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714:) without access to his personal collection of books and notes, which forced him to rely in that regard on his prodigious memory. According to his own account, the long-time perspective he took was in part a "direct existential" reaction to the troubling war news. By "choosing the position of God the Father himself as a refuge" he sought to assert the "perdurability and majestic immobility" of the Mediterranean against the "fleeting occurrence" of political events which he associated with the "daily misery" of the camp. He sent completed
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1025:, such as organized behaviours, attitudes, and conventions, as well as physical structures and infrastructures. He argued that the structures established in Europe during the Middle Ages contributed to the successes of present-day European-based cultures. He attributed much of that to the long-standing independence of city-states, which, though later subjugated by larger geographic states, were not always completely suppressed, probably for reasons of utility.
730:. He occasionally dispatched books to Febvre as well. He edited his work after his release in 1945 by checking it against the archival material that survived the war in a metal container in the basement of his Paris house. He cut portions from the copy books and re-arranged the text with new insertions, then destroyed the manuscripts â only a fragment gifted to Febvre has survived. During the war, his wife and children lived in Algeria.
971:("Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century"). The first volume was published in 1967 and was translated to English in 1973. The last of the three-volume work appeared in 1979. The work is a broad-scale history of the pre-industrial modern world focusing on how regular people made economies work. Like all of Braudel's other major works, it mixes traditional economic material with
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916:
the
Mediterranean economy, social groupings, empires and civilizations. Change at that level is much more rapid than that of the environment. Braudel looks at two or three centuries to spot a particular pattern such as the rise and fall of various aristocracies. The third level of time is that of events (
1147:, both of which reflected enduring social, economic, and cultural realities. Braudel's structures, both mental and environmental, determine the long-term course of events by constraining actions on, and by, humans over a duration long enough that they are beyond the consciousness of the actors involved.
915:
The first level of time, geographical time, is that of the environment, with its slow, almost imperceptible change, its repetition and cycles. Such change may be slow, but it is irresistible. The second level of time comprises long-term social, economic, and cultural history, where
Braudel discusses
950:
In the 1966 second edition to his book, which went further in the direction of seeking scientific precision through economic quantification, Braudel claimed that over the previous twenty to thirty years "the chain of economic events and their short-term conjunctures" had been established as a less
903:
For
Braudel there is no single Mediterranean Sea. There are many seas, indeed a "vast, complex expanse" within which men operate. Life is conducted on the Mediterranean: people travel, fish, fight wars, and drown in its various contexts, and the sea articulates with the plains and islands. Life on
931:
Braudel's
Mediterranean is centered on the sea, but just as importantly, it is also the desert and the mountains. The desert creates a nomadic form of social organization where the whole community moves; mountain life is sedentary. Transhumance the movement from the mountain to the plain or vice
1037:
interpretations. In
Braudel's view, the state in capitalist countries has served as a guarantor of monopolists rather than a protector of competition, as it is usually portrayed. He asserted that capitalists have had power and cunning on their side, as they have arrayed themselves against the
1150:
A feature of
Braudel's work was his compassion for the suffering of marginal people. He articulated the view that most surviving historical sources come from the literate wealthy classes. He emphasised the importance of the ephemeral lives of slaves, serfs, peasants and the urban poor, and
941:, and downplayed the importance of specific events. It was widely admired, but most historians did not try to replicate it and instead focused on their specialized monographs. The book firmly launched the study of the Mediterranean and dramatically raised the worldwide profile of the
1132:, arguing that the continuities in the deepest structures of society were central to history. Upheavals in institutions or the superstructure of social life were of little significance, for history, they argued, lies beyond the reach of conscious actors, especially the will of
1060:), which was unfinished at the time of his death in 1985. Unlike in many of Braudel's other books, he makes no secret of his profound love of his country in this book and remarks at the beginning that he had loved France as if she were a woman. Reflecting his interest with the
1151:
demonstrated their contributions to the wealth and power of their respective masters and societies. His work was often illustrated with contemporary depictions of daily life and rarely with pictures of noblemen or kings. He chose to emphasise constraints on human agency â as
954:
The second edition appeared in 70,000 copies, in contrast to 2,500 copies of the first edition. It was only with the publishing of the
English translation of the second edition of his book that Braudel's work began to make an impact on Anglophone scholarship.
1068:
was with the centuries and millennia, instead of the years and decades. Braudel argued that France is the product not of its politics or economics but rather of its geography and culture, a thesis that
Braudel had explored in a wide-ranging book that saw the
1028:
Braudel argues that capitalists have typically been monopolists and not, as is usually assumed, entrepreneurs operating in competitive markets. He argued that capitalists did not specialize and did not use free markets, and he thus diverges from both liberal
1041:
An agrarian structure is a long-term structure in the
Braudelian understanding of the concept. On a larger scale the agrarian structure is more dependent on the regional, social, cultural and historical factors than on the state's undertaken activities.
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historians, after living through two world wars and massive political upheavals in France, were very uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history. They preferred to stress inertia and the
912:), as well as by intrusions, both cultural and economic, from the north. In other words, the Mediterranean cannot be understood independently from what is exterior to it. Any rigid adherence to boundaries falsifies the situation.
708:
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In 1937, Braudel returned to Paris from Brazil. He spent the twenty-day sea journey in the company of Febvre and his family as both had booked passage on the same ship. Braudel thus fell under the influence of the
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M. Pietrzak, D. Walczak, The
Analysis of the Agrarian Structure in Poland with the Special Consideration of the Years 1921 and 2002, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol 20, No 5, pp. 1025, 1038.
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1155:
noted in a review of his first book, "Braudel's Mediterranean is a world unresponsive to human control" so that "Braudel's mountains move his men, but never his men the mountains". This preference for
994:. In it, Braudel traces the impact of the centers of Western capitalism on the rest of the world. Braudel wrote the series as a way of explanation for the modern way and partly as a refutation of the
544:. Braudel made use of his stay for intellectual experimentation and he later said that the time in Brazil had been the "greatest period of his life". Braudel was fascinated with Sao Paulo's rapid
3093:"Historiographical and Conceptual Exchange between Fernand Braudel and Caio Prado Jr. in the 1930s and 1940s: a Case of Unequal Positions in the Intellectual Space between Brazil and France"
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in 1957, which completed his rise to unrivalled influence on the development of the historical studies in France in the post-war years. He received an additional $ 1 million from the
2459:(1949) marked a watershed and it is a rare historian today who has not glanced through its pages to find himself feeling a little like Keats on first looking into Chapmanâs Homer."
5574:
1136:. They rejected the Marxist idea that history should be used as a tool to foment and foster revolutions. A proponent of historical materialism himself, Braudel rejected Marxist
1835:
The wartime correspondence, unpublished due to the refusal by Febvre's heirs to grant permission, reveals their father-son relationship. It also shows that Braudel asked after
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760:
3383:(2001), "Challenging Braudel: A New Vision of the Mediterranean (review of Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, "The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History",
1021:
in the 16th through 18th centuries (1627â1733); and London (and England) in the 18th and 19th centuries (1733â1896). He used the word "structures" to denote a variety of
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economy that he saw developing in Europe in the 12th century. Particular cities and later nation-states follow each other sequentially as centres of these cycles:
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and wrote a paper on the Spanish presence in the country during the 16th century. He also began there his doctoral thesis on the foreign policy of King
31:
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3362:(2016), "Fernand Braudel as Prisoner in Germany: Confronting the Long Term and the Present Time", in Pathé, Anne-Marie; Théofilakis, Fabien (eds.),
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3290:: The Making and Marketing of a Masterpiece (review of Fernand Braudel, "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II"",
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In this book, he expressed a conviction that economics is "the most scientific of the sciences of man", while history is merely an imperfect one.
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645:) from the camp authorities and the right to borrow books and journals from the well-provisioned municipal library for his research. Under the
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i.e. Fernand Braudel, "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)
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approach to stress the slow and often imperceptible effects of space, climate and technology on the actions of human beings in the past. The
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920:). This is the history of individuals with names. That, for Braudel, is the time of surfaces and deceptive effects. It is the time of the
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on 25 January 1934. Braudel left for Brazil in March 1935, after the birth of his daughter, and took up the post vacated by
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and provide him with editorial advice. He started writing his book on Philip II's Mediterranean at Febvre's house in the
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Braudel emphasized the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history. In a 2011 poll by
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The third volume, subtitled "The Perspective of the World", was strongly influenced by the work of German scholars like
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as the basis for a history course, but its rejection of the traditional event-based narrative was too radical for the
521:, and helped the SĂŁo Paulo elites in their project of achieving social and national hegemony. His colleagues included
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still lacked a university, however, and in 1934, the francophile Julio de Mesquita Filho invited the anthropologist
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564:, but took a more centrist position. He compared Brazil favourably â on account of its "social malleability" and
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in the summer of 1944, when the latter was already dead, to which Febvre replied by emphasising Bloch's bravery.
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historians after 1945. He defended his thesis at the University of Paris in 1947. In that year, with Febvre and
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approach to the rest of Europe and to the world. In 1972 Braudel gave up all editorial responsibility on the
298:; 24 August 1902 â 27 November 1985) was a French historian. His scholarship focused on three main projects:
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3250:"Fernand Braudel, Brazil, and the Empire of French Social Science: Newly Translated Sources from the 1930s"
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as an instructor in history. He worked with Febvre, who would later read the early versions of Braudel's
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1522:: histoire et civilisations. Classes terminales, propédeutique, classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles
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development as a "young European civilization" â to Algeria and even to the United States in his 1937
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was established there, with Braudel as its director. In 1949 he was elected by the professors of the
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Braudel's vast panoramic view used insights from other social sciences, employed the concept of the
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363:. His father, a mathematics teacher, aided him in his studies. His maternal grandfather had been a
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2863:"Autobiographical Texts as Historiographical Sources: Rereading Fernand Braudel and Annie Kriegel"
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used the Ford Foundation grant and government funds to create a new independent foundation, the
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magazine, Fernand Braudel was picked as the most important historian of the previous 60 years.
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3044:(1986). "French History in the Last Twenty Years: the Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm".
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830:(FMSH), which Braudel directed from 1970 to his death. It was housed in the building called
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1534:(1989; first published in Italian as 'L'Italia fuori d'Italia: Due secoli e tre Italie' in
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Santamaria, Ulysses; Bailey, Anne M. (1984). "A Note on Braudel's Structure as Duration".
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560:" in the new world. Unlike LĂ©vi-Strauss, he did not actively support the Communist-backed
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in the summer of 1927. He visited several archives around the Mediterranean, including at
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774:(EPHE), which then became the funnel for all historical research in France. In 1948, the
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Carrard, Philippe (1988), "Figuring France: The Numbers and Tropes of Fernand Braudel",
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the plains is diverse and complex; the poorer south is affected by religious diversity (
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Alan Heston, "Review Essay on Fernand Braudel's Civilization and Capitalism", EH.net,
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of the social impact of economic events on various facets of everyday life, including
836:. FMSH focused its activities on international networking in order to disseminate the
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Francis X. Sutton, "The Ford Foundation's Transatlantic Role and Purposes, 1951â81."
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Les hommes et les choses, seconde partie, une "Ă©conomie paysanne" jusqu'au XXe siĂšcle
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in 1939, he was called up for military service and on 29 June 1940 taken prisoner as
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rural setting with his grandmother until at the age of seven he joined his father in
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Thomas E. Skidmore, "LĂ©vi-Strauss, Braudel and Brazil: a Case of Mutual Influence."
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was much coloured by a romantic nostalgia, as Braudel argued for the existence of a
782:
as one of their number upon Febvre's retirement. He co-founded the academic journal
657:), and was able to order material from France, including the full collection of the
572:. He would later call Algeria, with its "uneducable" population, "a failed Brazil".
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Vol. 63, No. 2, A Special Issue on Modern France. (Jun., 1991), pp. 341â353.
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Wallerstein, Immanuel (1991), "Braudel on Capitalism, or Everything Upside Down",
2510:"Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century | Book Reviews | EH.Net"
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Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier,
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Les hommes et les choses, premiĂšre partie, le nombre et les fluctuations longues
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596:. He only took a stance on current politics when expressing condemnation of the
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533:. The evening lectures of French professors were attended by the city governor
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in 1923/24, where he met his future second wife, Paule Pradel, and then at the
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According to Schöttler, Brunschwig would express his gratitude in the camp to
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versa in a given season is also a persistent part of Mediterranean existence.
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documents with the help of his wife. From 1932 to 1935 he taught in the Paris
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magazine, he was named the most important historian of the previous 60 years.
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Professor David Moon, "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School" (lecture 2005)
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and Braudel to help develop one. The result was the establishment of the new
215:
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Harris, Olivia. "Braudel: Historical Time and the Horror of Discontinuity."
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669:) involvement, he was transferred to a camp for special category prisoners (
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2440:"Twilight of the History Gods: Jacques Le Goff, 1924-2014 | History Today"
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he received his pay, which he used to buy German books (e.g. the works of
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could lead Braudel towards dubious conclusions, as when he asserted that
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at EPHE after the death of Febvre in 1956 and attracted scholars such as
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Wartime Captivity in the Twentieth Century: Archives, Stories, Memories
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3366:, translated by Helen McPhail, New York: Berghahn, pp. 103â114,
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Kaplan, Steven Laurence. "Long-Run Lamentations: Braudel on France,"
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The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
1424:
Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme, xv et xviii siÚcles
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The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
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The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
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182:
74:
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1580:(1998, edited by Roselyne de Ayala and Paule Braudel, with notes by
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obvious alternative to the traditional "chain of political events".
900:) was his most influential and has been described as a "watershed".
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2566:
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La MĂ©diterranĂ©e et le Monde MĂ©diterranĂ©en Ă lâEpoque de Philippe II
2324:
La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II
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La Méditerranée et le Monde méditerranéen a l'époque de Philippe II
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La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II
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La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II
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of the camp university, which gained him respectful treatment (per
188:
La Méditerranée et le Monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II
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3513:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
4051:
3122:
Paradigm? The Geo-historical Structuralism of Fernand Braudel".
976:
367:, and Braudel was reluctant to mention this side of his family.
3765:
3517:
513:. He worked within the state-promoted ideological framework of
493:
By 1900, the French had solidified their cultural influence in
3006:
2893:
The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School 1929â2014
2746:
2628:
1505:(1987; first published in Suzanne Baille, Fernand Braudel and
1077:
integrated into a broad sweep of both the place and the time.
3471:
Fernand Braudel, father of the modern pop-history genre - by
3461:
2543:, edited by Kelly Boyd (Chicago: FitzRoy Dearborn, 1999) 114.
1017:
in the 16th century (1500â1569 and 1557â1627, respectively),
802:
to join its activities. He became the editor-in-chief of the
16:
French historian and leader of the Annales School (1902â1985)
497:
by the establishment of the Brazilian Academy of Fine Arts.
5660:
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
3483:"Fernand Braudel and Global History - Alan Macfarlane 1996"
3011:
Hexter, J. H. "Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellien,"
2293:
2291:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2261:
2259:
2167:
2165:
1787:
Merkel draws a comparison between the French attitudes to
1364:, 3 vols. (1949; 2nd edition, revised and augmented, 1966)
969:
Civilisation MatĂ©rielle, Ăconomie et Capitalisme, XV-XVIII
422:
in 1925/26. While in Algeria, he became fascinated by the
2467:
2465:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
748:, he obtained funding from the French government and the
2358:
2356:
1996:
1994:
1969:
1967:
1954:
1952:
1157:
objective explanations at the expense of human decisions
329:
Plaque Fernand Braudel, 59 rue Brillat-Savarin, Paris 13
3276:
Moon, David. "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School"
1615:, 2 vols. (1972 and 1973, translated by SiĂąn Reynolds)
1001:
Braudel discussed the idea of long-term cycles in the
733:
Braudel became the leader of the second generation of
2541:
The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
722:, and after obtaining written authorisation from the
611:
in the 156th Infantry Regiment by the Germans in the
3457:
Fernand Braudel:Mediterranean studies:Annales school
3417:. "Time and Duration: The Unexcluded Middle" (1997)
2726:
Binghamton University - State University of New York
1108:
approach, the writing of history was focused on the
1009:
in the 13th through the 15th centuries (1250â1510);
5489:
5396:
5288:
5260:
5217:
5149:
5106:
4973:
4925:
4892:
4864:
4831:
4798:
4730:
4662:
4439:
4321:
4293:
4225:
4015:
3970:
3947:
3741:
3708:
3659:
3623:
3582:
3561:
3554:
2455:"The appearance of Ferdinand Braudelâs magisterial
270:
228:
223:
194:
181:
171:
166:
154:
92:
82:
63:
37:
21:
2848:L'épistémologie de l'Histoire chez Fernand Braudel
2424:, "Translator's Introduction" in Fernand Braudel,
2388:Braudel, Fernand. "Pour une Ă©conomie historique."
1676:, 2 vols. (1988â1990, translated by SiĂąn Reynolds)
864:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
752:(which had previously supported the wartime exile
3163:"Braudel's Concepts and Methodology Reconsidered"
2968:New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales
2747:"Braudel Instituto â O Brasil no Centro do Mundo"
2617:"Historical Time and the Horror of Discontinuity"
2250:
1931:
928:, which treats of "events, politics and people."
718:to Febvre in Paris, first apparently through the
2428:(New York: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. xxviâxxvii.
1568:Il secondo Rinascimento: Due secoli e tre Italie
870:in its own right. In 1984 he was elected to the
844:journal, but his name remained on the masthead.
3409:French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm,
3219:, Maryland: University Press of America, 2004.
1619:Civilization and Capitalism, 15thâ18th Century
5650:Academic staff of the University of SĂŁo Paulo
3777:
3529:
3462:Instituto Fernand Braudel de Economia Mundial
3445:Braudel, Colonialism and the Rise of the West
2769:"Top Historians: The Results | History Today"
1621:, 3 vols. (1979, translated by SiĂąn Reynolds)
1337:Instituto Fernand Braudel de Economia Mundial
1306:Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
8:
5575:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
1732:(US; both 2001, translated by SiĂąn Reynolds)
1283:
871:
831:
783:
767:
758:
696:
581:
1848:See Wallerstein, "Time and Duration" (1997)
1384:Destins collectifs et mouvements d'ensemble
1300:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
3784:
3770:
3762:
3558:
3536:
3522:
3514:
1397:Les événements, la politique et les hommes
1052:Braudel's last and most personal book was
29:
18:
5645:Academic staff of the University of Paris
5600:French military personnel of World War II
3025:No. 112. (Aug., 1986), pp. 208â213.
2297:
2282:
2265:
2238:
2214:
2202:
2171:
1178:Braudel is considered a precursor of the
1089:, a "deep France" based upon the peasant
878:and his introduction speech was given by
141:
2535:
2533:
2531:
820:Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme
766:for economic and social sciences at the
5605:French prisoners of war in World War II
5570:Academic staff of the CollĂšge de France
2471:
2392:, Vol. 1, No. 1 (May, 1950), pp. 37-44.
2226:
2190:
2144:
2012:
2000:
1973:
1958:
1861:
1780:
115:
3509:from the original on 12 December 2021.
3493:from the original on 12 December 2021.
3226:(2001), "Fernand Braudel, Historian",
2673:
2671:
2362:
2347:
2309:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2036:
2024:
1985:
1726:The Mediterranean in the Ancient World
1175:at the turn of the fifteenth century.
868:public institution of higher education
3217:Braudel's Historiography Reconsidered
2539:Gwynne Lewis, "Braudel, Fernand," in
1294:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1119:His followers admired his use of the
790:, in 1950. He became the head of the
293:
7:
3750:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
2495:
2483:
2156:
1943:
1868:
1670:(1980, translated by Sarah Matthews)
1318:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
1143:, stressing the equal importance of
556:academics' claims that "there is no
3467:Annales School, Fernand Braudel bio
2050:Bulletin of Latin American Research
1712:(1991, translated by SiĂąn Reynolds)
1045:
396:in history in 1923. He taught at a
3505:. François Antaya. 21 March 2013.
3489:. Prof Alan Macfarlane - Ayabaya.
3306:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1974.tb02218.x
3032:Hughes-Warrington, Marnie (2008),
3021:Hufton, Olwen. "Fernand Braudel",
924:proper and the focus of Part 3 of
480:. During this period he first met
310:(1970â85). He was a member of the
14:
5640:Theorists on Western civilization
5630:Members of the Académie Française
5565:Burials at PĂšre Lachaise Cemetery
3431:Works by or about Fernand Braudel
3036:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge
2970:, translated by Peter V. Conroy,
2665:(New York: Penguin Books, 1993).
1163:was the principal reason for the
1145:infrastructure and superstructure
1104:According to Braudel, before the
858:He retired in 1968. In 1975, the
695:. Braudel drafted his great work
437:), with archival research at the
240:Lycée Pasteur (Neuilly-sur-Seine)
5555:20th-century French male writers
3091:Iumatti, Paulo Teixeira (2017),
3015:1972, vol. 44, pp. 480â539
1791:and the German attitudes to the
1743:
1237:Complutense University of Madrid
967:, Braudel's most famous work is
833:"Maison des Sciences de l'Homme"
776:Centre de recherches historiques
770:Ăcole pratique des hautes Ă©tudes
584:Ăcole pratique des hautes Ă©tudes
262:Ăcole pratique des hautes Ă©tudes
119:
5595:French male non-fiction writers
5590:French historians of philosophy
3499:"Fernand Braudel et l'histoire"
3047:Journal of Contemporary History
2615:Harris, Olivia (1 March 2004).
2403:Review (Fernand Braudel Center)
1628:The Structures of Everyday Life
1574:Les Mémoires de la Méditerranée
580:School. In 1938 he entered the
432:
137:
111:
5635:People from Meuse (department)
5550:20th-century French historians
3109:The Journal of Modern History,
1566:1974; reprinted separately as
661:. In June 1942, suspected of "
306:(1955â79), and the unfinished
1:
3034:Fifty Key Thinkers on History
1891:"Top Historians: The Results"
1312:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
1197:Université libre de Bruxelles
855:, which in turn rejected it.
754:Ăcole libre des hautes Ă©tudes
615:. He was initially held at a
414:until 1932, with a break for
3386:Journal of Roman Archaeology
2976:University of Illinois Press
2836:Resources in other libraries
2817:Resources in other libraries
2688:The New York Review of Books
1730:Memory and the Mediterranean
1654:The Perspective of the World
1335:until 2020, and there is an
1271:Ordre des Palmes académiques
1165:expulsion of Jews from Spain
1038:majority of the population.
853:French Ministry of Education
570:The Concept of a New Country
562:National Liberation Alliance
374:(1913â20), where he studied
370:Braudel was educated at the
287:Fernand Paul Achille Braudel
42:Fernand Paul Achille Braudel
2895:(2nd ed.), Cambridge:
2111:, p. 141â142, 146â150.
1503:Grammaire des civilisations
1432:Les structures du quotidien
756:in New York) to set up the
439:General Archive of Simancas
304:Civilization and Capitalism
5676:
5560:20th-century French people
3125:American Historical Review
3060:10.1177/002200948602100205
3013:Journal of Modern History,
2659:A History of Civilizations
1716:A History of Civilizations
1578:: préhistoire et antiquité
849:A History of Civilizations
635:. In Mainz, he became the
355:, France. He grew up in a
351:in the département of the
3799:
3399:10.1017/S1047759400020055
3258:French Historical Studies
3229:Journal of Modern History
3161:Lai, Cheng-chung (2000).
3097:Storia della Storiografia
2831:Resources in your library
2812:Resources in your library
2749:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2683:"Mediterranean Mysteries"
2555:Journal of Modern History
2426:A History of Civilization
1284:
726:in November 1942 via the
582:
535:Armando de Sales Oliveira
386:, where he was taught by
302:(1923â49, then 1949â66),
280:
162:
28:
5620:Lycée Condorcet teachers
3271:10.1215/00161071-3686080
3118:Kinser, Samuel (1981). "
2995:History Workshop Journal
2846:Akhttiar, Maher (2022),
2722:"FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER"
2710:. Routledge. p. 54.
2708:Encyclopedia of the City
2621:History Workshop Journal
1822:for protecting him from
1116:(a history of events).
484:, the co-founder of the
420:French Army of the Rhine
322:in the 1950s and 1960s.
5625:Lycée Henri-IV teachers
5585:French anti-capitalists
3646:Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
3181:10.1080/108487700115134
1710:Out of Italy, 1450â1650
1683:History and Environment
1570:, Torino: Einaudi 1986)
1475:L'identité de la France
1202:University of Cambridge
1114:histoire événementielle
1081:L'Identité de la France
1075:patois: histoire totale
1066:L'Identité de la France
1064:, Braudel's concern in
1054:L'Identité de la France
1047:L'Identité de la France
918:histoire événementielle
728:German embassy in Paris
720:International Red Cross
507:University of SĂŁo Paulo
468:(secondary schools) of
255:University of SĂŁo Paulo
5615:Theoretical historians
3721:History of mentalities
2251:Hughes-Warrington 2008
1932:Hughes-Warrington 2008
1674:The Identity of France
1641:The Wheels of Commerce
1333:Fernand Braudel Center
1242:Université de Montréal
1058:The Identity of France
872:
847:In 1962 Braudel wrote
832:
784:
768:
759:
750:Rockefeller Foundation
697:
330:
295:[fÉÊnÉÌbÊodÉl]
265:(1937â1939, 1945â1968)
5655:World system scholars
4564:Moeller van den Bruck
3415:Wallerstein, Immanuel
2706:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2052:2003 22(3): 340â349.
1718:(1995, translated by
1696:People and Production
1446:Les jeux de l'Ă©change
1411:Ecrits sur l'histoire
1329:Binghamton University
1212:University of Cologne
1207:University of Chicago
862:was transformed into
517:, part of the French
412:University of Algiers
328:
233:University of Algiers
5610:Historians of France
4102:Geoffrey of Monmouth
3869:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
3793:Historians of Europe
3248:Merkel, Ian (2017),
2997:2004 (57): 161â174.
2989:, Paris: Odile Jacob
2637:10.1093/hwj/57.1.161
2405:2001 24(1): 77â104.
1607:English translations
1247:University of Warsaw
1227:University of Oxford
1217:University of Geneva
1180:world-systems theory
1112:(short span), or on
617:prisoner-of-war camp
347:Braudel was born in
5580:Economic historians
5247:MintalovĂĄ-ZubercovĂĄ
3405:Stoianovich, Traian
3286:(1974), "Braudel's
3168:The European Legacy
2940:Carrard, Philippe.
2123:, p. 141, 147.
2087:, p. 138, 148.
1789:Brazilian modernism
1232:University of Padua
603:At the outbreak of
503:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
349:Luméville-en-Ornois
176:University of Paris
167:Academic background
56:Luméville-en-Ornois
4574:Mommsen (Wolfgang)
3716:History from below
3450:2013-10-20 at the
3323:History and Theory
3215:Lai, Cheng-chung.
3203:on 10 January 2011
2825:By Fernand Braudel
2775:. 16 November 2011
2350:, p. 241â242.
2217:, p. 105â106.
2205:, p. 106â107.
2147:, p. 137â138.
2075:, p. 133â134.
1484:Espace et histoire
1346:In a 2011 poll by
1331:in New York had a
1286:Académie française
874:Académie française
684:and the historian
519:civilizing mission
428:Philip II of Spain
331:
308:Identity of France
5527:
5526:
5298:Altamira y Crevea
4255:KlaiÄ (Vjekoslav)
3759:
3758:
3704:
3703:
3660:Fourth generation
3583:Second generation
3373:978-1-78533-258-6
3023:Past and Present,
2983:Gemelli, Giuliana
2798:Library resources
2657:Fernand Braudel,
2516:on 2 October 2009
2378:official web site
1759:Arnold J. Toynbee
1532:Le ModĂšle italien
1460:Le temps du monde
1371:La part du milieu
1277:Learned societies
1269:Commander of the
1263:Commander of the
1222:Leiden University
1186:Awards and honors
1023:social structures
998:view of history.
973:thick description
926:The Mediterranean
780:CollĂšge de France
667:French Resistance
647:Geneva Convention
531:Caio Prado JĂșnior
424:Mediterranean Sea
300:The Mediterranean
284:
283:
266:
259:
252:
237:
5667:
5383:Ribera y TarragĂł
4912:Oliveira Marques
3962:de Schaepdrijver
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3692:
3675:
3624:Third generation
3610:Ernest Labrousse
3562:First generation
3559:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3510:
3494:
3481:(7 March 2013).
3479:Macfarlane, Alan
3435:Internet Archive
3401:
3376:
3360:Schöttler, Peter
3355:
3316:
3300:(196): 238â243,
3284:Parker, Geoffrey
3273:
3254:
3244:
3224:McNeill, William
3212:
3210:
3208:
3199:. Archived from
3157:
3104:
3087:
3037:
2990:
2978:
2959:
2937:
2909:
2884:
2867:
2854:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2679:Elliott, John H.
2675:
2666:
2661:, translated by
2655:
2649:
2648:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2550:
2544:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2512:. Archived from
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2438:Lee, Alexander.
2435:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2399:
2393:
2390:Revue Ă©conomique
2386:
2380:
2376:Revue Ă©conomique
2372:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2253:, p. 20â21.
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1946:, p. 19â31.
1941:
1935:
1929:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1795:as reflected in
1785:
1753:
1751:Biography portal
1748:
1747:
1746:
1601:
1593:Pierre Rouillard
1590:
1577:
1561:
1550:
1540:, vol. 2.2, ed.
1521:
1515:
1477:, 3 vols. (1986)
1289:
1288:
1265:Legion of Honour
1191:Honorary degrees
892:His first book,
877:
835:
828:
813:In 1962, he and
789:
786:Revue Ă©conomique
773:
764:
747:
712:
700:
694:
686:Henri Brunschwig
623:and then in the
598:Munich Agreement
587:
586:
527:Roberto Simonsen
490:journal (1929).
460:in 1936/37, and
455:
436:
435: 1556â1598
434:
416:military service
297:
292:
271:Notable students
264:
257:
250:
235:
219:
207:
195:Doctoral advisor
145:
143:
139:
123:
121:
117:
113:
70:
67:27 November 1985
51:
49:
33:
19:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5485:
5392:
5318:John of Biclaro
5284:
5256:
5213:
5145:
5102:
4969:
4921:
4902:Hermano Saraiva
4888:
4860:
4827:
4794:
4726:
4658:
4443:
4435:
4317:
4289:
4221:
4018:
4011:
3973:
3966:
3943:
3795:
3790:
3760:
3755:
3737:
3700:
3686:
3684:Bernard Lepetit
3669:
3667:André BurguiÚre
3655:
3641:Jacques Le Goff
3619:
3590:Fernand Braudel
3578:
3550:
3542:
3497:
3477:
3452:Wayback Machine
3427:
3379:
3374:
3358:
3336:10.2307/2504972
3319:
3282:
3252:
3247:
3222:
3206:
3204:
3160:
3138:10.2307/1872933
3117:
3090:
3040:
3031:
2987:Fernand Braudel
2981:
2964:Dosse, François
2962:
2947:
2912:
2907:
2887:
2865:
2857:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2822:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2803:Fernand Braudel
2801:
2794:
2789:
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2778:
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2715:
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2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2047:
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2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1879:
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1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1816:Philippe PĂ©tain
1813:
1809:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1769:Carroll Quigley
1764:Oswald Spengler
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1609:
1595:
1584:
1575:
1555:
1553:Ruggiero Romano
1544:
1542:Corrado Vivanti
1537:Storia d'Italia
1519:
1518:Le Monde actuel
1509:
1507:Robert Philippe
1358:
1326:
1279:
1260:
1258:Orders of Merit
1252:Yale University
1193:
1188:
1134:revolutionaries
1102:
1086:France profonde
1050:
965:La Méditerranée
961:
890:
887:La Méditerranée
860:SixiĂšme section
822:
808:Ford Foundation
792:SixiĂšme section
761:SixiĂšme section
741:
706:
688:
558:social question
546:vertical growth
523:JoĂŁo Cruz Costa
511:Ămile Coornaert
449:
431:
345:
290:
244:Lycée Condorcet
213:
209:
201:
150:
147:
135:
131:
125:
122: 1933)
109:
105:
102:
101:Paulette Valier
78:
72:
68:
59:
53:
47:
45:
44:
43:
24:
23:Fernand Braudel
17:
12:
11:
5:
5673:
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5179:John of Fordun
5176:
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4660:
4659:
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4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4619:von Treitschke
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:Mommsen (Hans)
4566:
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4456:
4450:
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4437:
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4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:de Tocqueville
4423:
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4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
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4039:
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4029:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:KreĆĄevljakoviÄ
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3965:
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3959:
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3951:
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3800:
3797:
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3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3681:
3679:Roger Chartier
3676:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Philippe AriĂšs
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3615:Robert Mandrou
3612:
3607:
3605:Pierre Goubert
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3495:
3475:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3442:
3437:
3426:
3425:External links
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:online version
3412:
3402:
3377:
3372:
3356:
3317:
3280:
3278:online edition
3274:
3265:(1): 129â160,
3245:
3242:10.1086/319882
3236:(1): 133â146,
3220:
3213:
3158:
3115:
3105:
3088:
3054:(2): 209â224.
3038:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2991:
2979:
2960:
2945:
2938:
2927:10.2307/465251
2910:
2905:
2885:
2876:(3): 425â445,
2855:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2760:
2738:
2713:
2698:
2681:(3 May 1973),
2667:
2650:
2607:
2596:
2567:10.1086/244319
2561:(2): 354â361,
2545:
2527:
2500:
2498:, p. 420.
2488:
2486:, p. 379.
2476:
2474:, p. 140.
2461:
2430:
2414:
2394:
2381:
2367:
2365:, p. 242.
2352:
2340:
2314:
2312:, p. 443.
2302:
2300:, p. 107.
2298:Schöttler 2016
2287:
2285:, p. 113.
2283:Schöttler 2016
2270:
2268:, p. 108.
2266:Schöttler 2016
2255:
2243:
2241:, p. 106.
2239:Schöttler 2016
2231:
2229:, p. 142.
2219:
2215:Schöttler 2016
2207:
2203:Schöttler 2016
2195:
2193:, p. 138.
2176:
2174:, p. 105.
2172:Schöttler 2016
2161:
2159:, p. 145.
2149:
2137:
2135:, p. 133.
2125:
2113:
2101:
2099:, p. 140.
2089:
2077:
2065:
2041:
2039:, p. 135.
2029:
2027:, p. 138.
2017:
2005:
2003:, p. 137.
1990:
1988:, p. 238.
1978:
1976:, p. 136.
1963:
1961:, p. 135.
1948:
1936:
1907:
1882:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1828:
1807:
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1471:
1470:
1456:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1316:Member of the
1314:
1310:Member of the
1308:
1304:Member of the
1302:
1298:Member of the
1296:
1292:Member of the
1290:
1282:Member of the
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1161:overpopulation
1101:
1100:Historiography
1098:
1049:
1044:
992:Werner Sombart
985:social customs
960:
957:
944:Annales School
889:
884:
796:Roland Barthes
739:Charles Morazé
651:Werner Sombart
552:and noted the
542:CĂąndido Rondon
408:French Algeria
390:and gained an
372:Lycée Voltaire
357:pre-industrial
344:
341:
320:social history
316:historiography
312:Annales School
282:
281:
278:
277:
275:François Furet
272:
268:
267:
248:Lycée Henri-IV
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:
196:
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185:
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133:
129:
128:
126:
107:
103:
100:
99:
96:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
73:
71:(aged 83)
65:
61:
60:
54:
52:24 August 1902
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5451:von Pufendorf
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
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5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
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4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Arnone Sipari
4738:
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4025:
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4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3963:
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3747:
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3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3696:Jacques Revel
3694:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
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3634:
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3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Pierre Chaunu
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3574:Lucien Febvre
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:blaqswans.org
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3449:
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3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:Mediterranean
3285:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:(1): 63â105.
3131:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2906:9780745661131
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2860:
2859:Aurell, Jaume
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2774:
2773:History Today
2770:
2764:
2761:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Richard Mayne
2660:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2592:
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2576:
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2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2536:
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2532:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2445:
2444:History Today
2441:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:Richard Mayne
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:, p. 92.
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1934:, p. 20.
1933:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1895:History Today
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1871:, p. 75.
1870:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:the Holocaust
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:United States
1790:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:Richard Mayne
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:0-06-016212-0
1700:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:0-06-016021-7
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:0-06-015317-2
1658:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:0-06-015091-2
1645:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:0-06-014845-4
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1582:Jean Guilaine
1579:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:2-253-06457-2
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1454:2-253-06456-4
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:2-253-06455-6
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:2-08-081023-5
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:2-253-06170-0
1401:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:2-253-06169-7
1388:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1378:2-253-06168-9
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:History Today
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:J. H. Elliott
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
958:
956:
952:
948:
947:
945:
940:
939:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
901:
899:
895:
888:
885:
883:
881:
880:Maurice Druon
876:
875:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
834:
829:
826:
821:
816:
815:Gaston Berger
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:Jacques Lacan
797:
793:
788:
787:
781:
777:
772:
771:
765:
763:
762:
755:
751:
745:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
705:
699:
692:
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
585:
579:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:in the early
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
488:
483:
482:Lucien Febvre
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
453:
448:
444:
440:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
395:
394:
389:
385:
382:, and at the
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
338:
337:
336:History Today
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
288:
279:
276:
273:
269:
263:
256:
249:
245:
241:
234:
231:
227:
224:Academic work
222:
217:
212:
205:
200:
199:Georges PagĂšs
197:
193:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
127:
98:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
76:
66:
62:
57:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
5083:Solzhenitsyn
4950:Kogalniceanu
4629:Trevor-Roper
4544:Langewiesche
4250:KlaiÄ (Nada)
4212:Trevor-Roper
3813:
3748:
3727:Longue durée
3725:
3600:Georges Duby
3589:
3545:
3502:
3486:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3363:
3330:(1): 78â83.
3327:
3321:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3262:
3256:
3233:
3227:
3216:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3175:(1): 65â86.
3172:
3166:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3051:
3045:
3033:
3022:
3012:
2994:
2986:
2967:
2952:
2949:Daix, Pierre
2941:
2918:
2914:
2892:
2889:Burke, Peter
2873:
2869:
2847:
2824:
2802:
2792:Bibliography
2777:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2658:
2653:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2599:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2503:
2491:
2479:
2472:McNeill 2001
2456:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2370:
2343:
2332:, retrieved
2323:
2317:
2305:
2246:
2234:
2227:McNeill 2001
2222:
2210:
2198:
2191:McNeill 2001
2152:
2145:McNeill 2001
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2049:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2013:Iumatti 2017
2008:
2001:McNeill 2001
1981:
1974:McNeill 2001
1959:McNeill 2001
1939:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1844:
1831:
1810:
1800:
1783:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1695:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1653:
1640:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1573:
1567:
1535:
1531:
1517:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1459:
1445:
1431:
1423:
1410:
1396:
1383:
1370:
1361:
1347:
1345:
1327:
1177:
1149:
1130:longue durée
1129:
1124:
1121:longue durée
1120:
1118:
1113:
1110:courte durée
1109:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:longue durée
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1027:
1000:
989:
968:
964:
962:
953:
949:
942:
938:longue durée
936:
934:
930:
925:
922:courte durée
921:
917:
914:
902:
897:
893:
891:
886:
859:
857:
848:
846:
841:
837:
818:
812:
803:
791:
775:
757:
734:
732:
702:
658:
641:
621:Neuf-Brisach
602:
589:
577:
574:
569:
515:Pan-Latinism
492:
486:
465:
456:and finally
397:
391:
388:Henri Hauser
369:
346:
334:
332:
307:
303:
299:
286:
285:
229:Institutions
190: (1947)
187:
130:Paule Pradel
69:(1985-11-27)
5545:1985 deaths
5540:1902 births
5013:Fitzpatrick
4833:Netherlands
4062:Butterfield
3974:Herzegovina
3733:New history
3687: [
3670: [
3651:Pierre Nora
3393:: 419â453,
3381:Shaw, Brent
3207:8 September
3103:(1): 89â110
2921:(3): 2â19,
2852:L'Harmattan
2631:: 161â174.
2520:16 November
2363:Parker 1974
2348:Parker 1974
2310:Aurell 2006
2133:Merkel 2017
2121:Merkel 2017
2109:Merkel 2017
2097:Merkel 2017
2085:Merkel 2017
2073:Merkel 2017
2060:Full text:
2037:Merkel 2017
2025:Merkel 2017
1986:Parker 1974
1596: [
1585: [
1556: [
1545: [
1510: [
1141:materialism
1138:dialectical
906:Catholicism
823: [
742: [
707: [
689: [
642:Magnifizenz
625:Oflag XII-B
590:magnum opus
566:tabula rasa
462:microfilmed
450: [
404:Constantine
258:(1935â1937)
251:(1932â1935)
236:(1924â1932)
214: [
202: [
5534:Categories
5519:Tomasevich
5491:Yugoslavia
5280:Verginella
5270:Grafenauer
5141:StanojeviÄ
4960:Tismaneanu
4519:Hirschfeld
4509:Hillgruber
4504:Hildebrand
4117:Himmelfarb
3972:Bosnia and
3929:Thucydides
3834:Eisenstein
3819:Burckhardt
3636:Marc Ferro
3569:Marc Bloch
3555:Historians
3042:Hunt, Lynn
3005:Fulltext:
2972:Urbana, IL
2957:Flammarion
2915:Diacritics
2779:6 November
2695:(7): 25â28
2449:4 November
1856:References
1837:Marc Bloch
1802:Metropolis
1797:Fritz Lang
1668:On History
1562:, Torino:
1343:, Brazil.
1031:Adam Smith
1003:capitalist
983:and other
959:Capitalism
716:copy books
609:lieutenant
550:Vargas Era
393:agrégation
314:of French
211:Roger Dion
118:;
83:Occupation
48:1902-08-24
5338:Florencio
5313:Bennassar
5136:NovakoviÄ
5131:MihaljÄiÄ
5048:Khlevniuk
4983:Applebaum
4879:Jasienica
4785:Salvemini
4760:De Felice
4712:O'Donovan
4702:Machtheni
4654:Zitelmann
4644:Wolffsohn
4416:Sternhell
4331:Bainville
4285:VitezoviÄ
4280:SmiÄiklas
4207:Trevelyan
4042:Armstrong
4007:MesihoviÄ
3904:von Ranke
3344:0018-2656
3197:145622440
3189:1084-8770
3146:0002-8762
3120:Annaliste
3084:162297581
3068:0022-0094
3003:1363-3554
2955:, Paris:
2882:0162-4962
2870:Biography
2645:1363-3554
2591:144420894
2575:0022-2801
2496:Shaw 2001
2484:Daix 1995
2411:0147-9032
2157:Daix 1995
2058:0261-3050
1944:Daix 1995
1869:Daix 1995
1820:Wehrmacht
1524:, Paris:
1341:SĂŁo Paulo
1091:mentalité
1019:Amsterdam
810:in 1960.
671:Oflag X-C
655:Max Weber
600:in 1938.
499:SĂŁo Paulo
474:Condorcet
458:Dubrovnik
365:Communard
343:Biography
172:Education
87:Historian
5514:Schwartz
5509:Jelavich
5466:Robinson
5441:Lönnroth
5426:Harrison
5421:Grimberg
5262:Slovenia
5242:Marusiak
5219:Slovakia
5169:Buchanan
5151:Scotland
5121:ÄirkoviÄ
5058:Medvedev
5038:Karamzin
5018:Grimsted
4993:Conquest
4894:Portugal
4775:Ginzburg
4770:Ginsborg
4745:Bosworth
4717:TĂrechĂĄn
4682:Cléirigh
4649:de Zayas
4599:Rothfels
4559:Meinecke
4406:Renouvin
4391:Mousnier
4386:Michelet
4303:Borodkin
4217:Wedgwood
4202:Thompson
4157:Marshall
4152:Macaulay
4122:Hobsbawm
4107:Hastings
4097:Gardiner
4082:Ferguson
4037:Anderson
3987:KneĆŸeviÄ
3939:Zamoyski
3919:Spengler
3899:Polybius
3844:Hobsbawm
3809:Blanning
3709:Concepts
3507:Archived
3491:Archived
3448:Archived
3314:24408940
3113:in JSTOR
3027:in JSTOR
3017:in JSTOR
2985:(1995),
2966:(1994),
2951:(1995),
2891:(2015),
2861:(2006),
2731:12 March
2329:WorldCat
1818:and the
1737:See also
1694:vol. 2:
1681:vol. 1:
1652:vol. 3:
1639:vol. 2:
1626:vol. 1:
1494:vol. 3:
1488:vol. 2:
1482:vol. 1:
1458:vol. 3:
1444:vol. 2:
1430:vol. 1:
1395:vol. 3:
1382:vol. 2:
1369:vol. 1:
1169:Portugal
1073:and the
896:(1949) (
679:Catholic
665:" (i.e.
663:Gaullist
554:Paulista
478:Henri-IV
447:Valencia
384:Sorbonne
155:Children
77:, France
58:, France
5481:Weibull
5476:Weibull
5461:Roberts
5456:Ringmar
5411:Fryxell
5406:Englund
5378:de Rada
5373:Preston
5333:Elliott
5328:Collins
5252:Ć afĂĄrik
5232:Kamenec
5209:Tranter
5126:DeretiÄ
5116:ÄoroviÄ
5088:Taubman
5078:Shearer
5073:Service
5028:Hosking
5003:Danilov
4988:Bethell
4965:Xenopol
4955:Mitrany
4927:Romania
4907:Mattoso
4800:Moldova
4780:Petacco
4765:Gentile
4707:O'Curry
4692:Keating
4664:Ireland
4614:StĂŒrmer
4589:Peukert
4529:Kershaw
4494:Fischer
4469:Bullock
4464:Broszat
4459:Bracher
4446:Austria
4441:Germany
4411:Roberts
4376:Ladurie
4371:Johnson
4346:Carlyle
4313:Porthan
4295:Finland
4245:KatiÄiÄ
4227:Croatia
4182:Starkey
4172:Roberts
4137:Johnson
4027:Adamson
4019:Kingdom
3957:Pirenne
3949:Belgium
3914:Roberts
3909:Roberts
3894:Pirenne
3884:Mazower
3864:Kershaw
3814:Braudel
3742:Journal
3546:Annales
3503:YouTube
3487:YouTube
3433:at the
3352:2504972
3293:History
3154:1872933
2953:Braudel
2583:2938489
1728:(UK) /
1564:Einaudi
1528:, 1963)
1462:(1979)
1448:(1979)
1434:(1967)
1413:(1969)
1125:Annales
1106:Annales
1035:Marxian
1011:Antwerp
996:Marxist
981:fashion
842:Annales
838:Annales
804:Annales
735:Annales
682:clerics
673:) near
659:Annales
629:citadel
627:in the
578:Annales
539:Marshal
487:Annales
470:Pasteur
418:in the
291:French:
146:
134:
124:
108:
104:
93:Spouses
5504:Glenny
5471:Stolpe
5446:Magnus
5436:HjÀrne
5431:Hatton
5416:Geijer
5398:Sweden
5388:Thomas
5358:Parker
5343:Gibson
5308:Beevor
5237:KollĂĄr
5184:Harvie
5174:Burnet
5159:Barrow
5108:Serbia
5063:Petrov
5033:Hughes
5023:HjÀrne
4998:Cronin
4975:Russia
4940:Hasdeu
4874:Davies
4866:Poland
4856:Schama
4851:Israel
4846:Motley
4818:Nistor
4808:Cazacu
4755:Cronin
4687:Hughes
4672:Browne
4634:Wehler
4624:Taylor
4609:Stahel
4594:Ritter
4534:Komlos
4524:JĂ€ckel
4499:Görres
4474:Citino
4401:Paxton
4396:Palmer
4381:Marrus
4361:Febvre
4341:Becker
4323:France
4260:Lucius
4197:Thomas
4192:Tawney
4177:Seeley
4167:Morgan
4162:Namier
4092:Fraser
4067:Davies
4057:Briggs
4047:Bailyn
4017:United
3997:RedĆŸiÄ
3982:Peçevi
3889:Ozment
3879:Martin
3874:Lukacs
3849:Jacoby
3829:Dawson
3824:Davies
3548:school
3411:(1976)
3370:
3350:
3342:
3312:
3195:
3187:
3152:
3144:
3082:
3076:260364
3074:
3066:
3001:
2944:(1992)
2935:465251
2933:
2903:
2897:Polity
2880:
2800:about
2753:29 May
2643:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2409:
2056:
1900:3 July
1701:
1688:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1576:
1520:
1466:
1452:
1438:
1417:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1324:Legacy
1173:Sicily
1033:) and
1007:Venice
963:After
675:LĂŒbeck
637:rector
613:Vosges
495:Brazil
466:lycées
443:Venice
183:Thesis
140:
114:
75:Cluses
5499:Banac
5368:PĂ©rez
5363:Payne
5353:Kamen
5348:Ivars
5290:Spain
5275:Melik
5204:Scott
5194:Lynch
5164:Boece
5098:Werth
5068:Pipes
5053:Lewin
5043:Kenez
5008:Figes
4945:Iorga
4917:Rosas
4884:Steed
4813:Iorga
4790:Smith
4750:Croce
4732:Italy
4697:Lyons
4677:Byrne
4639:Wette
4604:Stern
4584:Nolte
4579:Mosse
4554:Mason
4549:Lower
4539:Koonz
4514:House
4484:Evans
4479:Craig
4431:Weber
4421:Taine
4366:Horne
4351:Davis
4336:Bloch
4308:Ordin
4275:Ć iĆĄiÄ
4270:RaÄki
4265:Macan
4240:Gross
4235:Banac
4187:Stone
4147:Louis
4142:Lloyd
4087:Firth
4077:Elton
4072:Duffy
4032:Allen
3934:Unwin
3924:Stone
3859:Kagan
3839:Evans
3804:Acton
3691:]
3674:]
3348:JSTOR
3310:JSTOR
3253:(PDF)
3193:S2CID
3150:JSTOR
3080:S2CID
3072:JSTOR
2931:JSTOR
2866:(PDF)
2627:(1).
2587:S2CID
2579:JSTOR
2334:7 May
2062:Ebsco
1775:Notes
1600:]
1589:]
1560:]
1549:]
1526:Belin
1514:]
1356:Books
1071:bourg
1015:Genoa
910:Islam
827:]
746:]
711:]
693:]
633:Mainz
594:Juras
454:]
399:lycée
380:Greek
376:Latin
361:Paris
353:Meuse
218:]
206:]
144:)
136:(
132:
110:(
106:
5323:Carr
5303:Arié
5227:DeĂĄk
5199:Oram
5189:Kidd
5093:Ulam
4935:Boia
4841:Geyl
4823:King
4722:Ware
4489:Fest
4454:Bock
4444:and
4356:Duby
4132:Hyde
4127:Hume
4112:Hill
4052:Bede
4002:Vego
3854:Judt
3368:ISBN
3340:ISSN
3209:2009
3185:ISSN
3142:ISSN
3064:ISSN
2999:ISSN
2901:ISBN
2878:ISSN
2781:2020
2755:2024
2733:2023
2641:ISSN
2571:ISSN
2522:2009
2451:2020
2407:ISSN
2336:2024
2054:ISSN
1902:2024
1699:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1591:and
1551:and
1464:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1171:and
1013:and
977:food
908:and
866:, a
798:and
653:and
537:and
529:and
476:and
378:and
318:and
246:and
142:1933
120:div.
116:1927
64:Died
38:Born
3395:doi
3332:doi
3302:doi
3267:doi
3238:doi
3177:doi
3134:doi
3056:doi
3007:OUP
2923:doi
2633:doi
2629:OUP
2563:doi
1799:'s
1339:in
724:OKW
631:of
619:in
605:war
406:in
402:in
5536::
3689:fr
3672:fr
3501:.
3485:.
3407:.
3391:14
3389:,
3346:.
3338:.
3328:23
3326:.
3308:,
3298:59
3296:,
3263:40
3261:,
3255:,
3234:73
3232:,
3191:.
3183:.
3171:.
3165:.
3148:.
3140:.
3130:86
3128:.
3101:71
3099:,
3095:,
3078:.
3070:.
3062:.
3052:21
3050:.
2974::
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2919:18
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2872:,
2868:,
2850:,
2771:.
2724:.
2693:20
2691:,
2685:,
2670:^
2639:.
2625:57
2623:.
2619:.
2585:,
2577:,
2569:,
2559:63
2557:,
2530:^
2464:^
2442:.
2355:^
2327:,
2290:^
2273:^
2258:^
2179:^
2164:^
1993:^
1966:^
1951:^
1910:^
1893:.
1598:fr
1587:fr
1558:it
1547:it
1516:,
1512:fr
1182:.
1167:,
987:.
979:,
882:.
825:fr
744:fr
709:fr
691:fr
525:,
472:,
452:es
445:,
433:r.
260:,
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242:,
238:,
216:fr
204:fr
138:m.
112:m.
3785:e
3778:t
3771:v
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3334::
3304::
3269::
3240::
3211:.
3179::
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3156:.
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3086:.
3058::
2925::
2783:.
2757:.
2735:.
2647:.
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