20:
189:
of the wider purpose that it serves. The purpose of linguistic structuralism was to understand the underlying structures that dictate all forms of language, whether they appear in narrative, prose, script, or screenwriting. By identifying these structures, philosophers sought to reveal the common principles that make different linguistic forms coherent and meaningful. Thus, the idea of structuralism relates to fiction theory by providing tools to analyze the underlying structures that shape narratives. It shifts the focus from content to conventions that produce meaning, offering a systematic and rational approach to understanding how fiction works.
284:, a Canadian professor of philosophy, criticizes "anti-realist" views of fiction attributing the success of such theories to fictional creationism. Fictional creationism is the principle that the entities of the possible should be regarded as realistic creations because of they bear on the reader or observer. Alward further asserts that the reference to the non-real or the possible is not to be considered real, or having any bearing in reality. He describes this process as an innate understanding that humans have about distinguishing what is literally had (and thus tangible) or what type of qualities one could potentially possess.
160:. Further, he developed linguistic systems that perpetuated the discussion of viewing art as a mode of communication that is intentionally aesthetic. Jakobson then further applied linguistics to analyses of literary texts. In his communication model, Jakobson divides a communicative act between an addressor and addressee into parts functioning independently of one another: message, code, context, and contact. According to Jakobson's model, art is created when the message itself (which carries the poetic function) is stressed. This model functions in conjunction with
42:, theorists of fiction study the relationships between perceived textual worlds and reality outside the text. Thus, the primary principle of fiction theory is that the relationships between the speculative nature of fiction and the actual world in which we live are complicated. This further suggests that perceived truths born out of fiction worlds develop a sense of coherency in which they maintain a sense of realism. As a result, this theory offers alternate ways of exploring and asking questions about relations between the fictitious and the actual world.
58:. It suggests that the perception of the actual, such as the world around us, is formulated on individual understanding. Further, fiction theory functions on the extension of this perception to the non-factual, wherein the understanding of the make-believe can translate to the factual. Such is the reason that literature may be understood as a text that is self-consciously artistic and relatable, rather than solely a medium through which to convey information, like a newspaper article.
140:
62:
themselves in an individual's sense of friendship, or romantic attraction with the fictional. This also can appear as literal self-identification in which the reader feels as though the character reflects their traits. There has been heavy criticism of this aspect of the theory, as there is disagreement regarding whether this self-identification is a delusion. Fiction theory has garnered some popularity as
128:
228:
turn, has affected storytelling over the centuries. In his book, he distinguishes between fiction and myth, posing the latter as something exploitative while fiction is meant to connect with reality meaningfully. Fiction consists of stories all individuals create about their lives to keep on living in a world that makes few guarantees and is full of inexplicable phenomena. This is built upon by
259:
299:
is a critique of structuralism by its insistence on the idea that narrativity limits the possibility of imitating reality. Pavel differs from fellow fiction theorists because he separates literature from its referential relationship to the actual world. He asserts that fictional worlds instead demand
188:
and
Jakobson, is a system of semiotics by which we can identify the underlying significance of linguistic practices. Saussure's earliest models of this are rooted in the "systemic, relational, arbitrary social" principals of language, wherein the formal purpose is intended to be underscored in favor
208:
for generating characters within his literary works that lacked authentic interactions, thus maintaining "artificial" creations. He accredited this to an inundation of authorial interjection, which made the reading difficult for audiences to connect with as they could not relate with the experiences
168:
that function as tools to analyze narrative texts in ways that move beyond examinations of plot and structure. Resulting in the transference of text into a fully developed narrative that has effects beyond the literal. Both offer a way to explore the nature of a literary work through the application
227:
was among the first to argue the importance of literary works in a multidisciplinary sense, more specifically the impact that they have on the human perception of time. Kermode emphasizes the endmost interpretation of existence as derived from humans' constant yearning for an ultimate end which, in
277:
possible things, to conceptualize the concrete, but that does not prove the position of the fictional within the actual. Actualism also contends that identifying and judging things through the possible is "methodologically" the starting part of all human conceptualization. Actualism, in Kripke's
81:
leads the discussion about fictional and psychological interaction, claiming that novels have a bearing on psychological discussions and discourse, thus they should be incorporated into wider topics of the mind. With that, he separates this interaction into three distinct levels at which these
236:
who addresses possible world theory, positing that works of fiction are one of the many ways that humans can consider the theoretical world that could have been. DoleĹľel explains the internalized logic of the fictive, giving bearing to the world and characters within. He then shifts into an
200:
is known for his theories of the self through dialogue, which asserts that knowledge and experience are gained through interaction with the surrounding world. Bakhtin, in his career, emphasized the effect of linguistic environment (through literature and the actual) on the perception of the
61:
Fiction theory is typically recognized through parasocial interactions between readers and fictional characters. Most often these connections are formulated through self-identification, wherein people empathize and/or identify with the object of fiction. Oftentimes these connections present
100:
of the individual to mentally conceptualize the story in which they are attempting to understand. This process subconsciously weaves reality into fiction, wherein the awareness of the consumed content becomes something not entirely fictional, nor factually true. Furthermore, this schema is
113:
truths this model too, relies on the reasoning that the fictional (on some level) functions like that of the real. In theory, identifying the story's logic allows readers to move quickly and with a heightened understanding that would otherwise make literary comprehension laborious.
108:
is a commonly used method of explaining fiction theory. In short, this model relies on reader logic that certain things can choose to be inconsequential or simply not exist in a story opposite of reality. For example, the presence of technology. However, despite accepting some
273:
as something that acknowledges the existence of the possible while maintaining its autonomy from that of the actual world. Kripke employs possible word theory to further assert that we utilize the
222:
201:
individual. He also noted that internal dialogue and reflection are a part of this system and evidentiary of the self-sufficient thought process that linguistic interaction creates.
322:
articulates similar ideas about survival in The
Philosophy of As If: A System of the Theoretical, Practical, and Religious Fictions of Mankind, citing fictional worlds as a form of
19:
245:
approach wherein he relates these works of fiction to reality, and how storytelling can further impact our perception of narrative understanding.
295:, a literary critic, argues that the fictional world deserves to be examined on its terms rather than as a vehicle for the real. His thesis in
458:
930:
905:
789:
761:
733:
708:
633:
595:
570:
144:
101:
responsible for the prediction of story and character arcs, as our understandings of human behaviors guide our literary comprehension.
442:
314:
has written on how to counteract issues of shallow textualizing practices and world-building in his piece Ways of
Worldmaking.
653:
1004:
300:
tremendous respect for their ability to serve as powerful tools of knowledge for studies within literary disciplines.
278:
context, is the direct refusal of possibilism which resembles fiction theory in its acceptance of the non-concrete.
703:. University of Texas Press Slavic series (18. paperback printing ed.). Austin, Tex: Univ. of Texas Press.
354:"Fictionality and Perceived Realism in Experiencing Stories: A Model of Narrative Comprehension and Engagement"
999:
157:
35:
398:
Mills, John A. (October 10, 2010). "Incorporating
Realist Fiction into Dialogical Theories of the Self".
156:
was one of the most celebrated linguists of the early-to-mid twentieth century, developing the system of
185:
229:
699:
Bachtin, Michail
MichajloviÄŤ; Holquist, Michael; Emerson, Caryl; Bachtin, Michail MichajloviÄŤ (2011).
959:
948:"The Philosophy of "As if": a System of the Theoretical, Practical and Religious Fictions of Mankind"
78:
97:
728:. Theory and history of literature (12 printing ed.). Minneapolis, Minn: Univ. of Minnesota.
681:
51:
975:
926:
901:
875:
831:
785:
757:
729:
704:
673:
629:
591:
566:
543:
504:
438:
415:
373:
205:
34:
to literature. Drawing on concepts found in related theories and psychological ideas such as
967:
867:
823:
665:
654:"Literary System and Systemic Change: The Prague School Theory of Literary History, 1928–48"
621:
535:
496:
407:
365:
523:
92:
Equality, wherein they allow for an equal interaction between real and fictional universes.
197:
855:
784:. Parallax re-visions of culture and society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
963:
96:
The understanding of fiction theory lies within the third principle which relies on the
319:
311:
161:
153:
31:
993:
369:
217:
181:
811:
435:
On Some
Affective Relations between Audiences and the Characters in Popular Fictions
139:
827:
292:
281:
242:
127:
39:
565:. The MIT Press paperback series (7. print ed.). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
353:
30:(also referred to as Fictionality theory) is a discipline that applies a form of
266:
70:
movement which often highlights relationships between the real and the fictive.
484:
459:"TikTok is taking the book industry by storm, and retailers are taking notice"
55:
979:
879:
835:
754:
The sense of an ending: studies in the theory of fiction: with a new epilogue
677:
547:
539:
508:
500:
419:
411:
377:
615:
270:
170:
110:
871:
625:
149:
as displayed visually. This model refers to verbal communicative function.
323:
238:
67:
947:
685:
971:
856:"The Fictional Road Not Taken: A Weak Anti-realist Theory of Fiction"
63:
524:"Incorporating Realist Fiction into Dialogical Theories of the Self"
669:
258:
257:
138:
126:
18:
925:. Hackett Classic (11. pr ed.). Indianapolis, Ind: Hackett.
756:(2nd ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
23:
The #BookTok section of Barnes & Noble in Los
Angeles (2022).
485:"From 'Psychology in Literature' to 'Psychology is Literature'"
165:
658:
Publications of the Modern
Language Association of America
900:(2. print ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Pr.
617:
The Johns
Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism
223:
The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of
Fiction
131:
French literary critic Roland Barthes, pictured in the
50:
Fiction theory acts simultaneously in both fields of
352:
Busselle, Rick; Bilandzic, Helena (April 18, 2008).
89:
Understanding of the text (i.e.: literary analysis).
816:
Principia: An International Journal of Epistemology
590:(27. print ed.). New York: Hill and Wang.
262:American philosopher and logician, Saul Kripke.
437:. Oxford University Press. pp. 162–184.
8:
860:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
234:Heterocosmica: Fiction and Possible Worlds,
782:Heterocosmica: fiction and possible worlds
614:Groden, Michael (2004). "Structuralism".
586:Barthes, Roland; Miller, Richard (2000).
269:, a leading analytic philosopher, frames
483:Moghaddam, Fathali M. (September 2004).
74:Psychology of the actual and the fictive
337:
173:generating responses outside the text.
891:
889:
849:
847:
845:
805:
803:
801:
775:
773:
747:
745:
724:Bachtin, Michail MichajloviÄŤ (2011).
701:The dialogic imagination: four essays
647:
645:
7:
812:"Actualism and Fictional Characters"
609:
607:
393:
391:
389:
387:
347:
345:
343:
341:
66:continues to have millions join the
561:Sebeok, Thomas Albert, ed. (1978).
118:Related theories & applications
620:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
209:and perceptions of the fictional.
14:
946:Vaihinger, Hans (November 1924).
726:Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics
370:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00322.x
184:, founded and pioneered by both
522:Mills, John A. (October 2010).
828:10.5007/1808-1711.2016v20n1p61
123:Roman Jakobson and linguistics
46:Fundamentals of fiction theory
1:
810:Leclerc, André (2016-04-30).
854:Alward, Peter (2022-08-25).
204:Bakhtin famously criticized
133:Swedish daily Dagens Nyheter
36:Parasocial interaction (PSI)
652:Galan, F. W. (March 1979).
1021:
896:Pavel, Thomas G. (1986).
780:DoleĹľel, LubomĂr (2009).
164:who designed a system of
146:Six Functions of Language
921:Goodman, Nelson (2013).
540:10.1177/0959354310364205
501:10.1177/0959354304044922
412:10.1177/0959354310364205
193:Bakhtin and the Dialogic
752:Kermode, Frank (2000).
528:Theory & Psychology
489:Theory & Psychology
400:Theory & Psychology
626:10.56021/9780801880100
433:Carroll, Noël (2014).
263:
166:five major codes (S/Z)
158:structural linguistics
150:
136:
82:disciplines coincide.
24:
288:Separation of purpose
261:
186:Ferdinand de Saussure
142:
130:
32:possible world theory
22:
1005:Communication theory
872:10.1093/jaac/kpac016
358:Communication Theory
79:Fathali M. Moghaddam
964:1924Natur.114Q.714.
923:Ways of worldmaking
264:
213:Kermode to DoleĹľel
198:Mikhail M. Bakhtin
151:
137:
25:
932:978-0-915144-51-8
907:978-0-674-29966-5
791:978-0-8018-6738-5
763:978-0-19-513612-8
735:978-0-8166-1228-4
710:978-0-292-71534-9
635:978-0-8018-8010-0
597:978-0-374-52167-7
572:978-0-262-69010-2
563:Style in language
206:Fyodor Dostoevsky
106:story world model
52:literary analysis
16:Theory discipline
1012:
984:
983:
972:10.1038/114714a0
943:
937:
936:
918:
912:
911:
898:Fictional worlds
893:
884:
883:
851:
840:
839:
807:
796:
795:
777:
768:
767:
749:
740:
739:
721:
715:
714:
696:
690:
689:
649:
640:
639:
611:
602:
601:
583:
577:
576:
558:
552:
551:
519:
513:
512:
480:
474:
473:
471:
470:
455:
449:
448:
430:
424:
423:
395:
382:
381:
349:
297:Fictional Worlds
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
990:
989:
988:
987:
945:
944:
940:
933:
920:
919:
915:
908:
895:
894:
887:
853:
852:
843:
809:
808:
799:
792:
779:
778:
771:
764:
751:
750:
743:
736:
723:
722:
718:
711:
698:
697:
693:
651:
650:
643:
636:
613:
612:
605:
598:
585:
584:
580:
573:
560:
559:
555:
521:
520:
516:
482:
481:
477:
468:
466:
457:
456:
452:
445:
432:
431:
427:
397:
396:
385:
351:
350:
339:
334:
306:
304:Further reading
290:
282:Peter F. Alward
256:
251:
249:Alternate views
243:epistemological
230:LubomĂr DoleĹľel
215:
195:
179:
125:
120:
76:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1000:Possible world
992:
991:
986:
985:
938:
931:
913:
906:
885:
866:(3): 333–344.
841:
797:
790:
769:
762:
741:
734:
716:
709:
691:
670:10.2307/461891
664:(2): 275–285.
641:
634:
603:
596:
578:
571:
553:
534:(5): 621–640.
514:
495:(4): 505–525.
475:
450:
443:
425:
406:(5): 621–640.
383:
364:(2): 255–280.
336:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
320:Hans Valhinger
316:
312:Nelson Goodman
305:
302:
289:
286:
255:
252:
250:
247:
214:
211:
194:
191:
178:
175:
162:Roland Barthes
154:Roman Jakobson
124:
121:
119:
116:
94:
93:
90:
87:
75:
72:
47:
44:
28:Fiction theory
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1017:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
958:(2872): 714.
957:
953:
949:
942:
939:
934:
928:
924:
917:
914:
909:
903:
899:
892:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
802:
798:
793:
787:
783:
776:
774:
770:
765:
759:
755:
748:
746:
742:
737:
731:
727:
720:
717:
712:
706:
702:
695:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
642:
637:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:
610:
608:
604:
599:
593:
589:
588:S/Z: an essay
582:
579:
574:
568:
564:
557:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
476:
464:
460:
454:
451:
446:
444:9780199539956
440:
436:
429:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
394:
392:
390:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
346:
344:
342:
338:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
315:
313:
308:
307:
303:
301:
298:
294:
287:
285:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
260:
253:
248:
246:
244:
240:
235:
231:
226:
224:
219:
218:Frank Kermode
212:
210:
207:
202:
199:
192:
190:
187:
183:
182:Structuralism
177:Structuralism
176:
174:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
148:
147:
141:
134:
129:
122:
117:
115:
112:
107:
102:
99:
91:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
73:
71:
69:
65:
59:
57:
53:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
955:
951:
941:
922:
916:
897:
863:
859:
819:
815:
781:
753:
725:
719:
700:
694:
661:
657:
616:
587:
581:
562:
556:
531:
527:
517:
492:
488:
478:
467:. Retrieved
465:. 2021-07-06
462:
453:
434:
428:
403:
399:
361:
357:
318:
310:Philosopher
309:
296:
293:Thomas Pavel
291:
280:
274:
265:
233:
232:, author of
221:
220:, author of
216:
203:
196:
180:
152:
145:
132:
105:
103:
95:
86:Data within.
77:
60:
49:
40:Fictionalism
27:
26:
275:possibilia,
267:Saul Kripke
239:ontological
143:Jakobson's
994:Categories
952:Routeledge
469:2024-05-02
332:References
56:psychology
980:0028-0836
880:0021-8529
836:1808-1711
822:(1): 61.
678:0030-8129
548:0959-3543
509:0959-3543
420:0959-3543
378:1050-3293
271:actualism
254:Actualism
171:semiotics
111:narrative
463:NBC News
324:escapism
68:#BookTok
960:Bibcode
135:(1969).
978:
929:
904:
878:
834:
788:
760:
732:
707:
686:461891
684:
676:
632:
594:
569:
546:
507:
441:
418:
376:
98:schema
64:TikTok
682:JSTOR
976:ISSN
927:ISBN
902:ISBN
876:ISSN
832:ISSN
786:ISBN
758:ISBN
730:ISBN
705:ISBN
674:ISSN
630:ISBN
592:ISBN
567:ISBN
544:ISSN
505:ISSN
439:ISBN
416:ISSN
374:ISSN
241:and
104:The
54:and
38:and
968:doi
956:114
868:doi
824:doi
666:doi
622:doi
536:doi
497:doi
408:doi
366:doi
169:of
996::
974:.
966:.
954:.
950:.
888:^
874:.
864:80
862:.
858:.
844:^
830:.
820:20
818:.
814:.
800:^
772:^
744:^
680:.
672:.
662:94
660:.
656:.
644:^
628:.
606:^
542:.
532:20
530:.
526:.
503:.
493:14
491:.
487:.
461:.
414:.
404:20
402:.
386:^
372:.
362:18
360:.
356:.
340:^
982:.
970::
962::
935:.
910:.
882:.
870::
838:.
826::
794:.
766:.
738:.
713:.
688:.
668::
638:.
624::
600:.
575:.
550:.
538::
511:.
499::
472:.
447:.
422:.
410::
380:.
368::
326:.
225:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
