761:(born 1931) compiled in his essay from 1981 the psychoanalytic approaches to prenatal mental life as well as the physiological findings of the human ontogenesis concerning fetal development. He took several assumptions from the works of Grof and Mott, but left away their metaphysical implications completely. In his own approach he assumes, that the placenta becomes the first object of the fetus, namely in two split versions: a positive and a negative one, he called the "nurturing" and the "poisonous placenta". DeMause presumed that in every gestation – especially at the end of this period – there are problems of supply with oxygen for the fetus. Because of physiological conditions the placenta would not be able anymore to supply the growing fetus with enough oxygen. This would give rise to states of pain and deprivation. Pre- and perinatal experiences lead to a mental script, a kind of pattern, to which later experiences would be connected with and internalized. He calls the experience of successive good and painful states the "fetal drama", long precursing the well known "oedipal drama" sensu Freud. Besides these theories about prenatal psychology deMause also developed approaches in the field of
780:(1992). Using sonography she examined the behaviour of 11 fetuses. The fetuses showed a very complex behavioural repertoire and were quite different concerning their forms of activities. They reacted to stimuli in complex ways. Piontelli's study suggested that certain prenatal experiences determined later mental life. Psychological traits, e.g. enhanced oral activity, were recognizable in the prenatal phase, and also after birth. Piontelli interpreted her observations in psychoanalytical terms. Piontelli saw a remarkable continuity between pre- and postnatal mental development. Her study is important, because it combines the assessment of empirical data with the observation of single case studies in the postnatal phase and also in infancy. Her study use equally the methods of academic psychology together with the hermeneutics of psychoanalysis, what makes it unique in the scientific landscape.
623:). There he stated that the emotional shock of being born is an individual's first source of anxiety. Because of this book the friendship between Freud and Rank came to an end. Rank was of the opinion that birth is connected with an overwhelming experience of fear of the fetus. He also presumed that this trauma was the cause of later anxieties. He also claimed that aspects of the later prenatal phase can be remembered. So already Rank himself had developed the outlines of a true prenatal psychology. In the light of such assumptions he interpreted cultural aspects, e.g. he understood Christian fantasies of the hell as being based on aversive intrauterine situations. In his book, he treated the interpretation of symbols, art and myths by using pre- and perinatal assumptions. Rank believed that a "primal fixation" with the prenatal state is the root of all
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stimulus and the recording of the according reaction. When the new stimulus is identified by the fetus as different from the old one, it releases a new pattern of reaction, e.g. accelerated frequency of the heart. If this does not happen, the new stimulus cannot be distinguished from the old focal stimulus. In 1991 a study demonstrated the acoustic habituation by recording the heart frequency of foetuses in the 29th week of gestation. Such studies can be used for examining memory. Fetuses older than 34 weeks of gestation can reproduce learned content over a period of 4 weeks. The earliest vibro-acoustic conditioning is successful at 22-week-old fetuses. Maybe habituation to taste is possible even earlier. Such habituation was also demonstrated in fetal rats.
637:(1896–1971) tried to understand very early forms of symbol formation. He described in several case studies the reenactment of perinatal experiences in psychotherapies, especially of children. A five-year-old boy climbed into Winnicott's jacket and then slit down the pants onto the ground. He repeated this again and again. Winnicott interpreted this game as a regression and a repeating of birth. He presumed that some babies developed a paranoid attitude by having problems at birth, e.g. in the case of asphyxia. Also psychosomatic symptoms (headaches, breast- and breathing problems and feelings of getting choked) were interpreted as possible consequences of birth experiences by Winnicott. Nevertheless, he rejected the assumption of a universal birth trauma.
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be remembered after birth under certain circumstances. In psychoanalysis pre- and perinatal topics usually are seen as fantasies. The manifest prenatal content of dreaming or fantasizing of swimming under water while breathing, being inside of a cave, fighting with underwater monsters – are interpreted as re-projections in time onto the early phase. Janus assumes that in many psychoanalytical approaches there can be found contentual and phenomenological aspects close to prenatal psychology – but without explicit references. Janus wrote of the "hidden attendance of the prenatal existence" in the works of psychoanalysts such as
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395:, which itself is the subject of argument in the field. A widespread assumption concerning the prenatal phase was that the fetus is almost completely shielded from outside stimuli. Thus, perception and consciousness would develop after birth. Meanwhile, there is a great number of scientific studies which show clearly that behaviour, perception and learning is already developed before birth. This also holds for nonhuman species, as for rat fetuses acoustic conditioning can be demonstrated.
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648:(1895–1964) traced certain forms of anxiety back to unprocessed and repressed birth experiences following Rank's assumptions, who had been his psychoanalyst. Fodor interpreted dreams, experiencing the lack of oxygen, claustrophobia and sexual disorders and their etiology, which he explained by assuming specific pre- and perinatal experiences.
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and Ludwig Janus. They think that the structuring of the unconscious psyche starts in the prenatal phase. The fetus already has early, emotionally relevant experiences. They assume the existence of perception in several sense modaliaties, states of asphyxia, fears and stress, which are stored and can
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Prenatal learning often is examined by using the habituation paradigm. The fetus gets exposed to a stimulus, e.g. an acoustic one. Afterwards the experimenter watches the extinction of the reaction while repeating the same stimulus again and again. This procedure becomes completed by the use of a new
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effects and implications of the earliest experiences of the individual, before birth (prenatal), as well as during and immediately after childbirth (perinatal). Although there are various perspectives on the topic, a common thread is the importance of prenatal and perinatal experiences in the shaping
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Breath movements can be seen from the 19th week on, with the fetus taking amniotic fluid into his lungs. Eye movements are shown to exist from the 18th week on, from the 23rd week on there are rapid-eye-movements (REM-phases). These are connected with sleeping patterns and dreaming. Fetuses drink
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The basis of perception, experience, and behaviour is the brain. While in gestation, a giant neuronal net is developing, delivering the condition for any mental process. About half of the developing neurons become destroyed again during the development of the brain because of the "programmed cell
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The sense modalities of the fetus develop prenatally and are functioning very well at birth. The examination of such abilities is connected with experimental examination of behaviour, provoked by stimuli. Ray examined vibro-acoustic conditioning of human fetuses. According to Hepper it rested
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of embryo and fetus can be examined with ultrasound techniques quite easily. From the eighth week on the embryo moves the rump, shortly after that his extremities. With the means of sonography one could demonstrate that these were not simple reflexes, but also endogenously provoked movements.
436:). At birth the infantile brain contains 100 billion neurons – as many as in the brain of an adult. At birth, every cortical neuron is connected with about 2500 neurons; after a year, with about 15 000. Synapses develop, and are destroyed, over the whole life span – a process called
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as the first object of the fetus. He wrote, that the fetus fears his placenta as a "blood sucker" or experience it as a "feeder" or "life-giver". His work an prenatal aspects is connected with his speculative assumptions on a quasi-religious design of the universe.
560:
Most psychoanalytical theories assume that the development of objects, the self and even consciousness begins after birth. Nevertheless, some psychoanalysts explicitly write that pre- and perinatal aspects are responsible for certain symptom formations, among them
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Also the development of speech is based on prenatal learning, as the study of DeCasper and Fifer from 1980 seems to demonstrate. This study used operant conditioning as a paradigm. Several empirical studies demonstrated that prenatal learning exists.
765:– a system of cultural psychological assumptions, which explain historical processes and phenomenons by using psychological theories. Especially aspects of childhood history and prenatal psychology play an important role.
1125:
Remaining in Touch. Gesammelte
Schriften 1965–2000. Zur Bedeutung der Kontinuität früher Beziehungserfahrungen. Konsequenzen aus der psychoanalytischen Entwicklungspsychologie für die Prophylaxe früher
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uncertain, if such conditioning was successful. Hepper claims to have repeat such conditioning experiments successfully, with the earliest vibro-acoustic conditioning in the 32nd week of gestation.
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1551:, see also the professional organization founded by Verny to train professionals, the Association for Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, APPPAH, at www.birthpsychology.com.
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691:(1897–1957) as an alternative to the use of psychedelic drugs, which was subject to considerable legal difficulty from the mid-1960s onwards. A related technique called
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Smotherman, William P.; Robinson, Scott R. (1994). Classical conditioning of opioid activity in the fetal rat. In: Behavioral
Neuroscience, 108 (5), S. 951–961.
329:
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was developed by psychotherapist
Leonard Orr in the 1970s, and Core Process psychotherapy trainees relive presumed birth trauma as part of their training.
289:
683:. Grof went on to formulate an extensive theoretical framework for the analysis of pre- and perinatal experiences, based on the four constructs he called
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1562:
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115:
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Demonstration of fetal habituation and patterns of fetal heart rate response to vibroacoustic stimulation in normal and high-risk pregnancies.
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the future psychological development. There is a debate among scientists regarding the extent to which newborn infants are capable of forming
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299:
2016:
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1500:. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1997, 277 pages. (Originally published in German in 1991 by Hoffmann und Campe, Verlag, Hamburg.)
540:– a grandson of Sigmund Freud – could demonstrate. The empirical proof used the registration of heart frequency and motorical activity.
2481:
415:– is of particular importance for prenatal psychology. In the first eight weeks after insemination, the developing child is called an
1429:, Routledge, London, 1992. See also: Alessandra Piontelli, Luisa Bocconi, Chiara Boschetto, Alessandra Kustermann, Umberto Nicolini,
2728:
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515:
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DeMause, Lloyd (1982). The fetal origins of history, pp. 258. In: “Foundations of psychohistory.“ New York: Creative Roots.
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42:
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was the foundation for research into the enduring effects of pre- and perinatal experiences in adult life conducted by
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According to
Alessandra Piontelli the fetus shows all patterns of movement, which later can be found in the newborn.
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1991:
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34:
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and postnatal consequences as well. In so far as the actual birth process is involved one can consider this
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In 1992 the
Italian child neuropsychiatrist Alessandra Piontelli (born 1945) published a study in her book
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1986:
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52:
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1961:
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391:, the effects of any such memories on their personality, and the possibility of recovering them from an
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1981:
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Historical development of psychoanalytical and depth psychological theories concerning prenatal life
367:. Its scope is the description and explanation of experience and behaviour of the individual before
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2153:
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1956:
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Francis John Mott (1901–1980) was a disciple of Fodor and the first author who concentrated on the
615:
383:
151:
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The Search for the
Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition
1366:
The Search for the
Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition
642:
The Search for the
Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition
2496:
2391:
2356:
2215:
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1976:
1941:
1822:
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684:
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Hepper, P. G. (1994). The beginnings of the mind: evidence from the behaviour of the fetus. In:
861:
Der Säugling: Bindung, Neurobiologie und Gene. Grundlagen für Prävention, Beratung und
Therapie.
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21(1/2), 2009, (S. 91–105), S. 91. Similarly: Carolin
Sheridan Hubert Preissl, Niels Birbaumer:
599:
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supplement, 416, 1996, S. 16–20. (S. 17). Spelt repeated these experiments in 1948. G. Hepper:
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1971:
1951:
1946:
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Differences and similarities in the intra-uterine behaviour of monozygotic and dizygotic twins
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Wie reagiert das fetale Gehirn auf Reize? Untersuchungen mit fetaler Magnetoenzephalographie.
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1920:
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examined reflexes or reactions, respectively of aborted fetuses extrauterine. Nowadays, the
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1966:
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The assessment and significance of habituation to a repeated stimulus by the human fetus.
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Hepper, P. G. (1991). An examination of fetal learning before and after birth. In:
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The physiological development while in the prenatal phase – especially that of the
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Psychology of the effects from pre-birth, during birth, and post-birth and events
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419:. After the inner organs have developed (from the ninth week on) it is called a
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120:
109:
17:
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2001:
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161:
125:
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Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987 (S. 141–155), S. 146; Alessandra Piontelli:
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DeMause, Lloyd (1982). The fetal origins of history, (p. 244–332). In:
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156:
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Erbe und Umwelt: Zur Natur von Anlage und Selbstbestimmung des Menschen.
938:
Erbe und Umwelt: Zur Natur von Anlage und Selbstbestimmung des Menschen.
908:
Erbe und Umwelt: Zur Natur von Anlage und Selbstbestimmung des Menschen.
878:
International Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine.
853:
International Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine.
687:. Lake and Grof independently developed breathing techniques, following
2084:
176:
130:
93:
872:
Otwin Linderkamp, Ludwig Janus, Rupert Linder, Dagmar Beate Skoruppa:
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Otwin Linderkamp, Ludwig Janus, Rupert Linder, Dagmar Beate Skoruppa:
363:, although historically it was developed in the heterogenous field of
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2052:
2047:
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The beginnings of the mind: evidence from the behaviour of the fetus.
416:
388:
186:
88:
72:
67:
403:
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The Knowledge of the womb – Autopsychognosia with psychedelic drugs
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Otto Rank (standing, left corner) and other psychoanalysts in 1922
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420:
412:
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368:
191:
135:
99:
82:
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Babies remember musical patterns they once heard in the womb, as
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Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse.
1249:
Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse.
1219:
Die Psychoanalyse der vorgeburtlichen Lebenszeit und der Geburt.
1206:
Die Psychoanalyse der vorgeburtlichen Lebenszeit und der Geburt.
823:
Die Psychoanalyse der vorgeburtlichen Lebenszeit und der Geburt.
1765:
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972:
From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study.
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From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study.
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From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study.
621:
Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse
407:
Fetus, connected with the mother by umbilical cord and placenta
1527:
From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study
1427:
From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study
778:
From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study
697:
664:
468:
1518:
Kafkalides, Zephyros and Kafkalides, Constantine MD (2017).
1108:
Classical conditioning of opioid activity in the fetal rat.
375:. Pre- and perinatal aspects are often discussed together.
1147:
Fetal learning: a prospective randomized controlled study.
821:
Creative Roots, New York, 1982, p. 244–332; Ludwig Janus:
1520:
Studies on Prenatal Psychology & Psychedelic Science
1172:
Of Human Bonding: Newborns Prefer Their Mothers' Voices.
1352:
Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis.
1335:
Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis.
910:
Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987, (S. 141–155), S. 142.
825:
Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1993, S. 1–72; Ralph Frenken:
1055:
Chantal E. H. Dirix, Jan G. Nijhuis, Gerard Hornstra:
940:
Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987 (S. 141–155), S. 143.
1232:
Einsicht und Blindheit: Zur Aktualität von Otto Rank.
1317:
The Myth of the Birth of the Hero and Other Writings
2700:
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2009:
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1072:L. R. Leader, P. Baillie, B. Martin, E. Vermeulen:
859:In: Karl Heinz Brisch, Theodor Hellbrügge (Hrsg.):
827:
Symbol Plazenta: Die Pränatalpsychologie der Kunst.
627:and character disorders and developed a process of
1354:Routledge, New York 1949, (p. 174–193), p. 185 ff.
1337:Routledge, New York 1949, (p. 174–193), S. 177 ff.
893:University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas 1952.
399:Psycho-physiological aspects of the prenatal phase
951:Wie entwickelt sich das Verhalten vor der Geburt.
934:Wie entwickelt sich das Verhalten vor der Geburt.
904:Wie entwickelt sich das Verhalten vor der Geburt.
1745:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
1153:20, 2002, S. 431–438. Richard Ferner Parncutt:
465:Development of perception and prenatal learning
378:Prenatal and perinatal psychology explores the
1145:D. K. James, C. J. B. Spencer, B. W. Stepsis:
1095:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology.
1777:
1570:
1491:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
1010:Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
993:Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
985:Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
337:
8:
725:. There might be a discussion about this on
496:. There might be a discussion about this on
1498:The Enduring Effects of Prenatal Experience
644:of 1949 the British-American psychoanalyst
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2252:
2006:
1784:
1770:
1762:
1577:
1563:
1555:
1386:Creative Roots, New York, 1982, p. 249 ff.
1106:William P. Smotherman, Scott R. Robinson:
344:
330:
29:
1399:Wingate, London 1959, p. 82 ff; p. 181 f.
1348:Birth Memories, Birth Trauma and Anxiety.
1331:Birth Memories, Birth Trauma and Anxiety.
1128:Edition Déjà-vu, Frankfurt am Main 2003,
874:Entwicklungsschritte des fetalen Gehirns.
849:Entwicklungsschritte des fetalen Gehirns.
745:Learn how and when to remove this message
516:Learn how and when to remove this message
1264:Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1988, S. 142.
1208:Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1993, S. 21–75.
1151:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
1016:supplement, 416, 1996, S. 16–20 (S. 17).
999:supplement, 416, 1996, S. 16–20 (S. 17).
1251:Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1988, S. 98.
1170:Anthony J. DeCasper, William P. Fifer:
1161:Oxford University Press, 2006, S. 1–31.
806:
252:
199:
143:
59:
41:
1029:Klett-Cotta: Stuttgart 1993, S. 65 ff.
1751:Evolutionary developmental psychology
1479:, New Hyde Park, NY: University Books
1368:, New Hyde Park, NY: University Books
1221:Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1993, S. 55.
1057:Aspects of Fetal Learning and Memory.
7:
813:For an overview see: Lloyd DeMause:
461:amniotic fluid and urinate into it.
2616:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1541:The Secret Life of the Unborn Child
1511:Kafkalides, Athanassios MD (2005).
1277:Introduction to Prenatal Psychology
863:Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2008, S. 32.
659:Material emerging from sessions of
1457:. New York: Creative Roots. 1982.
1437:, 1999, 2, S. 264–273 (S. 270 ff.)
1189:Fetal Learning: a Critical Review.
1027:Die Lebenserfahrung des Säuglings.
829:Springer, Wiesbaden 2015, S. 5–61.
25:
1280:, Church Gate Books, p. 16,
757:The US-American social scientist
613:'s disciples, published his book
427:Prenatal development of the brain
2621:Postpartum physiological changes
2321:Postpartum physiological changes
1846:Assisted reproductive technology
1607:Cognitive development of infants
1080:7(3), 1982, S. 211–219 (S. 211).
1038:J. W. Goldkrand, B. L. Litvack:
891:The Prenatal Origin of Behavior.
702:
473:
311:
51:
2673:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1673:Theory of cognitive development
1586:Human psychological development
1178:208 (4448), 1980, S. 1174–1176.
1097:12, 1994, S. 143–154. (S. 143).
1046:11(1), 1991, S. 25–29. (S. 25).
2316:Maternal physiological changes
1683:Cultural-historical psychology
1525:Piontelli, Alessandra (1992).
448:In the 1930s the physiologist
1:
1871:partner-assisted reproduction
1743: (b. 1950), and others (
1384:Foundations of Psychohistory.
1380:The fetal origins of history.
1193:Infant and Child Development.
1187:Overview in: David K. James:
1157:In: G. E. McPherson (Hrsg.):
953:In: Carsten Niemitz (Hrsg.):
936:In: Carsten Niemitz (Hrsg.):
906:In: Carsten Niemitz (Hrsg.):
819:Foundations of Psychohistory.
815:The fetal origins of history.
1454:Foundations of psychohistory
631:based on birth experiences.
255:Developmental stage theories
116:Emerging and early adulthood
2107:Traditional birth attendant
1723:Stages of moral development
1536:, New York: Richard Brunner
1484:Irish Journal of Psychology
1304:, New York: Richard Brunner
1063:80 (4), 2009, S. 1251–1258.
772:Fetus at 14 weeks (profile)
2750:
2339:Brain health and pollution
1632:Positive adult development
1617:Positive youth development
1114:108 (5), 1994, S. 951–961.
201:Development and psychology
2552:Chorionic villus sampling
1904:Obstetric ultrasonography
1828:Pre-conception counseling
1713:Ecological systems theory
661:psychedelic psychotherapy
359:can be seen as a part of
2729:Developmental psychology
2442:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1693:Psychosocial development
1663:Psychosexual development
1594:Developmental psychology
1319:, New York: Random House
1112:Behavioral Neuroscience.
1078:Early Human Development.
1044:Journal of Perinatology.
685:Basic Perinatal Matrices
361:developmental psychology
280:Psychosexual development
2512:Motor vehicle emissions
2373:Concomitant conditions
2347:environmental toxicants
2090:Auxiliary nurse midwife
1851:artificial insemination
1818:Natural family planning
1539:Verny, Thomas (1981).
1397:The nature of the self.
1274:Maret, Stephen (2009),
2606:Postpartum confinement
1866:in vitro fertilisation
1496:Janus, Ludwig (1997).
1475:Fodor, Nandor (1949).
1425:Alessandra Piontelli,
1364:Fodor, Nandor (1949),
1159:The child as musician.
970:Alessandra Piontelli:
919:Alessandra Piontelli:
773:
557:
408:
2601:Postpartum depression
2482:Pruritic folliculitis
2226:Unassisted childbirth
1543:, Dell 1982 reprint:
1346:Donald W. Winnicott:
1329:Donald W. Winnicott:
1238:53, 1999, S. 158–200.
1155:Prenatal development.
1025:See Daniel N. Stern:
949:Heinz F. R. Prechtl:
932:Heinz F. R. Prechtl:
902:Heinz F. R. Prechtl:
880:21(1/2), 2009, S. 99.
771:
677:Athanasios Kafkalides
555:
406:
318:Psychology portal
220:Nature versus nurture
144:Biological milestones
2708:Gravidity and parity
2688:Congenital disorders
2647:Lactation consultant
2517:Pre-existing disease
2196:Childbirth positions
2186:Rupture of membranes
1883:Unintended pregnancy
1861:fertility medication
790:Prenatal development
715:confusing or unclear
669:hallucinogenic drugs
609:(1884–1939), one of
486:confusing or unclear
373:perinatal psychology
172:Language acquisition
2611:Sex after pregnancy
2418:Endocrine diseases
2364:Prenatal depression
2236:Placental expulsion
2154:Uterine contraction
2137:cervical effacement
1878:Fertility awareness
1735: (1943–2020),
1721: (1927–1987) (
1711: (1917–2005) (
1701: (1907–1990) (
1691: (1902–1994) (
1681: (1896–1934) (
1671: (1896–1980) (
1661: (1856–1939) (
1534:The Trauma of Birth
1532:Rank, Otto (1952).
1382:In: Lloyd deMause:
1315:Rank, Otto (1932),
1302:The Trauma of Birth
1300:Rank, Otto (1952),
1195:19, 2010, S. 45–54.
974:London 1992, S. 31.
961:London 1992, S. 32.
923:London 1992, S. 28.
817:In: Lloyd deMause:
723:clarify the section
616:The Trauma of Birth
494:clarify the section
384:psychophysiological
357:Prenatal psychology
295:Cultural-historical
2387:Hypercoagulability
2216:Natural childbirth
2065:Postterm pregnancy
1823:Male contraceptive
1515:, Authorhouse, USA
1061:Child Development.
889:Davenport Hooker:
774:
579:Gustav Hans Graber
558:
409:
210:Pre- and perinatal
2734:Child development
2716:
2715:
2701:Obstetric history
2696:
2695:
2657:Confinement nanny
2570:
2569:
2437:Acute fatty liver
2244:
2243:
2132:cervical dilation
1759:
1758:
1739: (b. 1946),
1731: (b. 1939),
1703:Attachment theory
1627:Adult development
1612:Child development
1493:, 12, S. 143–154.
1395:Francis J. Mott:
1123:W. Ernest Freud:
755:
754:
747:
526:
525:
518:
444:Motor development
354:
353:
16:(Redirected from
2741:
2581:
2547:Cardiotocography
2253:
2159:Vaginal delivery
2032:Nesting instinct
2007:
1992:Rudimentary horn
1921:Prenatal testing
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1472:
1467:. Archived from
1438:
1423:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1143:
1137:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1014:Acta Paeditrica.
1006:
1000:
997:Acta Paeditrica.
989:Acta Paeditrica.
981:
975:
968:
962:
947:
941:
930:
924:
917:
911:
900:
894:
887:
881:
870:
864:
845:
839:
836:
830:
811:
750:
743:
739:
736:
730:
706:
705:
698:
679:(1919–1989) and
635:Donald Winnicott
588:Carl Gustav Jung
575:Donald Winnicott
521:
514:
510:
507:
501:
477:
476:
469:
450:Davenport Hooker
393:unconscious mind
346:
339:
332:
316:
315:
314:
215:Infant and child
55:
30:
21:
18:Fetal psychology
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2692:
2661:
2625:
2596:Postpartum care
2566:
2530:
2433:Liver diseases
2427:Thyroid disease
2325:
2311:Gestational age
2282:
2240:
2206:Labor induction
2111:
2102:Perinatal nurse
2075:Birth attendant
2036:
1996:
1930:
1926:Medical imaging
1887:
1856:fertility fraud
1832:
1799:
1790:
1760:
1755:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1588:
1583:
1486:, 12, S. 95–107
1465:
1451:
1447:
1445:Further reading
1442:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1378:Lloyd DeMause:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1230:Robert Kramer:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1144:
1140:
1122:
1118:
1105:
1101:
1088:
1084:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1007:
1003:
982:
978:
969:
965:
948:
944:
931:
927:
918:
914:
901:
897:
888:
884:
871:
867:
846:
842:
837:
833:
812:
808:
803:
795:Prenatal memory
786:
751:
740:
734:
731:
720:
707:
703:
600:Françoise Dolto
596:Bela Grunberger
584:Sandor Ferenczi
571:Francis J. Mott
550:
538:W. Ernest Freud
522:
511:
505:
502:
491:
478:
474:
467:
446:
438:neuroplasticity
429:
401:
350:
312:
310:
257:
112:
96:
85:
45:and development
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:Health visitor
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2557:Nonstress test
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:Skin diseases
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Amniotic fluid
2259:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Multiple birth
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Bradley method
2013:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1909:Pregnancy test
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1726:
1716:
1709:Bronfenbrenner
1706:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1471:on 2002-10-20.
1463:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1418:
1401:
1388:
1371:
1356:
1339:
1322:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1223:
1217:Ludwig Janus:
1210:
1204:Ludwig Janus:
1197:
1180:
1163:
1138:
1116:
1099:
1089:P. G. Hepper:
1082:
1065:
1048:
1031:
1018:
1008:P. G. Hepper:
1001:
983:P. G. Hepper:
976:
963:
942:
925:
912:
895:
882:
865:
840:
831:
805:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
792:
785:
782:
753:
752:
735:September 2021
710:
708:
701:
681:Stanislav Grof
629:psychoanalysis
549:
546:
524:
523:
506:September 2021
481:
479:
472:
466:
463:
445:
442:
428:
425:
400:
397:
365:psychoanalysis
352:
351:
349:
348:
341:
334:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
259:
258:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
204:
203:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
107:
102:
97:
91:
86:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Monthly nurse
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Amniocentesis
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Vaginal flora
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:Substance use
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Fundal height
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:Preterm birth
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Hypnobirthing
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:3D ultrasound
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Birth control
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:Theorists and
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1549:0-440-50565-8
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1529:, London 1992
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:1-56821-853-2
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1464:0-940508-01-X
1460:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1435:Twin Research
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:0-940508-01-X
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1287:9780578089980
1283:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:3-9805317-4-0
1131:
1127:
1126:Schädigungen.
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
946:
943:
939:
935:
929:
926:
922:
916:
913:
909:
905:
899:
896:
892:
886:
883:
879:
875:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
807:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
781:
779:
770:
766:
764:
763:psychohistory
760:
759:Lloyd deMause
749:
746:
738:
728:
727:the talk page
724:
718:
716:
711:This section
709:
700:
699:
696:
694:
690:
689:Wilhelm Reich
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
654:
649:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
611:Sigmund Freud
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
592:Melanie Klein
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
547:
545:
541:
539:
534:
530:
520:
517:
509:
499:
498:the talk page
495:
489:
487:
482:This section
480:
471:
470:
464:
462:
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455:
451:
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441:
439:
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426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
405:
398:
396:
394:
390:
385:
381:
380:psychological
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152:Fertilization
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19:
2382:Hypertension
2369:Immunization
2352:in pregnancy
2268:Amniotic sac
2221:Silent birth
2164:Presentation
2127:Bishop score
2097:Obstetrician
1987:Interstitial
1914:home testing
1601:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1497:
1490:
1483:
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1469:the original
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777:
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741:
732:
721:Please help
712:
658:
650:
646:Nandor Fodor
641:
640:In his book
639:
633:
620:
614:
604:
602:and others.
567:Nandor Fodor
559:
542:
535:
531:
527:
512:
503:
492:Please help
483:
459:
454:motor skills
447:
430:
410:
377:
372:
356:
355:
300:Evolutionary
275:Psychosocial
209:
126:Middle adult
43:Human growth
2678:Apgar score
2462:Hepatitis C
2448:Infections
2288:Development
2273:Endometrium
2231:Water birth
2149:Bloody show
2080:Men's roles
2010:Preparation
1962:Heterotopic
1622:Young adult
1260:Otto Rank:
1247:Otto Rank:
235:Young adult
121:Young adult
2723:Categories
2683:Child care
2576:Postpartum
2535:Procedures
2487:Dermatoses
2343:Nutrition
2201:Home birth
2123:Pelvimetry
2002:Childbirth
1982:Unintended
1838:Conception
1797:childbirth
801:References
717:to readers
693:Rebirthing
673:Frank Lake
667:and other
488:to readers
270:Ecological
265:Attachment
225:Adolescent
162:Childbirth
110:Adolescent
2191:Caesarean
1957:Abdominal
1793:Pregnancy
1741:Demetriou
1602:Antenatal
619:(German:
607:Otto Rank
563:Otto Rank
434:apoptosis
290:Cognitive
182:Menopause
157:Pregnancy
131:Old adult
2584:Maternal
2562:Abortion
2507:Bleeding
2457:COVID-19
2422:Diabetes
2407:Cannabis
2357:prenatal
2278:Placenta
2249:Prenatal
2179:shoulder
2174:cephalic
2142:position
2116:Delivery
1977:Postterm
1942:Cervical
1805:Planning
1719:Kohlberg
1679:Vygotsky
1650:theories
1637:Maturity
1176:Science.
784:See also
653:placenta
625:neuroses
605:In 1924
432:death" (
389:memories
245:Maturity
35:a series
33:Part of
2493:Others
2467:Malaria
2412:Opioids
2402:Alcohol
2397:Smoking
2256:Anatomy
2085:Midwife
2053:Newborn
1972:Ovarian
1952:Ectopic
1947:Cryptic
1892:Testing
1733:Fischer
1729:Commons
1689:Erikson
1236:Psyche.
713:may be
484:may be
177:Puberty
167:Walking
94:Toddler
2666:Infant
2591:Lochia
2377:Anemia
2296:Embryo
2169:breech
2048:Mother
2027:Lamaze
1699:Bowlby
1669:Piaget
1547:
1504:
1461:
1412:
1284:
1132:
663:using
417:embryo
187:Ageing
89:Infant
78:Embryo
73:Zygote
68:Gamete
60:Stages
2637:Doula
2630:Roles
2522:Sleep
2497:Drugs
2477:Lupus
2301:Fetus
2070:Doula
2041:Roles
1967:Molar
1935:Types
1737:Kegan
1659:Freud
1522:, TRP
421:fetus
413:brain
369:birth
285:Moral
240:Adult
230:Youth
192:Death
136:Dying
100:Child
83:Fetus
2331:Care
1795:and
1545:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1350:In:
1333:In:
1282:ISBN
1234:In:
1191:In:
1174:In:
1149:In:
1130:ISBN
1110:In:
1093:In:
1076:In:
1059:In:
1042:In:
1012:In:
995:In:
987:In:
876:In:
851:In:
382:and
2452:HIV
665:LSD
2725::
2125:/
1433:,
675:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
577:,
573:,
569:,
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440:.
423:.
37:on
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345:e
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