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534:) and held that "volitional conduct on the part of the defendant" is required for a showing of direct infringement. In this case, "Google is passive in the process", and "Google's computers respond automatically to the user's request." Thus, there was no volitional conduct on Google's behalf and hence no direct infringement.
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The court invoked the facts supporting its finding of an implied license to support and reiterate that Field could have prevented the caching, did not do so, and allowed Google to detrimentally rely on the absence of metatags. Had Google known the defendant's objection to displaying cached versions
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to affirmatively take steps to prevent infringement. In this case, however, the court found that the plaintiff had granted Google an implied, nonexclusive license to display the work because of Field's failure in using meta tags to prevent his site from being cached by Google. This could reasonably
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the internet looking for new sites to include in its index. Once a site is found the
Googlebot creates a "cached" version of the site. The cached version is then included in the search results of its search engine. When a user clicks the link to the cached version, the user can view a "snapshot" of
564:
The court applied the 4 statutory factors from 17 U.S.C. 107 and held that Google's caching was fair use. The first factor, "the purpose and character of the use" weighed in Google's favor. The court stated that Google's use was transformative and did not merely supersede Field's use. The court
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Website creators have the option of preventing the
Googlebot from indexing their sites by including a simple code in the HTML. In addition, websites can include code that allows the site to be included in Google's index, but that prevents Google from caching the website.
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The third factor, "the amount and substantiality of the use", weighed equally for both parties. Although Google cached the entire website, the fact that Field made the works available on his website and the difference in the use of the two made this factor neutral.
619:(DMCA), which states that " service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief . . . for infringement of copyright by reason of the intermediate and temporary storage of material on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider."
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explained that Field's use was to enrich the lives of others through poetry, while Google's use was to facilitate the operation of search engines. The court identified multiple characteristics that distinguished Google's use from Field's including:
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The court held that "Field decided to manufacture a claim for copyright infringement against Google in the hopes of making money from Google's standard practice." The court then went on to rule in Google's favor on all of its defense theories.
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The fourth factor, "the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work", weighed in favor of Google. There was no market for Field's works and the caching did not impact any potential market for his works.
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be interpreted as a grant of a license for that use and so the courts held that a license for Google to cache the site was implied because Field failed to take the necessary steps when setting up his website.
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Field had actual knowledge of the
Googlebot. He also was aware of the ways to prevent Google from either listing his site at all or listing it but not providing a link to the cached version. Instead of
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431:, www.blakeswriting.com. On May 25, 2004, Field filed an Amended Complaint, stating that Google had infringed on an additional 50 works published by Field on his personal website.
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procedures that allowed website operators to prevent caching. Google promptly removed the caches to Field's work when it learned that Field did not want them.
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The second factor, "the nature of the copyrighted works", also weighed in favor of Google because the works were available for free on Field's website.
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against Google asserting a single claim for copyright infringement due to Google's alleged copying and distributing one of his works (
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The court further held that Google's commercial status was of little importance because the Google's use was transformative.
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Google's use allows users to figure out why a particular page resulted from a search.
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Religious
Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
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Author granted operator implied license to display "cached" links to
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in operating its system cache," which favored fair use. Google used
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the page as it appeared at the time the
Googlebot found the site.
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Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.
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Fair use doctrine protected operator's use of author's works; and
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Operator did not directly infringe on author's copyrighted works;
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safe harbor protection. The court granted Google's motion for
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United States
District Court for the District of Nevada cases
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Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper
Factory, Inc.
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Google's use allows users to track changes in websites;
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Finally, the court held that Google qualified for the
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The court considered an additional factor, "Google's
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Limitations on
Liability Relating to Material Online
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272:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
403:and denied Field's motion for summary judgment.
97:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
920:Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González
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8:
556:of its website, it would not have done so.
419:of Nevada. On April 6, 2004, Field filed a
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
818:Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
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478:The District Court, Jones, J., held that:
427:) that he had previously published on his
1012:Digital Millennium Copyright Act case law
350:Learn how and when to remove this message
332:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
498:Search engine fell within protection of
630:Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
569:Google's use is for archival purposes;
166:Please improve this article by adding
522:The court relied on two prior cases (
7:
809:Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
375:successfully defended a lawsuit for
270:adding citations to reliable sources
874:Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.
834:Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
531:CoStar Group, Inc. v. LoopNet, Inc.
850:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.
728:Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.
369:412 F.Supp. 2d 1106 (D. Nev. 2006)
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489:containing his copyrighted works;
44:This article has multiple issues.
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811:and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc.
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52:or discuss these issues on the
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712:Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.
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826:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.
445:, Google, operates a popular
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890:United States v. Google Inc.
434:Field sought $ 2,550,000 in
790:United States v. Google LLC
782:United States v. Google LLC
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882:Hibnick v. Google, Inc.
720:Goddard v. Google, Inc.
704:Feldman v. Google, Inc.
615:provisions of the 1998
281:"Field v. Google, Inc."
179:"Field v. Google, Inc."
112:more precise citations.
971:Gonzalez v. Google LLC
947:Garcia v. Google, Inc.
857:Smartphone patent wars
377:copyright infringement
155:relies excessively on
955:Google LLC v Defteros
904:Joffe v. Google, Inc.
842:Field v. Google, Inc.
801:Intellectual property
500:safe harbor provision
417:State bar association
364:Field v. Google, Inc.
963:Epic Games v. Google
912:Mosley v SARL Google
266:improve this article
687:Criticism of Google
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518:Direct infringement
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49:improve it
752:Antitrust
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487:web pages
451:Googlebot
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