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358:) of the solar cycle around which the Roman year was based. By the sixth century, this solar cycle was completed by balancing Christ's conception and birth against the conception and birth of his cousin, John the Baptist. Such a relationship between Christ and his cousin was amply justified by the imagery of scripture. The Baptist was conceived six months before Christ (Luke 1:76); he was not himself the light, but was to give testimony concerning the light (John 1:8–9). Thus John's conception was celebrated on the eighth kalends of October (24 September: near the autumn equinox) and his birth on the eighth kalends of July (24 June: near the Summer solstice). If Christ's conception and birth took place on the 'growing days', it was fitting that John the Baptist's should take place on the 'lessening days' (
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them in great familiarity, praising God for his benefits bestowed on them. These were called bonfires as well of good amity amongst neighbours that, being before at controversy, were there by the labour of others reconciled, and made of bitter enemies, loving friends, as also for the virtue that a great fire hat to purge the infection of the air. On the vigil of St John
Baptist and St Peter and Paul the Apostles, every man's door being shadowed with green birch, long fennel, St John's Wort, Orpin, white lillies and such like, garnished upon with garlands of beautiful flowers, had also lamps of glass, with oil burinin in them all night, some hung branches of iron curiously wrought, containing hundreds of lamps lit at once, which made goodly show.
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809:, translated as Jovános, Ivános, Iván in Hungarian). The whole month of June was once called Month of St. Ivan until the 19th century. Setting fires is a folklore tradition this night. Girls jumped over it, while boys watched the spectacle. Most significant among the customs of the summer is lighting the fire of Midsummer Night (szentiváni tűzgyújtás) on the day of St. John (June 24), when the sun follows the highest course, when the nights are the shortest and the days the longest. In the Middle Ages it was primarily an ecclesiastical festivity, but from the 16th century on the sources recall it as a folk custom.
1876:
Saint-Jean-Baptiste
Society was the largest secular Franco-Catholic institution in North America. French Canadians in Saskatchewan also celebrated their patron saint's feast day. In Battleford, they seem to have begun to mark the occasion before 1885. It is known definitely that in May 1890 a meeting was held to revive the local Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, inactive since the Batoche uprising. The festivities on June 24 of that year began with a Mass celebrated at an altar on which stood a statue of Saint John the Baptist with a beaver at his feet and a banner bearing the inscription "Faith - Nation - Unity."
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833:), when bonfires are lit on hilltops. The celebration is also called a "Tine Cnámh", literally Bone Fire. Often lit by the oldest present, the youngest present would throw in a bone as part of the celebrations. As part of some customs after the dancing and celebrations were over, revellers would bring home a spent ember from the fire, this was thrown into a field to bring good fortune in the year to come.
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the details of a wedding real The "kambuchi jejoká" is a piñata made with a ceramic jar, which has to be broken with a wooden stick, a complicated result because the participant is blindfolded. The festival ends when "el judaskai" is lit, a life-size doll filled with explosives and fireworks, many times it is seen and made to look like a hated or unpopular person in the community.
1066:) and 'sobótka' (pagan). Traditional folk rituals include groups of young men and women singing ritual songs to each other. The young women may wear crowns fashioned from wild flowers, which are later thrown into a nearby pond or lake. The boys/young men may then swim out to claim one of the crowns. Bonfires (and bonfire jumping) are also part of the proceedings.
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colonial period (1500–1822), are celebrated during the month of June nationwide. The festival is mainly celebrated on the eves of the
Catholic solemnities of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter. In many cities in the interior of the country these festivals attract millions of tourists and have a significant impact in the local economy.
907:, where the church is dedicated to St John the Baptist, holds its Patron day on the first Sunday in July, this Sunday being the closest to the Old Calendar date for St John's Day. In some parts of Ireland, bonfires were lit on the Eve of Saints Peter and Paul (June 28) instead of St John's Eve. The tradition was known as "Little St John’s Day".
689:). Traditionally, the bonfires were lit to fend off witches, but today - when the witch effigy catches fire - she is said to be "flying away to Brocken" (Danish: "Bloksbjerg"), which can be interpreted as helping the witch on her way. On Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day, churches arrange Saint John's services and
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around the country will gather with their families, or at larger events to celebrate with singing and dancing. The celebrations carry on usually through the night, they are the largest and most important of the year, and the traditions are almost identical to
Finland and similar to neighbours Latvia and Sweden.
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Giorgios
Seferis's poem "Fires of St John" vividly captures the essence of this event, portraying the ignition of bonfires and the enduring belief among young women that they could discover their future husbands during these festivities. This blend of ritual, belief, and cultural practice underscores
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It was the custom in
Yorkshire for every family who had come to live in the parish within the last year to put a table outside their house, on St. John's Eve, and place on it bread and cheese and beer and offer this to anyone who passed by. Any of the parish might help themselves and, if the fortunes
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The religious festival of San Juan, on June 24, begins the night of the vigil (June 23), with music, songs, dances and games around a large bonfire. An essential element of the festival is fire, an extremely important element for the
Guarani culture related to wisdom. Neighbors gather to participate
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the wealthier sort also before their doors near to the said bonfires would set out tables on the vigils furnished with sweet bread and good drink, and on the festival days with meats and drinks plentifully, whereunto they would invite their neighbours and passengers also to sit, and to be merry with
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In Jersey most of the former midsummer customs are largely ignored nowadays. The custom known as Les cônes d'la Saint Jean was observed as late as the 1970s - horns or conch shells were blown. Ringing the bachîn (a large brass preserving pan) at midsummer to frighten away evil spirits survived as a
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it is traditional to light bonfires on the beaches on Saint John's Eve to remember the fires lit to celebrate the arrival of Saint John's relics to Genoa in 1098. Since 1391 on the 24th of June a great procession across Genoa carries the relics to the harbour, where the
Archbishop blesses the city,
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In France, the "Fête de la Saint-Jean" (feast of St John), traditionally celebrated with bonfires (le feu de la Saint-Jean) that are reminiscent of
Midsummer's pagan rituals, is a Catholic festivity in celebration of Saint John the Baptist. It takes place on June 24, (St John's day). Nowadays it is
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that is risen on the same day as midsummers eve. The pole is a high wooden pole covered in leaves and flowers. Participants dance around the pole and sing songs. Other traditions include eating pickled herring with fresh potatoes, often the first from the seasons harvest, served with sourcream and
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resplendent tree) is the contest of trying to climb a greased mast, which has some prize hanging from the tip. The "Koyguá marriage" is a simulated peasant wedding for fun, there is another version that would be the "Forced
Marriage" where a woman and a man are accused and forced to marry with all
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from 21 to 24 June also with a special street market. Saint John the Baptist is the patron saint of Genoa, Florence and Turin where a fireworks display takes place during the celebration on the river. In Turin Saint John's cult is also well-established since medieval times when the city stops work
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from medieval times, with festivals sometimes lasting three days from 21 to 24 June. In medieval Florence, St John's Day was "an occasion for dramatic representations of the Baptist's life and death" and "the feast day was marked by processions, banquets, and plays, culminating in a fireworks show
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Irish St. John's Day Eve traditions included: A few days before, children and youth would solicit donations for the bonfires – it was considered bad luck to refuse them. The point of the bonfires was to draw God's blessings on the summer crops. Attendees would leap over the bonfires. Bonfire ashes
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The eve of St John's feast, a time rich in tradition and folklore, is celebrated with a variety of customs that include leaping over bonfires, engaging in the Klidonas divination ritual for love and marriage, and the early morning harvest of wild oregano. St John is revered under several epithets,
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in Western Herzegovina and coastal Croatia, is celebrated on June 23 in Croatia. People light large bonfires in honor of Saint John Baptist; the celebration can also be connected to the old Slavic traditions for Kresnik (South Slavic version of Perun) the god of Sun. The locals bring firewood to a
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The feast of Saint John the Baptist on June 24 was observed in all of Quebec with religious services, patriotic speeches, parades and floats. The movement soon spread to Ontario, the New England states, and even to Chicago and the distant state of Oregon. At the end of the nineteenth century, the
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Like 8 December, the eve of St. John's Day was a highly popular date for nineteenth-century christenings. According to old midwives, the baptisms of children who had died "pagans" were acted out: "On this day, at nightfall, a candle is lit in the praise of St. John. The woman who stands godmother
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The dangers posed to humans by demons require specific rituals, aimed at identifying witches and putting them to death. A key element of May Day or St John's rituals is the burning of witches or the repelling and burning-out with fire of evil forces, which might deviously conceal themselves among
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In England, 'Saint John's Tide' is combined with a midsummer celebration. Instead of the date of the summer so stice, they chose June 24. This may be because of the Baptist's own words, 'He must increase, must decrease' (John 3:30). John was, of course, referring to Jesus. John's day comes at the
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In the Philippines, the festival is a thanksgiving celebration done through the traditional “basaan” (dousing of water among children and grown-ups) on the streets as a way of sharing Saint John's blessings. Parades, street dance competitions and other activities liven up the annual celebration.
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Estonians celebrate the eve of the St John (June 23) with bonfires. On the islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, old fishing boats may be burnt in the large pyres set ablaze. Young lovers wander through the forest looking for a lucky fern flower that is said to bloom on only this night. Estonians all
603:
Festas Juninas (June Festivals, "festivities that occur in the month of June"), also known as festas de São João, are the annual Brazilian celebrations adapted from European Midsummer that take place in the southern midwinter. These festivities, which were introduced by the Portuguese during the
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eve' or Midsommar in Sweden. Originally a pre-Christian tradition, the holiday has during history been influenced by Christian traditions and the celebration of Saint John, but not as much as to it changing name, as in neighbouring Norway and Denmark. A central symbol nowadays is the 'midsummer
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travel to a beach or any accessible body of water (e.g. river, lake or even bathtub) and, at midnight, plunge backwards into it three, seven, or twelve times. This is done to cleanse the body from bad luck and to gain good luck for the following year. It is also customary to stroll the historic
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names. The most dangerous of the games is "pelota tata" a rag ball soaked in oil or kerosene. The ball ignites and turns into a ball of fire that circulates among the crowd and is kicked by people to try to scare it away. The "tatá ári jehasa" is also dangerous: It means walking barefoot on a 5
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notably "Riganas" (the oregano bearer) and "Lampadiaris" (the bonfire bearer), which reflect these customs. While the tradition of lighting bonfires was prevalent up until the 1970s, it has since seen a resurgence only as a cultural performance, preserving the rich heritage of this celebration.
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In the worship of St John, men waken at even, and maken three manner of fires: one is clean bones and no wood, and is called a bonfire; another is of clean wood and no bones, and is called a wakefire, for men sitteth and wake by it; the third is made of bones and wood, and is called St John's
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One Swedish midsummer tradition is that girls should pick seven flowers from seven different fields. The flowers should then be put under the pillow during the midsummer eve night. This night is supposedly magic and the girl is then while sleeping supposed to dream of her future husband.
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In Sweden, they were mainly found in the southern part of the country. Young people also liked to visit holy springs, where they drank the healing water and amused themselves with games and dancing. These visits were a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River
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In Quebec, Canada, the celebration of St John's Day was brought to New France by the first French colonists. Great fires were lit at night. According to the Jesuit Relations, the first celebrations of St John's Day in New France took place around 1638 on the banks of the
741:, Cornwall was created in 1991 to revive the celebration of the Feast of St John. Today it is marked by a torchlit procession, but in the 19th century and earlier the town was the scene of bonfires, burning tar barrels, and homemade fireworks on the principal streets.
362:), for the Baptist himself had proclaimed that 'he must increase; but I must decrease' (John 3:30). By the late sixth century, the Nativity of John the Baptist (24 June) had become an important feast, counterbalancing at midsummer the midwinter feast of Christmas.
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of the family ran to it, would be invited indoors for a further supper and a festive evening. By this means the newcomers to the parish made many acquaintances and friends, and were helped to see themselves as having a definite place in the local community.
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in the fact that the sun's height in the sky and length of the day "begins to diminish" after the summer solstice and begins to increase after the winter solstice. By the 6th century A.D., several churches were dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and a
464:. A Christian interpretation of carrying lighted torches on St John's Eve is that they are "an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was 'a burning and shining light,' and the preparer of the way of Christ". These traditions are very similar to those of
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would be scattered on the crops for good luck. Most troublesome local weeds would be burned in the bonfire to help stave them off. Men would walk through their fields with lit torches and then toss those torches on the bonfire for crop blessing.
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seldom celebrated. In certain French towns, a tall bonfire is built by the inhabitants in order to be lit on St John's Day. In the Vosges region and in the Southern part of Meurthe-et-Moselle, this huge bonfire is named "chavande".
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Varro places the equinoxes and solstices at the midpoints of the seasons ... His dating for the beginnings of the four seasons are as follows: February 7 for spring, May 9 for summer, August 11 for autumn, and November 10 for
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designated place and light a bonfire at sunset; young people attempt to jump over as it burns. Rivalries between villages on who makes the bigger bonfire is common, leading to competitions between village folk.
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prays the Credo before the candle for little angel and says: 'I baptize you, So-and-So, I baptize you in the name of Almighty God the Father'... If is not baptized, it will cry in its grave every night."
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Many Danish traditions are based around the Christian calendar, with Christmas, Easter and St. John's Eve (at the end of June) being some of the most important and typically spent together with family.
407:, a theologian at the University of Paris, in the early twelfth century", but is undoubtedly much older. In England, the earliest reference to this custom occurs on in the 13th century A.D., in the
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Belithus tells us that it was a custom to carry lighted torches on Midsummer-eve, as an emblem of St. John the Baptist, who was "a burning and shining light," and the preparer of the way of Christ.
1082:) has been described as "one of Europe's liveliest street festivals, yet it is relatively unknown outside" Portugal. The actual Midsummer, St John's day, is celebrated traditionally more in Porto,
283:
1437:
The cult of John the Baptist began to develop in the first half of the fourth century. Augustine is the first witness to a feast of the birth of John the Baptist, which was celebrated on June 24.
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to celebrate San Juan Eguna (the feast of St. John the Baptist), which marks the Basque Summer Solstice. In some towns the celebration is supplemented with more festivities and dances.
878:
People gathering at the bonfires would bring food and drink, with potatoes roasted around the fire. Cattle would be driven through the ashes of the bonfires. At this time of year,
1074:
There are St John's street parties in many cities, towns and villages, mainly between the evening on the 23rd and the actual St.John's Day on the 24th of June. St John's night in
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They also play "toro candil", where someone wears a helmet in the shape of a bull's head with flaming horns and runs among the crowd pretending to be a bull. The "yvyra sy'ĩ" (
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1183:, where San Xoán festivals take place all over the region; bonfires are lit and a set of firework displays usually takes place. On the Mediterranean coast, especially in
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In coastal areas of Ireland, fishermen's boats and nets would be blessed by priests on St John's Eve. A communal salmon dinner was traditionally served on this day in
1841:). They were made on St John's Eve, and taken to church on St John's Day to be blessed by a priest, and were reckoned efficacious against lightning, fire and storms.
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on the evening of June 23, 1636 with a bonfire and five cannon shots. In 1908, Pope Pius X designated John the Baptist as the patron saint of the French-Canadians.
523:. The first version appeared in 1867 and was revised around 1872 and again in 1880. In this last version he added a hauntingly beautiful quiet ending; in which a
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1208:, Menorca, along with many other different cities and towns all across Spain having their own unique traditions associated with the date. In the city of
456:(commonly called Saint John's Fires in various languages) were lit in honour of St. John on Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day, and served to repel
1950:
722:, in Somerset, England, is sometimes said to be named after the Feast Day of St John the Baptist, which is also the dedication of the parish church.
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Today, common Saint John's Eve and Saint John's Day traditions include processions, church services, Saint John's bonfires, fireworks, and feasting.
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time when the sun is beginning to decrease, and six months later, Christmas, comes at the time when the sun is beginning to increase.
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for two days and people from the surrounding areas gather to dance around the bonfire in the central square. In Genoa and coastal
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In Norway, as elsewhere in Scandinavian countries, this event is celebrated with a communal bonfire. The event is also known as
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1179:) and takes place on the evening of June 23. This midsummer tradition is especially strong in coastal areas of Spain, like in
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and in the 19th century, "baptisms of children who had died 'pagans' were acted out". In Sweden, young people visited
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1135:, where the people are still proud of their Nordic roots also take place in the week building up to the 23/24 June.
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In recent years, a number of churches have re-established the tradition of holding a service on Saint John's Eve.
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was also served, which sometimes would be prepared at the bonfire in a large pot to be served to younger people.
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as "a reminder of how John the Baptist baptised Christ in the River Jordan." On Saint John's Eve in Switzerland,
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Fireworks, Saint John's bonfires, visiting streams and rivers, watching theatrical dramas related to the life of
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There is a record, too, of a Swiss charm in the form of a cross made from dried pieces of Goat's Breard (
1278:. It is the biggest holiday of the year in Sweden besides Christmas, and with Sweden being a part of the
1205:
1086:, and in the Azores, where it is known as Sanjoaninas and celebrated from the 21st to the 30th of June.
840:
describes "Bonfire Night" or "St. John's Day Eve" in a post-Great-Famine world that still lay in ruins:
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states that the "lighting of festive fires upon St. John's Eve is first recorded as a popular custom by
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83:
315:, was established by the undivided Christian Church in the 4th century A.D., in honour of the birth of
1931:
269:
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custom on some farms until the 1940s and has been revived as a folk performance in the 21st century.
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On June 21 Hungarians celebrate "Saint Ivan's Night" (Szentiván-éj) (derived from the Slavic form of
620:
541:
328:
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673:. At dusk large bonfires are lit all over the country, typically accompanied by communal singing of
419:, which stated that parish youth would gather on the day to light fires, sing songs and play games.
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Germany sees a number of Midsummernight festivals around "Johannistag" (St. John's Day, 24 June).
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2439:"Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal. Cidade Património Mundial: Um Convite ao Turismo Cultural"
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Word and Worship Workbook for Year B: For Ministry in Initiation, Preaching, Religious Education
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would be gathered; the wort was believed to ward off witchcraft and both were used medicinally.
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221:. This is one of the very few feast days marking a saint's birth, rather than their death. The
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Conventional Polish celebrations of midsummer are a mix of pagan and Christian influences. In
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Quartucci, Soledad. "Paraguay Celebrates Fiesta de San Juan", Latina Republic, June 27, 2022
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Traditional Musical Cultures in Central-Eastern Europe: Ecclesiastical and Folk Transmission
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Kępa, Marek. "Kupala Night: Mixing Pagan & Christian Traditions", Culture.pl, June 2016
335:), the feast marking the birth of Saint John (Saint John's Day) was set six months before.
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1975:
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1313:, commemorating St John's Eve. Many New Orleans residents still keep the tradition alive.
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and then were taken to one's local church, where they were blessed by a Christian priest.
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681:. Atop each bonfire often an effigy of a witch is placed (harking back to the days of
261:(St John's fires), feasting, processions, church services, and gathering wild plants.
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Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year
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Dreyer, Brian Schaefer. "Celebrating Sankthansaften", Routes North, April 19, 2019
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726:(d. 1534) cooked a special soup for the occasion in the manner of his ancestors.
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the enduring significance of St John's eve in the tapestry of local traditions.
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Fire is the most typical element associated with Saint John's Eve celebrations.
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Death Is a Festival: Funeral Rites and Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
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Ireland's green larder : the definitive history of Irish food and drink
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Another tradition common in Sweden is to make midsummer wreaths of flowers.
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379:, John the Baptist "was understood to be preparing the way for Jesus", with
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Land of milk and honey : the story of traditional Irish food and drink
1191:, the celebration includes bonfires too, along very popular dance parties (
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People prepare for a Saint John's Day procession and church service in the
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2244:"St. John's Eve or Bonfire Night; Irish Folklore | Irish Archaeology"
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are the most important local festival, and take place from 20 to 24 June.
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the festival is known as 'noc świętojańska' (Christian) or 'Noc Kupały' (
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in the island's capital city, which still bears the name of the saint.
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1951:"Paljenje krijesova - njegovanje najstarije karlovačke manifestacije"
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A Vision: The Revised 1937 Edition: The Collected Works of W.B. Yeats
1197:), and there are also traditional special foods for the day, such as
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1282:, getting drunk and feasting all the whole day and night is common.
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2081:"Liturgical Year : Activities : St. John's Eve Bonfire"
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Festas juninas, festas de São João: origens, tradições e história
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The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain
657:(1906), an artistic depiction of the traditional Danish bonfire.
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Stables, Daniel. "Summer solstice celebrations across the UK",
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Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History
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Historically, this date has been venerated in the practice of
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Christ's Incarnation was closely tied to the 'growing days' (
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In his poem "The Sisters," published in 1861, Limerick poet
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of John the Baptist was fixed on 24 June, six months before
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The feast of Saint John the Baptist has been celebrated in
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also occur, which are an occasion for drinking and eating.
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Saint John's Fire with festivities in front of a Christian
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festivities in Europe. Traditions are similar to those of
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Saint John's Eve - Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark
2191:"St. John's Eve in old Ireland - World Cultures European"
2099:"Liturgical Year : Activities : St. John's Eve"
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stating "He must increase, but I must decrease"; this is
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The Nativity of John the Baptist: The Midsummer Nativity
2158:"June 23 – St. John’s Greek bonfire dancing tradition",
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Fleteren, Frederick Van; Schnaubelt, Joseph C. (2001).
287:
17th century A.D. Saint John's Eve festivities at the
665:) is celebrated in the same manner in Denmark as the
2213:"Why bonfires blaze across Ireland on St John's Eve"
865:
With many a pitfall throng'd, and shade, and briar,
631:Croats celebrate "Ivanjske krijesove", also called
217:, starting at sunset on 23 June, is the eve of the
202:
194:
179:
169:
161:
142:
130:
111:
97:
79:
71:
63:
34:
1000:in games and contests that often have traditional
859:The intermediate space; — thence brightlier burn'd
249:, and Saint John's Eve is closely associated with
2383:"Wattah! Wattah! A celebration of water blessing"
1990:"St. John's Eve -The official website of Denmark"
1859:. Campion College, University of Regina. p.
527:announces the dawn, and daybreak chases away the
426:, described the celebration of Saint John's Day:
851:Saint John, had come once more, and for thy sake
701:The feast of St. John the Baptist is one of the
422:In the 16th century A.D., the English historian
1730:The Olio, Or, Museum of Entertainment, Volume 7
849:With festal fires the hills were lit! Thine eve
842:
711:
428:
352:
1754:. University of North Carolina Press. p.
1230:it is highlighted the Firewalking Festival of
863:Man's life as view'd by Ireland's sons; a vale
557:St. John's Eve is typically celebrated with a
157:) and having them blessed by a priest/minister
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
8:
2541:"San Juan Festival - Bonfires of Saint John"
2365:
2363:
2118:"Golowan: the last 30 years and its history"
1853:Lapointe, Richard; Tessier, Lucille (1988).
1717:people, for instance in the form of animals.
1673:Trapp, Maria Augusta von (18 October 2018).
1155:is the celebration in honour of Saint John (
853:As though but yesterday thy crown were worn,
2523:"Celebrating La Revetlla: Saint John's Eve"
1856:The Francophones of Saskatchewan: a history
1401:"June 24: The Nativity of John the Baptist"
861:The circling fires beyond it. 'Lo!' Said I,
847:After our home attain'd, we turn'd, and lo!
471:Saint John's Day is also a popular day for
2206:
2204:
1656:"VilaWeb - Diari escola: Saint John's Eve"
1527:. University of Toronto Press. p. 83.
1478:. Manchester University Press. p. 85.
1274:chives, and often accompanied by drinking
1108:San Juan Bautista (Saint John the Baptist)
350:, both of which were marked by festivals.
342:, 24 June was the traditional date of the
75:Eve of the Feast of Saint John the Baptist
44:
38:Eve of the Feast of Saint John the Baptist
31:
2655:St. John's Eve Bonfire - Catholic Culture
2578:Marie Laveau: The Mysterious Voodoo Queen
2454:
2437:Silva, Susana Serpa (25 September 2020).
1676:Around the Year with the Von Trapp Family
1264:This holiday is normally referred to as '
1976:"Narodni Običaji za Ivandan (Sv. Ivana)"
1305:was said to have held ceremonies on the
1005:metres (16 ft) meter bed of coals.
869:And by the Light Eternal girdled round.
331:mark the birth of Jesus on 25 December (
2342:. University of Chicago Press. p.
1786:. Government of Sweden. 10 January 2018
1679:. Sophia Institute Press. p. 161.
1391:
923:Such celebrations are held nowadays in
2305:. London: Unbound. pp. 178, 304.
2270:. Dublin: Mercier Press. p. 132.
2227:The Sisters, Inisfail, and Other Poems
2052:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark
1732:. Joseph Shackell. 1831. p. 400.
893:, County Antrim. The sweet milky dish
857:The Irish people triumph'd. Gloomy lay
513:St. John’s Night on the Bare Mountain,
2259:
2257:
1906:Rangel, Lúcia Helena Vitalli (2008).
1538:Yeats, William Butler (19 May 2015).
654:Midsummer Eve Bonfire on Skagen Beach
7:
2173:"Oíche Fhéile Eoin - St. John's Eve"
1746:Reis, João José (20 November 2003).
1704:. University of Warsaw. p. 68.
1630:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1131:The Johnsmas Foy festivities in the
867:Yet overblown by angel-haunted airs,
855:Amid their ruinous realm uncomforted
1250:Dancing around the midsummer pole,
933:the sea, and those who work on it.
323:records as being six months before
313:feast day of Saint John the Baptist
219:feast day of Saint John the Baptist
123:, which celebrates the Nativity of
1204:There is also a large festival in
821:, particularly in the north-west,
225:(Luke 1:26–37, 56–57) states that
207:Nativity of Saint John the Baptist
153:, collecting special plants (e.g.
25:
1474:O'Neill, William Matthew (1976).
2659:
2625:
2504:"La Fiesta de San Juan en Valls"
2418:Matthew Hancock (12 June 2004).
2211:McGarry, Marion (22 June 2023).
2147:"Midsummer's Eve", Visit Estonia
1563:McNamara, Beth Branigan (2000).
1493:. Routledge. pp. 123, 182.
1323:
1102:, which was originally named by
1094:A night-long celebration called
991:, meaning "wake of Saint John".
920:that the entire city attended."
705:in England. A Christian monk of
346:and 25 December the date of the
2116:Goskar, Thomas (16 June 2021).
1932:"Ivanjski krijesovi u Karlovcu"
1349:Nativity of St John the Baptist
567:Château de Montfort (Cote-d'Or)
27:Evening of June 23, celebration
2195:www.irishcultureandcustoms.com
1596:. Paulist Press. p. 790.
1399:Amos, Herbert (22 June 2017).
1301:. The famous Voodoo priestess
1219:Bonfires are also used in the
709:, in the 15th century, wrote:
367:Professor Éamonn Ó Carragáin,
245:, 24 June was the date of the
1:
2521:Sparks, Tori (19 June 2023).
2334:Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (2001).
2025:. Government of Denmark. 2018
1359:St. John's Day, Masonic feast
2527:(barcelona-metropolitan.com)
1523:Ó Carragáin, Éamonn (2005).
1453:. Quest Books. p. 163.
1139:holds a Midsummer carnival.
2601:Moon Handbooks: New Orleans
2456:10.18226/21789061.v13i2p434
2420:"There's only one São João"
1508:Billington, Sandra (2002).
1425:. Peter Lang. p. 197.
1423:Augustine: Biblical Exegete
1052:, Divination on the Wreaths
825:is held on St. John's Eve (
229:was born six months before
2711:
1809:Watts, D.C. (2 May 2007).
1510:The Concept of the Goddess
1449:Hill, Christopher (2003).
1257:
1080:Festa de São João do Porto
1024:
960:
949:
763:
748:
611:
596:
329:Western Christian churches
2299:Hickey, Margaret (2018).
1592:Birmingham, Mary (1999).
1542:. Scribner. p. 396.
1512:. Routledge. p. 134.
444:Fire of St John's Eve in
43:
2669:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
1910:. Publishing Solutions.
1813:Dictionary of Plant Lore
535:is in the soundtrack of
2604:, Avalon Travel, 2007,
2215:– via www.rte.ie.
2103:www.catholicculture.org
2085:www.catholicculture.org
2023:"Traditions in Denmark"
1624:Hutton, Ronald (1996).
1489:Forsythe, Gary (2012).
817:In some rural parts of
751:St John's Day (Estonia)
685:, when real women were
614:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
582:The Feast of Saint John
369:University College Cork
138:, and family gatherings
2575:Ina Johanna Fandrich,
2563:www.spainisculture.com
2054:. 2018. Archived from
1700:Dahlig, Piotr (2009).
1567:. Our Sunday Visitor.
1476:Time and the Calendars
1255:
1214:Bonfires of Saint John
1176:
1168:
1160:
1055:
1027:Wattah Wattah Festival
984:
872:
830:
716:
658:
589:
574:
533:Night on Bald Mountain
511:was originally titled
508:Night on Bald Mountain
498:Night on Bald Mountain
487:were fashioned into a
449:
433:
373:
317:Saint John the Baptist
311:Saint John's Day, the
308:
292:
280:
136:Saint John the Baptist
125:Saint John the Baptist
2648:28 March 2018 at the
1249:
1043:
975:
963:Saint Jonas' Festival
838:Aubrey Thomas de Vere
651:
580:
556:
443:
396:for the celebration.
360:diebus decrescentibus
298:
289:Piazza della Signoria
286:
272:
84:Roman Catholic Church
2634:at Wikimedia Commons
2475:Discover Puerto Rico
2381:Guzman, Jimmyley E.
2264:Mahon, Bríd (1998).
1817:. Elsevier. p.
1565:Christian Beginnings
1104:Christopher Columbus
621:Saint Lawrence River
2665:The Eve of St. John
2490:National Geographic
2471:"Noche de San Juan"
2248:irisharchaeology.ie
1525:Ritual and the Rood
1368:, a short story by
1331:Christianity portal
1189:Valencian Community
687:burned at the stake
515:based on the story
415:at Barnwell in the
356:diebus crescentibus
340:ancient Roman world
274:St John the Baptist
2581:, UL Press, 2012,
2177:LetsLearnIrish.com
2048:"Saint John's Eve"
1978:. 12 January 2012.
1949:Kuturovac, Tanja.
1889:"Music Department"
1837:) and Masterwort (
1256:
1232:San Pedro Manrique
1056:
1012:"árbol resvaloso"
985:
661:Saint John's Eve (
659:
590:
575:
450:
436:Widespread customs
377:Christian theology
309:
293:
281:
92:Anglican Communion
18:Fiesta de San Juan
2630:Media related to
2338:Sacred Narratives
2312:978-1-78352-799-1
2225:Aubrey de Vere,
1917:978-85-61653-00-2
1686:978-1-62282-668-1
1199:Coca de Sant Joan
1096:Noche de San Juan
831:Oíche Fhéile Eoin
563:Saint John's Fire
503:Modest Mussorgsky
233:; therefore, the
212:
211:
155:Saint John's wort
88:Lutheran Churches
39:
16:(Redirected from
2702:
2685:Saint John's Day
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2124:. Archived from
2122:Golowan Festival
2113:
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2058:on 28 March 2018
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2000:on 19 June 2012.
1996:. Archived from
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1299:Louisiana Voodoo
1254:in Sweden, 1969.
1228:Castile and León
1147:The traditional
1114:. After sunset,
1110:in honor of the
733:The festival of
707:Lilleshall Abbey
679:Holger Drachmann
409:Liber Memorandum
371:
215:Saint John's Eve
190:
188:
121:Saint John's Day
80:Observed by
67:Saint John's Eve
48:
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2695:Summer solstice
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2650:Wayback Machine
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2545:Spanihunlimited
2539:
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2510:. 29 June 1933.
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2179:. 20 June 2023.
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2128:on 16 June 2022
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667:Walpurgis Night
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551:
505:'s composition
500:
473:infant baptisms
438:
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348:winter solstice
344:summer solstice
321:Christian Bible
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247:summer solstice
203:Related to
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147:Church services
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2126:the original
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2056:the original
2042:
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2027:. Retrieved
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1998:the original
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1958:. Retrieved
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1121:Old San Juan
1119:district of
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683:witch trials
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599:Festa Junina
586:Jules Breton
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319:, which the
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257:and include
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183:23 June 2025
131:Celebrations
112:Significance
29:
2229:(1861): pp.
1893:www.spu.edu
1784:"Midsummer"
1311:New Orleans
1106:in 1493 as
1100:Puerto Rico
1098:is held in
1090:Puerto Rico
1021:Philippines
901:Ballaghkeen
537:Walt Disney
529:evil spirit
525:church bell
417:Nene Valley
305:Esino Lario
151:processions
143:Observances
72:Also called
2679:Categories
2610:1566919312
2587:1891053205
2387:pia.gov.ph
2321:1085196202
2160:Protothema
1994:denmark.dk
1960:29 October
1386:References
1280:vodka-belt
1266:midsummers
1206:Ciutadella
749:See also:
612:See also:
549:By country
485:masterwort
481:goatsbeard
385:symbolized
187:2025-06-23
54:shrine in
1344:Midsummer
1269:pole', a
1260:Midsummer
1185:Catalonia
1169:Sant Joan
1151:party in
1149:midsummer
957:Lithuania
884:foxgloves
539:’s movie
424:John Stow
381:John 3:30
333:Christmas
327:. As the
251:Midsummer
241:. In the
239:Christmas
195:Frequency
102:Christian
2646:Archived
2589:, p. 375
2286:39935389
2062:28 March
2029:26 March
1936:Okusi.eu
1790:25 March
1317:See also
1210:Alicante
1194:verbenas
1187:and the
1177:San Xoán
1173:Galician
1161:San Juan
1070:Portugal
995:Paraguay
917:Florence
845:At last,
766:Juhannus
739:Penzance
637:Svitnjak
633:Ivanjdan
542:Fantasia
454:Bonfires
365:—
307:, Italy.
259:bonfires
106:Cultural
56:Brittany
2671:(1822).
2612:, p. 55
2392:24 June
2132:16 June
1797:Jordan.
1632:312–313
1496:winter.
1406:24 June
1339:Golowan
1271:maypole
1181:Galicia
1165:Catalan
1157:Spanish
1137:Lerwick
1054:(2009).
1014:English
1010:Spanish
1002:Guarani
983:, 1912.
930:Liguria
819:Ireland
813:Ireland
801:Hungary
780:Germany
760:Finland
745:Estonia
735:Golowan
697:England
644:Denmark
627:Croatia
588:(1875).
561:called
559:bonfire
466:May Day
458:witches
446:Quimper
411:of the
375:Within
338:In the
265:History
255:May Day
185: (
174:23 June
165:24 June
52:calvary
2608:
2585:
2350:
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2309:
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2233:37–37.
2231:
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1429:
1252:Årsnäs
1242:Sweden
1212:, the
1060:Poland
1036:Poland
989:Jonsok
968:Norway
946:Latvia
937:Jersey
925:Cesena
788:Greece
771:France
671:Sweden
669:is in
608:Canada
593:Brazil
571:France
394:Masses
301:comune
278:Titian
198:Annual
58:, 1893
1370:Gogol
1309:, in
1276:snaps
1236:Soria
1153:Spain
1143:Spain
1112:saint
1084:Braga
1076:Porto
911:Italy
895:goody
827:Irish
714:Fire.
584:, by
489:cross
390:vigil
325:Jesus
235:feast
231:Jesus
2690:Áine
2606:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2394:2021
2348:ISBN
2317:OCLC
2307:ISBN
2282:OCLC
2272:ISBN
2134:2022
2064:2018
2031:2018
1962:2022
1912:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1792:2018
1760:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1408:2018
952:Jāņi
882:and
807:John
483:and
460:and
227:John
170:Date
162:Ends
115:The
98:Type
2451:doi
2344:216
1955:HRT
1861:189
1819:340
1756:101
1226:In
979:by
737:in
677:by
635:or
519:by
303:of
276:by
119:of
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