular demonstrations. A sense of
351:
1955:
1967:
1747:
626:
to facilitate collective action. The neighborhood councils organized roadblocks,
2354:
2270:
976:
710:
695:
680:
455:
367:
270:
262:
1749:
Engaging Social Justice: Critical Studies of 21st Century Social Transformation
405:
in El Alto, during the 1950s, the city's residents started to form their first
2420:
1783:
972:
960:
754:
664:
426:
421:. In 1957, the first council was established in order to provide a program of
398:
328:
204:
86:
2205:
2169:
2133:
2105:
2077:
2033:
1995:
1933:
1900:
1856:
1812:
1775:
930:, the FEJUVE fulfils the functions of the state in El Alto, but "there is no
2580:
2254:
1973:
881:
823:
program for El Alto, with the FEJUVE and COB pushing for the integration of
433:
organized by the FEJUVE took place in 1987; they demanded the paving of the
363:
332:
2041:
1864:
1820:
445:
During the first years of its existence, in the 1980s, a certain amount of
429:, establishing the Federation of Neighborhood Councils (FEJUVE). The first
246:
for many of El Alto's residents. The FEJUVE went on to participate in the
2556:
2291:
1977:
996:
897:
652:
478:
402:
371:
2121:
2093:
2997:
2330:
450:
394:
336:
216:
212:
129:
115:
49:
17:
1753:
656:
251:
2299:
211:
that provide public services, construction and jobs to citizens of
44:
780:
690:
611:
584:
533:
532:
530:
local governments, subverting the influence of state governance.
385:
that has only expanded since the implementation of neoliberalism.
219:. Councils of the FEJUVE organise according to the principles of
1359:
1357:
968:
462:(COB) were soon coopted by a new left-wing political party, the
2303:
1013:
1011:
793:
The government further rejected FEJUVE's proposal to elect the
1658:
1656:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
884:, usually elected by assemblies due to their experience in
474:(UCS), then split into two entirely separate federations.
1540:
1538:
1429:
1427:
1685:
1683:
1599:
1597:
1374:
1372:
1176:
1174:
1969:
Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces
1133:
1131:
725:
and reconstitute the Bolivian state along the lines of
234:
Based in the traditional organisational methods of the
3292:
1879:
Fabricant, Nicole; Hicks, Kathryn (29 October 2011).
1752:. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Vol. 13.
921:
and oversee teachers' behavior. Bolivian sociologist
639:). One FEJUVE leader noted of the protest movement:
3172:
3100:
3016:
2951:
2918:
2883:
2862:
2810:
2782:
2769:
2698:
2625:
2547:
2441:
2406:
2386:
2363:
2347:
2338:
655:from the state. The FEJUVE organized a blockade of
622:, with horizontally-organized assemblies utilizing
562:in 1998; preventing the implementation of a tax on
417:), based on the traditional practices of the local
165:
149:
139:
107:
96:
82:
64:
56:
937:United States Agency for International Development
335:, with many of them settling in the small town of
2120:Gutiérrez Danton, José Antonio (14 August 2005).
2092:Gutiérrez Danton, José Antonio (14 August 2005).
323:. The government shutdown many of the country's
2094:"Interview with a Bolivian Community Organiser"
641:
1517:
995:in El Alto, without any strict mechanisms for
2315:
2148:Jiménez Quispe, Edilberto (29 October 2011).
2122:"Interview with a union officer from Bolivia"
741:was met with cutbacks in private investment,
374:. 70% of the population earned a living from
362:, and even without basic necessities such as
8:
30:
189:Federation of Neighborhood Councils-El Alto
31:Federation of Neighborhood Councils-El Alto
3106:
3022:
2779:
2775:
2704:
2344:
2322:
2308:
2300:
1837:"Bolivia's Black October, Ten Years Later"
1631:
1627:
1584:
1568:
1544:
1529:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1363:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1268:
1098:
1094:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1017:
43:
29:
197:FederaciĂłn de Juntas Vecinales de El Alto
37:FederaciĂłn de Juntas Vecinales de El Alto
2190:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
2154:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
2062:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
2026:North American Congress on Latin America
1885:ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America
1849:North American Congress on Latin America
1805:North American Congress on Latin America
854:2011 Bolivian Indigenous rights protests
261:, the FEJUVE supported the candidacy of
3299:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1662:
1647:
1635:
1615:
1603:
1588:
1572:
1556:
1433:
1418:
1378:
1284:
1272:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1165:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1122:
1110:
1007:
904:, and those who collaborated with the
609:, inherited from the practices of the
2184:Svampa, Maristella (2 October 2011).
1835:Achtenberg, Emily (8 November 2013).
7:
3357:Indigenous politics in South America
2014:"El Alto: Mobilizing Block by Block"
1791:Achtenberg, Emily (19 August 2011).
3352:Indigenous organisations in Bolivia
1793:"Bolivia: A Week At the Barricades"
2870:Plurinational Constitutional Court
2416:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
1928:: Ardent Press. pp. 123â125.
481:for its grassroots organs and the
25:
3372:Organizations established in 1979
1918:(2010). "How will cities work?".
975:are similarly organized within a
550:. The councils also acted as the
27:Political organization in Bolivia
3347:Community-building organizations
3314:
3302:
2689:
2648:Plurinational State Constitution
227:, while implementing systems of
122:
2056:AlbĂł, Xavier (2 October 2011).
963:for the regional branch of the
785:Indigenous protest during the
739:nationalization of oil supplies
566:in 2003; and putting an end to
3367:Organisations based in Bolivia
3337:1979 establishments in Bolivia
2012:AlbĂł, Xavier (10 April 2008).
393:In response to the widespread
259:2005 Bolivian general election
1:
2964:Plurinational Electoral Organ
1972:. Translated by Ryan, Ramor.
1956:10.1080/10714839.2019.1692942
667:, implemented earlier by the
441:Divisions and democratization
313:indigenous peoples in Bolivia
158:
3382:Urban planning organizations
2591:Bolivian National Revolution
2503:Treaty of Defensive Alliance
2454:Bolivian War of Independence
1944:NACLA Report on the Americas
560:Public University of El Alto
539:Public University of El Alto
512:Law of Popular Participation
301:Bolivian National Revolution
240:Bolivian National Revolution
3362:La Paz Department (Bolivia)
3159:Water supply and sanitation
2875:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
2476:PeruâBolivian Confederation
2469:Declaration of Independence
2431:Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II
2150:"We Want Public Education!"
1881:"The Water Is Ours Damn It"
915:proportional representation
802:, neighborhood councils in
506:In 1994, the government of
303:of 1952, the government of
70:; 45 years ago
3398:
3164:Water resources management
1518:Fabricant & Hicks 2011
955:by the city's workers and
747:plurinational constitution
274:support their policies of
3377:Neighborhood associations
3261:
3109:
3025:
2852:Vice President of Bolivia
2778:
2707:
2687:
2426:Rebellion of TĂșpac Katari
813:constitutional referendum
624:consensus decision-making
607:collective responsibility
508:Gonzalo SĂĄnchez de Lozada
225:consensus decision-making
42:
35:
2486:War of the Confederation
2481:Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
2198:Harvard University Press
2194:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2162:Harvard University Press
2158:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2070:Harvard University Press
2066:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1893:Harvard University Press
1889:Cambridge, Massachusetts
965:Bolivian Workers' Center
464:Conscience of Fatherland
460:Bolivian Workers' Center
431:political demonstrations
423:universal basic services
267:Movimiento al Socialismo
229:workers' self-management
102:universal basic services
36:
2518:Puna de Atacama dispute
902:real estate speculators
894:Political party leaders
840:Contemporary activities
772:participatory democracy
753:representatives of the
749:was stonewalled by the
409:neighborhood councils (
231:in the city's economy.
221:participatory democracy
144:Participatory democracy
2988:Movement for Socialism
2976:Atacama border dispute
825:participatory planning
790:
715:Movement for Socialism
706:
649:
636:
631:"leading by obeying" (
594:
542:
472:Solidarity Civic Unity
414:
381:, forming a city-wide
317:economic restructuring
309:commercial agriculture
280:participatory planning
196:
2491:Bolivia-Argentina War
2459:Chuquisaca Revolution
1575:, pp. 26, 68â69.
784:
694:
643:We were no longer an
597:The local culture of
591:Bolivian gas conflict
588:
580:Bolivian gas conflict
536:
447:social stratification
305:VĂctor Paz Estenssoro
248:Bolivian gas conflict
209:neighborhood councils
91:neighborhood councils
3342:Anarchism in Bolivia
2795:President of Bolivia
2727:Environmental issues
2653:Constituent Assembly
2638:Cochabamba Water War
2608:ĂancahuazĂș Guerrilla
2562:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
2508:Battle of RĂo Grande
2376:Spanish colonization
1760:. pp. 275â288.
1271:, pp. 278â279;
1065:, pp. 276â277;
989:collective ownership
987:has argued that the
923:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
795:Constituent Assembly
703:President of Bolivia
661:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
589:Protests during the
496:political corruption
435:Pan-American Highway
50:The Bolivian Wiphala
2837:Chamber of Senators
2820:Chamber of Deputies
2396:Viceroyalty of Peru
1496:, pp. 286â287.
1472:, pp. 285â286.
1405:, pp. 283â284.
1366:, pp. 282â283.
1351:, pp. 281â282.
1299:, pp. 278â279.
1101:, pp. 123â124.
1020:, pp. 280â281.
767:Julieta Mabel Monje
719:popular sovereignty
599:collective identity
568:water privatization
167:Official languages
32:
3078:Telecommunications
2613:Teoponte Guerrilla
2586:Military Socialism
2513:Litoral Department
2498:War of the Pacific
2186:"Art and Politics"
1638:, pp. 26, 70.
993:community cohesion
829:social enterprises
791:
731:globalized economy
709:The government of
707:
673:Russian Revolution
637:mandar obedeciendo
595:
543:
516:participatory role
360:telephone networks
3290:
3289:
3257:
3256:
3096:
3095:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
2971:Foreign relations
2830:Chamber President
2765:
2764:
2685:
2684:
2670:COVID-19 pandemic
2576:Revolutionary era
2569:Manuripi campaign
2464:La Paz revolution
2277:News about FEJUVE
2266:News about FEJUVE
2255:News about FEJUVE
2246:News about FEJUVE
2237:News about FEJUVE
2228:News about FEJUVE
2058:"El Alto in Flux"
1987:978-1-84935-011-2
1916:Gelderloos, Peter
1767:978-90-04-17654-6
1728:, pp. 27â29.
1716:, pp. 30â31.
1665:, pp. 26â27.
1618:, pp. 69â70.
1287:, pp. 68â69.
1247:, pp. 81â82.
1207:, pp. 78â79.
1195:, pp. 71â72.
1168:, pp. 77â78.
1156:, pp. 76â77.
1125:, pp. 70â71.
886:social networking
809:National Congress
723:natural resources
564:home construction
556:community justice
379:family businesses
185:
184:
16:(Redirected from
3389:
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3318:
3317:
3307:
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3298:
3270:
3107:
3038:
3023:
2847:Senate President
2780:
2776:
2705:
2693:
2633:Contemporary era
2603:Operation Condor
2598:Dictatorship era
2345:
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1937:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1875:
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1827:
1787:
1744:Fasenfest, David
1729:
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949:informal economy
833:workers' control
727:plurinationalism
687:Socialist period
620:direct democracy
548:utility services
483:decentralization
468:Patriotic Accord
383:informal economy
356:waste management
319:programs of the
284:workers' control
244:public utilities
160:
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3232:Public holidays
3227:National anthem
3168:
3092:
3048:Cement Industry
3036:
3004:
2993:Civic Community
2947:
2914:
2905:Law enforcement
2879:
2858:
2842:current members
2825:current members
2806:
2761:
2694:
2681:
2658:2009 referendum
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2250:El Alto Digital
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2005:Further reading
2002:
1988:
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1673:
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1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:, p. 124;
1632:Gelderloos 2010
1630:, p. 279;
1628:Achtenberg 2009
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1587:, p. 124;
1585:Gelderloos 2010
1583:
1579:
1571:, p. 279;
1569:Achtenberg 2009
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1545:Achtenberg 2013
1543:
1536:
1530:Achtenberg 2011
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1506:Achtenberg 2009
1504:
1500:
1494:Achtenberg 2009
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1482:Achtenberg 2009
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1458:Achtenberg 2009
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1446:Achtenberg 2009
1444:
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1432:
1425:
1417:, p. 284;
1415:Achtenberg 2009
1413:
1409:
1403:Achtenberg 2009
1401:
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1391:Achtenberg 2009
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1364:Achtenberg 2009
1362:
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1349:Achtenberg 2009
1347:
1343:
1337:Achtenberg 2009
1335:
1331:
1325:Achtenberg 2009
1323:
1319:
1313:Gelderloos 2010
1311:, p. 278;
1309:Achtenberg 2009
1307:
1303:
1297:Achtenberg 2009
1295:
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1279:
1269:Achtenberg 2009
1267:
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1255:
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1239:
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1219:, p. 338;
1215:
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1191:
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1164:
1160:
1152:, p. 336;
1148:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1099:Gelderloos 2010
1097:, p. 278;
1095:Achtenberg 2009
1093:
1089:
1083:Gelderloos 2010
1081:, p. 277;
1079:Achtenberg 2009
1077:
1073:
1067:Gelderloos 2010
1063:Achtenberg 2009
1061:
1057:
1051:Achtenberg 2009
1049:
1045:
1039:Achtenberg 2009
1037:
1024:
1018:Achtenberg 2009
1016:
1009:
1005:
945:
890:public speaking
869:
842:
733:and decades of
689:
628:social kitchens
576:
504:
487:democratization
443:
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3073:Stock Exchange
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2732:Extreme points
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2532:Chiriguano War
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2449:Early Republic
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2222:External links
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1950:(4): 333â340.
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1043:
1041:, p. 279.
1022:
1006:
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951:of El Alto is
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846:climate change
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821:public housing
776:public opinion
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603:general strike
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2059:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:Zibechi, RaĂșl
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:San Francisco
1923:
1922:
1921:Anarchy Works
1917:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1866:
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1854:
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1750:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1704:, p. 30.
1703:
1698:
1695:
1692:, p. 27.
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:, p. 69.
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1650:, p. 70.
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1606:, p. 26.
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:, p. 26.
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
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1562:
1558:
1553:
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1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:, p. 29.
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
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1326:
1321:
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1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
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1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1259:, p. 82.
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1235:, p. 72.
1234:
1229:
1226:
1223:, p. 79.
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:, p. 78.
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:, p. 71.
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:, p. 23.
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
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1080:
1075:
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1008:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:small traders
954:
950:
942:
940:
938:
933:
929:
924:
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907:
903:
899:
895:
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861:
857:
855:
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847:
839:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
811:convoke of a
810:
805:
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796:
788:
783:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:neoliberalism
732:
728:
724:
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517:
513:
509:
502:Consolidation
501:
499:
497:
491:
488:
484:
480:
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473:
470:(AP) and the
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Aymara people
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
386:
384:
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377:
373:
369:
365:
364:running water
361:
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236:Aymara people
232:
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131:
117:
113:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:Provision of
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
34:
19:
3192:Coat of arms
3182:Architecture
3142:Demographics
3043:Central Bank
2926:Armed Forces
2910:Human rights
2893:Constitution
2677:Coups d'Ă©tat
2643:Gas conflict
2626:21st century
2548:20th century
2442:19th century
2407:18th century
2387:17th century
2371:Colonial era
2364:16th century
2348:Pre-colonial
2296:
2282:PĂĄgina Siete
2280:
2269:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2209:. Retrieved
2189:
2173:. Retrieved
2153:
2137:. Retrieved
2125:
2109:. Retrieved
2097:
2081:. Retrieved
2061:
2045:. Retrieved
2017:
1968:
1947:
1943:
1920:
1904:. Retrieved
1884:
1868:. Retrieved
1840:
1824:. Retrieved
1796:
1748:
1735:Bibliography
1726:Zibechi 2010
1721:
1714:Zibechi 2010
1709:
1702:Zibechi 2010
1697:
1690:Zibechi 2010
1675:Zibechi 2010
1670:
1663:Zibechi 2010
1648:Zibechi 2010
1643:
1636:Zibechi 2010
1623:
1616:Zibechi 2010
1611:
1604:Zibechi 2010
1589:Zibechi 2010
1580:
1573:Zibechi 2010
1564:
1557:McNelly 2019
1552:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1434:McNelly 2019
1419:McNelly 2019
1410:
1398:
1386:
1379:Zibechi 2010
1344:
1332:
1320:
1304:
1292:
1285:Zibechi 2010
1280:
1273:McNelly 2019
1264:
1257:Zibechi 2010
1252:
1245:Zibechi 2010
1240:
1233:Zibechi 2010
1228:
1221:Zibechi 2010
1217:McNelly 2019
1212:
1205:Zibechi 2010
1200:
1193:Zibechi 2010
1188:
1181:Zibechi 2010
1166:Zibechi 2010
1161:
1154:Zibechi 2010
1150:McNelly 2019
1145:
1138:Zibechi 2010
1123:Zibechi 2010
1118:
1111:Zibechi 2010
1106:
1090:
1074:
1058:
1046:
983:sociologist
981:
953:self-managed
946:
931:
928:RaĂșl Zibechi
919:
911:
906:dictatorship
870:
862:
858:
851:
843:
817:
792:
759:
743:agribusiness
708:
705:(2006-2019).
650:
642:
617:
610:
596:
577:
551:
544:
527:
511:
505:
492:
476:
444:
392:
341:
298:
286:in El Alto.
256:
233:
200:
188:
186:
57:Abbreviation
3063:Natural Gas
3030:Agriculture
2812:Legislative
2722:Departments
2665:2019 crisis
2537:Federal War
2527:Liberal Era
2355:Inca Empire
2271:Los Tiempos
2211:24 December
2175:24 December
2139:24 December
2111:24 December
2083:24 December
2047:24 December
1906:24 December
1870:24 December
1826:24 December
985:FĂ©lix Patzi
977:trade union
973:bus drivers
852:During the
800:2008 unrest
787:2008 unrest
763:Abel Mamani
711:Evo Morales
696:Evo Morales
681:Evo Morales
671:during the
578:During the
510:passed the
456:opportunism
368:electricity
352:paved roads
329:small farms
299:During the
271:Mabel Monje
263:Evo Morales
151:Membership
3331:Categories
3212:Literature
3129:Irrigation
3037:(currency)
3035:Boliviano
2421:Upper Peru
1784:7348351162
1003:References
961:union dues
867:Governance
804:Santa Cruz
755:Media Luna
751:right-wing
683:in 2005.
665:dual power
427:federation
399:corruption
389:Foundation
295:Background
205:federation
87:Federation
3309:Anarchism
3134:Languages
3119:Education
3088:Transport
3053:Companies
2959:Elections
2936:Air Force
2863:Judiciary
2783:Executive
2757:Volcanoes
2747:Provinces
2742:Mountains
2700:Geography
2581:Chaco War
2260:El Diario
2232:eaBolivia
2206:165888583
2170:165888583
2134:123551385
2126:Anarkismo
2106:123551385
2098:Anarkismo
2078:165888583
2034:0048-0630
1996:750595367
1974:Edinburgh
1934:748435918
1901:165888583
1857:0048-0630
1813:0048-0630
1776:1573-4234
898:merchants
888:or their
882:secretary
878:president
874:consensus
700:socialist
645:executive
570:in 2005.
520:budgeting
333:Altiplano
65:Formation
3277:Category
3247:Olympics
3237:Religion
2952:Politics
2919:Military
2771:Politics
2557:Acre War
2292:Facebook
2022:New York
1978:AK Press
1966:(2010).
1845:New York
1801:New York
997:coercion
892:skills.
713:and the
677:election
653:autonomy
574:Conflict
552:de facto
528:de facto
479:autonomy
403:violence
372:literate
265:and his
108:Location
3321:Bolivia
3295:Portals
3268:Outline
3197:Cuisine
3174:Culture
3138:People
3102:Society
3083:Tourism
3018:Economy
2998:Creemos
2983:Parties
2898:history
2790:Cabinet
2717:Climate
2340:History
2331:Bolivia
2042:4901603
1865:4901603
1821:4901603
1746:(ed.).
967:(COB).
943:Economy
669:soviets
633:Spanish
451:elitist
411:Spanish
395:poverty
337:El Alto
290:History
257:In the
217:Bolivia
213:El Alto
203:) is a
193:Spanish
180:Quechua
172:Spanish
161:114,000
140:Methods
130:Bolivia
116:El Alto
97:Purpose
73: (
3282:Portal
3187:Cinema
3124:Health
3068:Mining
3058:Energy
2752:Rivers
2712:Cities
2288:FEJUVE
2204:
2168:
2132:
2104:
2076:
2040:
2032:
1994:
1984:
1932:
1899:
1863:
1855:
1819:
1811:
1782:
1774:
1764:
1754:Leiden
880:and a
737:. The
698:, the
657:La Paz
415:Juntas
344:Aymara
311:. The
252:La Paz
201:FEJUVE
176:Aymara
153:(2008)
127:
60:FEJUVE
18:Fejuve
3242:Sport
3222:Music
3217:Media
3149:Women
3114:Crime
2737:Lakes
2018:NACLA
1841:NACLA
1797:NACLA
1758:Brill
721:over
612:Ayllu
376:small
325:mines
3207:Flag
3201:Wine
3154:LGBT
2941:Navy
2931:Army
2800:List
2241:eju!
2213:2021
2202:OCLC
2177:2021
2166:OCLC
2141:2021
2130:OCLC
2113:2021
2102:OCLC
2085:2021
2074:OCLC
2049:2021
2038:OCLC
2030:ISSN
1992:OCLC
1982:ISBN
1930:OCLC
1908:2021
1897:OCLC
1872:2021
1861:OCLC
1853:ISSN
1828:2021
1817:OCLC
1809:ISSN
1780:OCLC
1772:ISSN
1762:ISBN
971:and
969:Taxi
947:The
537:The
522:and
485:and
401:and
366:and
346:and
327:and
282:and
223:and
187:The
83:Type
75:1979
68:1979
2885:Law
2290:on
2279:on
2268:on
2257:on
2248:on
2239:on
2230:on
1952:doi
932:one
844:As
757:.
679:of
518:in
358:or
254:.
89:of
3333::
2200:.
2196::
2192:.
2188:.
2164:.
2160::
2156:.
2152:.
2128:.
2124:.
2100:.
2096:.
2072:.
2068::
2064:.
2060:.
2036:.
2028:.
2024::
2020:.
2016:.
1990:.
1980:.
1976::
1948:51
1946:.
1924:.
1895:.
1891::
1887:.
1883:.
1859:.
1851:.
1847::
1843:.
1839:.
1815:.
1807:.
1803::
1799:.
1795:.
1778:.
1770:.
1756::
1682:^
1655:^
1596:^
1537:^
1426:^
1371:^
1356:^
1173:^
1130:^
1025:^
1010:^
999:.
917:.
900:,
896:,
778:.
635::
413::
397:,
354:,
339:.
278:,
215:,
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195::
159:c.
119:,
3297::
3203:)
3199:(
2323:e
2316:t
2309:v
2215:.
2179:.
2143:.
2115:.
2087:.
2051:.
1998:.
1958:.
1954::
1936:.
1910:.
1874:.
1830:.
1786:.
1547:.
1532:.
1520:.
789:.
593:.
541:.
454:"
191:(
77:)
20:)
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