102:
519:
443:. It is potentially teratogenic if administered unintentionally during early stages of pregnancy as they can interrupt with normal Aromatase activity in embryonic development indicated in animal experiments. However, teratogenicity is not observed with an increase tend compared to clomiphene. In addition, it is stated in a systematic review and meta-analysis that letrozole does not associate with congenital fetal malformation or miscarriage compared to clomiphene, gonadotropin and natural conception.
499:
263:(IVF) to boost the production of more follicles in the ovaries. For patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), gonadotropin is not an initial treatment choice. During early stage of Gonadotrophin therapy, blood testing and pelvic ultrasound are performed to confirm the absence of large ovarian cysts. The treatment initiation and dosage of gonadotropin will be instructed depending on the outcome of the tests. During the therapy, regular blood testing and
347:
564:
416:
141:
631:
582:
22:
460:
378:
276:
219:(IVF) to exert its effects. FSH promotes the recruitment and maturation of early antral follicles, while LH helps follicular development and maturation. Both FSH and LH regulate the length and order of the menstrual cycle in female. HCG aids the ultimate follicular maturation and growth of the immature oocyte in meiosis and in the
684:(breast pain) which is caused by hyperprolactinemia and hence explains female infertility. In addition, low progesterone level is also attributed to female infertility. Combination of VAC extracts and medication can normalize the levels of prolactin and progesterone. Therefore, Chasteberry alleviates infertility condition.
612:
Dopamine agonists are usually discontinued once the patient is pregnant. Based on existing data and studies, the exposure of fetus to dopamine agonists during the early stage of pregnancy does not harm the foetus. Both bromocriptine and cabergoline are considered to be safe with no identifiable risk
530:
oral contraceptives (COCs). It is proved that
Metformin can restore ovulatory menses in PCOS in numerous trials. 13 trials are studies in a meta-analysis, fourfold increase of ovulation is revealed when using clomiphene with metformin compared to using clomiphene alone. In addition, Metformin can be
337:
inhibition. It is reported that clomiphene is present in breast milk, maximum content of breast milk recorded was 582.5 ng/mL which is still be considered as acceptable when relative infant dose of a drug is less than 10%. Nevertheless, breastfeeding is still debatable due to lack of clinical
73:
are medications that improve female’s ability to conceive pregnancy. These agents are prescribed for infertile female who fails to conceive pregnancy after 1-year of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. The following will cover the advancements of female fertility agents, major causes of
621:
Dopamine agonists for infertility treatment are commonly administered to hyperprolactinemic anovulation patients. Both bromocriptine and cabergoline are the first-line dopamine agonist in hyperprolactinemia treatment. Cabergoline is currently more preferred than bromocrptine due to its higher
477:
Metformin lowers the synthesis of glucose in liver and absorption of glucose from intestines. It also acquires an antilipolytic effect which reduces free fatty acid concentration. It is proved in many trials that
Metformin can normalize menstrual function and raise the chance of ovulation.
2556:
Palomba S, Falbo A, Carrillo L, Villani MT, Orio F, Russo T, et al. (December 2011). "Metformin reduces risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome during gonadotropin-stimulated in vitro fertilization cycles: a randomized, controlled trial".
2520:
Palomba S, Falbo A, La Sala GB (February 2013). "Effects of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with gonadotrophins for in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials".
109:
Meanwhile, in the 2000s, there were clinical trials exploring the effectiveness of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole for infertility treatment. Besides, there were ongoing epidemiological studies examining the phenotypic differences associated with prenatal exposure to metformin.
1703:
Perez EA, Josse RG, Pritchard KI, Ingle JN, Martino S, Findlay BP, et al. (August 2006). "Effect of letrozole versus placebo on bone mineral density in women with primary breast cancer completing 5 or more years of adjuvant tamoxifen: a companion study to NCIC CTG MA.17".
700:, which stimulate the production of female hormone and bind to the beta estrogen receptor so as to mitigate the menopausal symptoms. Due to the presence of phytoestrogenic compounds, red clover extract can raise estrogen level and thus trigger ovulation and aid fertility.
332:
Compared to the general population, clomiphene does not exhibit a tendency toward increasing the risk of miscarriages or harmful fetal abnormalities. For breastfeeding consideration, a study found that clomiphene effectively suppresses lactation, which can be explained by
74:
female infertility. Next, it emphasizes on common female fertility agents in terms of their mechanism of action, side effects, fetal consideration and clinical application and ended up by the introduction of supplements and herbal medicines for female infertility.
210:
Female gonadotropins include follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Gonadotropin therapy refers to the administration of exogenous gonadotropins to treat anovulation. Gonadotropin therapy is given via
1739:
Zaman K, Thürlimann B, Huober J, Schönenberger A, Pagani O, Lüthi J, et al. (June 2012). "Bone mineral density in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant letrozole, tamoxifen, or sequences of letrozole and tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 study (SAKK 21/07)".
155:
646:
is a natural antioxidant. It is stated in randomized trials that its supplementation increases the number of oocytes, which contributes to a greater fertilization rate and improved embryonic development in women with suboptimal ovarian reserve parameters.
131:
anovulation (Class 1), normogonadotropic normoestrogenic anovulation (Class 2), and hypergonadotropic hypoestrogenic anovulation (Class 3). Apart from the three classes, hyperprolactinemic anovulation is also identified as one of the etiologies.
299:
receptors (ERs), receptor recycling is interfered. This inhibits hypothalamic ERs and hence interrupts normal estrogenic negative feedback. As a result, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsation occurs which induces the release of pituitary
2332:"Metformin Effects on Clinical Features, Endocrine and Metabolic Profiles, and Insulin Sensitivity in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 6-Month Trial, Followed by Open, Long-Term Clinical Evaluation"
662:
and gonadotropin signaling, which is associated with follicle maturation. Multiple researches have indicated that myoinositol supplementation in poor ovarian responders can improve fertilization rate and ovarian sensitivity index (OSI).
2444:
Abdalmageed OS, Farghaly TA, Abdelaleem AA, Abdelmagied AE, Ali MK, Abbas AM (October 2019). "Impact of
Metformin on IVF Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial".
97:
The first recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) received EU approval in 1995, followed by the approval of recombinant human luteinizing hormone (rhLH) and recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (rhCG) in 2000.
1933:
Tatsumi T, Jwa SC, Kuwahara A, Irahara M, Kubota T, Saito H (January 2017). "No increased risk of major congenital anomalies or adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes following letrozole use in assisted reproductive technology".
126:
Ovulatory disorders result in infrequent ovulation (Oligoovulation) or absent ovulation (anovulation) which causes infertility. The World Health
Organisation (WHO) has classified anovulation into three main classes, which are
2741:
Dogansen SC, Cikrikcili U, Oruk G, Kutbay NO, Tanrikulu S, Hekimsoy Z, et al. (July 2019). "Dopamine
Agonist-Induced Impulse Control Disorders in Patients With Prolactinoma: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study".
455:
and anovulatory infertility in recent years. It is stated that letrozole therapy leads to greater birth rates compared to clomiphene in a randomized trial and meta-analysis with large sample of anovulatory women.
1775:
Crew KD, Greenlee H, Capodice J, Raptis G, Brafman L, Fuentes D, et al. (September 2007). "Prevalence of joint symptoms in postmenopausal women taking aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer".
1667:
Buzdar AU, Robertson JF, Eiermann W, Nabholtz JM (November 2002). "An overview of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the newer generation aromatase inhibitors anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane".
1512:
Monfort A, Jutras M, Martin B, Boucoiran I, Ferreira E, Leclair G (September 2021). "Simultaneous quantification of 19 analytes in breast milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)".
510:. Regarding breastfeeding, metformin does not show obvious association with adverse outcomes. In addition, metformin is not associated with a raised chance of major birth abnormalities in female with PCOS.
423:
Common side effects include bone fracture due to bone mineral density loss, ischemic cardiovascular events like angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and musculoskeletal effects for instance
2369:
Yang PK, Hsu CY, Chen MJ, Lai MY, Li ZR, Chen CH, et al. (March 2018). "The
Efficacy of 24-Month Metformin for Improving Menses, Hormones, and Metabolic Profiles in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome".
259:
Gonadotropin therapy can be given to female who have ovulatory failure and irregular ovulation as second-line treatment. It can be given to female who has normal ovulation but fails to conceive by
2999:"The premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual mastodynia, fibrocystic mastopathy and infertility have often common roots: effects of extracts of chasteberry (Vitex agnus castus) as a solution"
101:
407:. Hence, Letrozole inhibits the synthesis of estrogen. The hypoestrogenic state boosts the release of gonadotropin-release hormone and raises the synthesis of FSH in pituitary gland.
2063:
Legro RS, Barnhart HX, Schlaff WD, Carr BR, Diamond MP, Carson SA, et al. (February 2007). "Clomiphene, metformin, or both for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome".
2674:
Verhelst J, Abs R, Maiter D, van den Bruel A, Vandeweghe M, Velkeniers B, et al. (July 1999). "Cabergoline in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a study in 455 patients".
2295:
Cassina M, DonĂ M, Di
Gianantonio E, Litta P, Clementi M (2014-05-25). "First-trimester exposure to metformin and risk of birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
395:
Among all aromatase inhibitors, Letrozole is commonly used for improving female fertility. It works by inhibiting aromatase which is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of
1359:
Schlegel PN, Sigman M, Collura B, De Jonge CJ, Eisenberg ML, Lamb DJ, et al. (January 2021). "Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA/ASRM guideline part II".
362:, post-oral contraceptive amenorrhea, and secondary amenorrhea of unidentified cause. Serum estrogen should be measured prior to therapy which rules out primary pituitary or
1993:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology (June 2018). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 194: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome".
592:
is a dopamine 2 receptor agonist which is also an ergot derivative. It functions similarly to bromocriptine but with higher selectivity and affinity than bromocriptine.
86:(hCG) was launched, which marked the first emergence of female fertility agents. Subsequently, clomiphene citrate was discovered in 1951, which was then approved by the
2897:"Pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 improves ovarian response and embryo quality in low-prognosis young women with decreased ovarian reserve: a randomized controlled trial"
235:
due to several enlarged follicles. The enlarged ovaries will lead to severe abdominal pain, vomiting, clotting in the lungs and legs along with fluid imbalance.
2406:"Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility"
2812:
Ricci E, Parazzini F, Motta T, Ferrari CI, Colao A, Clavenna A, et al. (2002). "Pregnancy outcome after cabergoline treatment in early weeks of gestation".
552:
Dopamine agonists, cabergoline and bromocriptine bind to specific dopamine receptors to block the secretion pathway of prolactin and shrink the size of tumor (
451:
Besides being a first-line medication for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, it also acts as an off-label agent for ovulation induction in patients with
2028:
Misso ML, Wong JL, Teede HJ, Hart R, Rombauts L, Melder AM, et al. (2012-03-19). "Aromatase inhibitors for PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
506:
Metformin reduces intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 and also serum vitamin B12 concentration, thus patients are recommended to monitor B12 deficiency with
1183:
Wu HM, Chang HM, Leung PC (January 2021). "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction".
2948:"The effect of Myo-inositol on fertility rates in poor ovarian responder in women undergoing assisted reproductive technique: a randomized clinical trial"
192:. It is noticed that the number of follicles reduces rapidly after the age of 37 when close to menopause, resulting in a natural decline in fertility.
94:
and later proved effective in treating prolactinemia-related infertility. As a breakthrough, hMG/hCG protocols for pre-IVF treatment were introduced.
574:
possesses both dopamine 2 receptor agonistic and dopamine 1 receptor antagonistic properties. It is an ergot derivative, which directly binds to the
1022:
2857:"Cabergoline versus bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis"
324:
and visual abnormalities. Long-term use may raise risk of ovarian cancer, such that long-term therapy (more than 6 cycles) is not recommended.
118:
Female infertility can be caused by multiple factors, such as ovulatory disorders, structural abnormalities in reproductive organs and aging.
3142:
832:
2777:
Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E (January 2007). "Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation".
1280:
2225:
Niafar M, Hai F, Porhomayon J, Nader ND (February 2015). "The role of metformin on vitamin B12 deficiency: a meta-analysis review".
536:
321:
232:
526:
Metformin is often used as second-line treatment especially in PCOS patients are contraindicated to treatment of combined estrogen-
1813:"Prospective characterization of musculoskeletal symptoms in early stage breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors"
247:
when compared to clomiphene and aromatase inhibitors. Multiple pregnancy may increase the risks of preterm birth and decreased
267:
is required. Discontinuation of the therapy is required if more than three large follicles are detected in pelvic ultrasound.
1399:"Predicting and preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS): the need for individualized not standardized treatment"
128:
87:
83:
604:. Other adverse effects for instance impulse-control disorder and valvular heart disease are less frequently resulted.
2650:
2260:
Glueck CJ, Wang P (March 2007). "Metformin before and during pregnancy and lactation in polycystic ovary syndrome".
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452:
355:
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498:
2821:
2146:
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507:
166:, either blockage or injuries will prevent fertilization and/or implantation. Besides, anomalies in
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History of development of Clomiphene citrate, aromatase inhibitor, Metformin & dopamine agonist
91:
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490:, indigestion, nausea and vomiting which are reversible by dosage adjustment and discontinuation.
162:
Structural abnormalities in female reproductive organs will lead to infertility. Abnormalities in
32:
3147:
2135:"Metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase"
693:
677:
1583:
Cole PA, Robinson CH (November 1990). "Mechanism and inhibition of cytochrome P-450 aromatase".
556:), which subsequently treat infertility caused by elevated level of prolactin.(See also :
3118:
3069:
3020:
2979:
2928:
2872:
2837:
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2759:
2718:
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2632:
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2538:
2497:
2462:
2421:
2386:
2351:
2312:
2277:
2242:
2207:
2172:
2133:
Madiraju AK, Erion DM, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Braddock DT, Albright RA, et al. (June 2014).
2115:
2080:
2045:
2010:
1951:
1915:
1877:
1842:
1793:
1757:
1721:
1685:
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1530:
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1430:
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1338:
1251:
1200:
1160:
1128:
1079:
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941:
890:
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734:
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3100:
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3051:
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2786:
2751:
2683:
2622:
2612:
2566:
2530:
2489:
2454:
2413:
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2343:
2304:
2269:
2234:
2199:
2162:
2154:
2107:
2072:
2037:
2002:
1943:
1907:
1869:
1832:
1824:
1785:
1749:
1713:
1677:
1639:
1631:
1592:
1557:
1522:
1462:
1420:
1410:
1368:
1328:
1320:
1241:
1231:
1192:
1118:
1110:
1069:
1059:
972:
931:
921:
880:
872:
780:
770:
726:
575:
2482:"Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome"
1969:
578:
dopamine 2 receptors of anterior pituitary cells and inhibits the secretion of prolactin.
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2134:
1837:
1812:
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1246:
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1123:
1098:
1074:
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The major side effects of dopamine agonists include nausea, vomiting , arrhythmia and
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334:
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140:
41:
3122:
3073:
2983:
2932:
2876:
2841:
2798:
2763:
2722:
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2687:
2636:
2578:
2542:
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1342:
1255:
1204:
1164:
1132:
1083:
945:
894:
794:
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21:
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910:"Metformin in Reproductive Biology"
567:Chemical structure of Bromocriptine
1097:LeĂŁo Rd, Esteves SC (April 2014).
634:Chemical structure of Coenzyme Q10
386:3. Aromatase Inhibitors: Letrozole
231:Gonadotropin treatment may induce
78:History of female fertility agents
14:
1153:"Physiology, Luteinizing Hormone"
731:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012
585:Chemical structure of cabergoline
537:ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
322:ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
233:ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
2571:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.09.020
2348:10.1097/00006254-200006000-00019
1912:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.01.006
1906:(4): 1158–9, author reply 1159.
1373:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.016
279:Chemical structure of Clomiphene
20:
2227:Internal and Emergency Medicine
1185:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
463:Chemical structure of Metformin
381:Chemical structure of Letrozole
2494:10.1002/14651858.cd006105.pub2
2418:10.1002/14651858.cd003053.pub4
1585:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1:
2834:10.1016/s0890-6238(02)00055-2
2262:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
965:International Congress Series
502:Table of complete blood count
295:. By occupying intracellular
158:Image of uterine malformation
3143:Drugs by target organ system
3044:Food Science & Nutrition
2204:10.1016/j.diabet.2010.11.002
2007:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002656
1778:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1706:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1151:Nedresky D, Singh G (2024),
676:The extracts of Chasteberry
129:hypogonadotropic hypogonadal
88:Food and Drug Administration
84:human chorionic gonadotropin
1197:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100876
696:) extracts contain several
320:. Rare adverse effects are
144:Animation of Fallopian tube
136:2. Structural abnormalities
3164:
2965:10.1186/s12958-021-00741-0
2709:Choi J, Horner KA (2024),
2605:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1527:10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114236
1467:10.1016/j.jogc.2017.12.004
1224:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1115:10.6061/clinics/2014(04)10
914:Frontiers in Endocrinology
763:Frontiers in Endocrinology
3016:10.1186/s40816-016-0038-z
2914:10.1186/s12958-018-0343-0
2869:10.1007/s11102-010-0290-z
2297:Human Reproduction Update
2239:10.1007/s11739-014-1157-5
2192:Diabetes & Metabolism
2030:Human Reproduction Update
1995:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1829:10.1007/s10549-007-9774-6
1624:Human Reproduction Update
1027:www.childrenscolorado.org
977:10.1016/j.ics.2004.12.028
877:10.1002/14651858.cd010287
698:phytoestrogenic compounds
453:polycystic ovary syndrome
356:polycystic ovary syndrome
350:Polycystic ovary syndrome
213:intrauterine insemination
2618:10.3389/fendo.2018.00768
2459:10.1177/1933719118765985
2274:10.1517/14740338.6.2.191
1790:10.1200/JCO.2007.10.7573
1718:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4882
1237:10.3389/fendo.2019.00429
927:10.3389/fendo.2018.00675
776:10.3389/fendo.2019.00429
419:Example of tenosynovitis
184:Age and female fertility
150:Tubal Factor Infertility
3105:10.3889/oamjms.2019.086
2814:Reproductive Toxicology
2559:Fertility and Sterility
2535:10.1111/1471-0528.12070
2112:10.1056/nejmcibr1409796
1900:Fertility and Sterility
1416:10.1186/1477-7827-10-32
1361:Fertility and Sterility
1065:10.4103/0974-1208.74152
682:premenstrual mastodynis
201:1. Gonadotropin therapy
71:Female fertility agents
35:, as no other articles
2688:10.1210/jcem.84.7.5810
959:Dhont M (April 2005).
635:
586:
568:
523:
503:
464:
420:
382:
351:
280:
261:in vitro fertilization
217:in vitro fertilization
170:, commonly caused by
159:
145:
122:1. Ovulatory disorders
106:
3003:Clinical Phytoscience
2756:10.1210/jc.2018-02202
2655:www.sciencedirect.com
2447:Reproductive Sciences
2383:10.1210/jc.2017-01739
2309:10.1093/humupd/dmu022
2042:10.1093/humupd/dms003
1948:10.1093/humrep/dew280
1874:10.1093/annonc/mdt037
1754:10.1093/annonc/mdr448
1636:10.1093/humupd/dmn033
1325:10.1056/NEJMoa1414827
837:www.sciencedirect.com
719:Clinical Biochemistry
633:
584:
566:
539:(OHSS) is prevented.
521:
501:
462:
418:
380:
368:endometrial carcinoma
349:
278:
157:
143:
104:
2791:10.1056/NEJMoa062222
2077:10.1056/NEJMoa063971
608:Fetal considerations
602:postural hypotension
508:complete blood count
494:Fetal considerations
435:Fetal considerations
328:Fetal considerations
239:Fetal considerations
2826:2002RepTx..16..791R
2711:"Dopamine Agonists"
2565:(6): 1384–1390.e4.
2159:10.1038/nature13270
2151:2014Natur.510..542M
1597:10.1021/jm00173a001
1048:"Fertility and age"
1003:pro.uptodatefree.ir
558:Hyperprolactinaemia
372:hyperprolactinaemia
172:MĂĽllerian anomalies
1936:Human Reproduction
1862:Annals of Oncology
1742:Annals of Oncology
1682:10.1002/cncr.10908
1493:www.infantrisk.com
694:Trifolium pratense
678:Vitex agnus castus
636:
587:
569:
524:
504:
465:
421:
383:
352:
281:
245:multiple pregnancy
160:
146:
107:
92:hyperprolactinemia
54:for suggestions.
44:to this page from
3056:10.1002/fsn3.2523
3050:(10): 5869–5882.
2453:(10): 1336–1342.
2145:(7506): 542–546.
2106:(16): 1547–1548.
1784:(25): 3877–3883.
1712:(22): 3629–3635.
1591:(11): 2933–2942.
1319:(13): 1230–1240.
531:administered for
265:pelvic ultrasound
68:
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2750:(7): 2527–2534.
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2699:
2682:(7): 2518–2522.
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2019:
2018:
2001:(6): e157–e171.
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1974:academic.oup.com
1966:
1960:
1959:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1868:(6): 1443–1449.
1857:
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1808:
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1772:
1766:
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1748:(6): 1474–1481.
1736:
1730:
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1700:
1694:
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1676:(9): 2006–2016.
1664:
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692:The red clover (
667:Herbal medicines
293:the hypothalamus
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49:
47:related articles
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1562:10.1002/cpt.377
1547:
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1511:
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545:
516:
496:
484:
475:
470:
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403:to estrogen by
397:androstenedione
393:
388:
364:ovarian failure
344:
330:
310:
286:
273:
257:
249:gestational age
241:
229:
208:
203:
198:
180:
138:
124:
116:
80:
64:
58:
55:
45:
42:introduce links
25:
12:
11:
5:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3099:(3): 495–499.
3079:
3030:
2989:
2938:
2887:
2847:
2820:(6): 791–793.
2804:
2769:
2733:
2701:
2666:
2642:
2584:
2548:
2529:(3): 267–276.
2512:
2472:
2436:
2396:
2377:(3): 890–899.
2361:
2342:(6): 365–366.
2322:
2303:(5): 656–669.
2287:
2268:(2): 191–198.
2252:
2217:
2182:
2125:
2090:
2071:(6): 551–566.
2055:
2036:(3): 301–312.
2020:
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1961:
1942:(1): 125–132.
1925:
1887:
1852:
1823:(2): 365–372.
1803:
1767:
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1630:(6): 571–582.
1610:
1575:
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1480:
1461:(7): 978–987.
1440:
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1175:
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1109:(4): 279–293.
1089:
1058:(3): 121–123.
1038:
1014:
990:
951:
900:
848:
824:
813:embryo.asu.edu
800:
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541:
515:
512:
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492:
483:
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448:
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441:teratogenicity
436:
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392:
389:
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358:, psychogenic
343:
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318:hyperlipidemia
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182:More refer to
179:
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164:Fallopian tube
148:More refer to
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79:
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66:
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52:Find link tool
28:
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2233:(1): 93–102.
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