Indo-Fijians - Knowledge (XXG)

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foreign travelers and cartographers, the people living there were called 'Indians'. However, after the British colonial rule and the subsequent partitioning and division of the subcontinent into several countries, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the term 'India' primarily began to refer to the country that gained independence from the British in 1947, and 'Indian' began to refer primarily to citizens and inhabitants of that new country, rather than all people of the subcontinent. This change in political demarcation and the formation of new countries has caused the meanings of 'India' and 'Indian' to evolve into a national identity. The terms, 'Fiji-Indian' or 'Fijian-Indian' also no longer accurately reflect those whom have ancestry from other parts of the subcontinent.

811:, soldiers served voluntarily and were paid "capitation grants" according to efficiency ratings without regard to race. In 1939, during the mobilisation of the Fiji Defence Force, the colonial government changed its payment system to four shillings per day for enlisted men of European descent while enlisted men of non-European descent were paid only two shillings per day; the Indian Platoon quickly disputed this disparity in pay. The colonial government, fearing this dissidence would eventually be shared by the Native Fijians, decided to disband the Indian platoon in 1940 citing lack of available equipment, such as military armour, as their reason. 220: 1249: 1289: 274: 256: 1318:." Ethnic Fijian leaders opposed this, believing that it would favour urban voters who were mostly Indo-Fijian; they sought a communal franchise instead, with different ethnic groups voting on separate electoral rolls. At a specially convened conference in London in April 1970, a compromise was worked out, under which parliamentary seats would be allocated by ethnicity, with ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians represented equally. In the 238: 1035:

Sri Lanka, Maldives and Afghanistan. It is commonly referred as South Asia, a more accurate geographic description and preferred term in many academic and scholarly contexts. Therefore, the term ‘Indo-Fijian’ is preferred as a way to refer to people with ancestry from the various regions of the sub-continent (such as modern-day Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan) rather than just those from modern-day India.

170: 669:. These labourers demonstrated knowledge of the terms of the indenture agreement and were aware of their rights and refused to do the heavy work assigned to them, their contract was terminated by mutual agreement between the labourers and their employers. In 1881, thirty-eight more Indians arrived from New Caledonia and again most of them left but some stayed taking Indian wives or island women. 1174:, which the colonial administrators rejected, citing the fears of European settlers and Fijian chiefs that a common electoral roll would lead to political domination by South Asians, whose numbers were rapidly increasing. The fear of Indo-Fijian domination also led to the abolition of the elected membership of Suva Municipal Council in 1934, with the council becoming a wholly appointed body. 1188: 933: 38: 153: 202: 160: 1440:(which Indo-Fijians claimed as unsympathetic to Indo-Fijian interests), Reverend Tuikilakila Waqairatu of the Fiji Council of Churches and Assembly of Christian Churches has stated that the coup is "un-Christian" and is "manifestation of darkness and evil". He claimed that "52% of Fijians are Christian and the country's Christian values are being undermined." 1352:

had declined to 43.7%, because of a higher ethnic-Fijian birthrate and particularly because of the greater tendency of Indo-Fijians to emigrate. Emigration accelerated following the coups of 1987 (which removed an Indo-Fijian-supported government from power and, for a time, ushered in a constitution that discriminated against them in numerous ways) and

919:(The Children of the Ratu). This decision was made in a traditional ceremony held at Ratu Sauvoli School grounds in Nabudrau, where the Tikina (a traditional Fijian political unit) of Noco presented their iCavuti to Ro Teimumu. This is the first time ever that the descendants of indentured labourers have been bestowed with a new iTaukei identity. 1526:(5.8%). The remaining 28.7% belong to a medley of denominations. There is an Indian Division of the Methodist Church in Fiji. About 5000 Indo-Fijian are Methodist. They are part of the Methodist Church in Fiji and support the position of the Methodist Church in Fiji, rather than the rights of Indo-Fijians. 1408:, the leader of 19 May 2000 armed takeover of Parliament, Reverend Kanilagi publicly expressed his intention to use the Methodist Church as a forum under which to unite all ethnic Fiji political parties. The Methodist church also supported forgiveness to those who plotted the coup in form of so-called " 1132:

franchise; literacy tests disqualified most Indo-Fijians from participation. A strike by Indo-Fijian municipal workers and Public Works Department employees, which began on 15 January 1920, ended in a riot which was forcibly quelled on 12 February; Manilal, widely blamed for the unrest, was deported.

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Following the military coup of 1987, many Indo-Fijians saw little future in staying in Fiji and tried to find any means to leave the country. Professional, middle class and business found it easier to emigrate. It has been estimated that more than 100,000 Fiji Indians have emigrated since 1987. This

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were only destroyed after the Lord removed the faithful from there and not because of a few would we allow God's wrath to befall the whole of Fiji. It was clearly stated in the 10 Commandments that God gave to Moses that Christians were not allowed to worship any other gods and not to worship idols.

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With the creation of the independent nation of India in 1947, the term "Indian" began to be used more frequently to refer specifically to citizens of the Republic of India. However, the sub-continent of India still exists, comprising many countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan,

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was due to be released to the public, it was announced that it recommended a change in the name of Fiji's citizens. If the proposal were adopted, all citizens of Fiji, whatever their ethnicity, would be called "Fijians". The Cabinet at its meeting on 30 June 2010 approved the Fijian Affairs Decree

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They were victimized a lot by the military adding to the reasons they moved abroad to Canada, Australia, and the United States. Another reason a lot of skilled Indo-Fijians were migrating to other countries was for a better future. This caused Fiji to lose a lot of their skilled workers. Moreover,

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contracted when King Cakobau and other chief leaders returned from a trip from Australia in 1875 during which they caught measles. The percentage of Indigenous female population increased as a result, and the native male population was scarce at one stage, but by 2000 their share of the population

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advocated purging Hinduism of what it saw as its superstitious elements and expensive rituals, opposed child marriage, and advocated the remarriage of widows, which orthodox Hinduism didn't promote at that time. The Arya Samaj also encouraged education for girls, which wasn't the norm at the time.

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The use of the terms 'Fiji-Indian' or 'Fijian-Indian' are misnomers. This is because the meaning of the words 'Indian' and 'India' have changed over time, including during the British colonial rule and before it. Historically, the subcontinent of South Asia was informally referred to as "India" by

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In 2017, The paramount chief of Rewa, Ro Teimumu Kepa, announced that the descendants of indentured labourers, who were brought to Fiji during colonial period as a cheap labor, now officially belong to the Vanua (tribal land) of Noco and Rewa, and will be known as the iCavuti of "Luvedra na Ratu"

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From the early 1900s, Indians started arriving in Fiji as free agents. Many of these paid their own way and had previously served in Fiji or other British colonies or had been born in Fiji. Amongst the early free migrants, there were religious teachers, missionaries and at least one lawyer. The

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Former Prime Minister Chaudhry has expressed alarm at the high rate of emigration of educated Indo-Fijians. "If the trend continues, Fiji will be left with a large pool of poorly educated, unskilled work force with disastrous consequences on our social and economic infrastructure and levels of

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Political differences between the two communities, rather than ideological differences, have characterised Fijian politics since independence, with the two communities generally voting for different political parties. The National Federation Party founded by A.D. Patel, was the party favoured

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who disembarked were the first of over 61,000 to arrive from South and East Asia in the following 37 years. The majority were from the districts of eastern and southern provinces, followed by labourers from northern and western regions, then later south eastern countries, they originated from

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government and other employers brought clerks, policemen, artisans, gardeners, experienced agricultural workers, a doctor and a school teacher. Punjabi farmers and Gujarati craftsmen also paid their own way to Fiji and in later years formed an influential minority amongst the Fiji Indians.

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2010. The new law effectively replaces the word 'Fijian' or 'indigenous' or 'indigenous Fijian' with the word 'iTaukei' in all written laws, and all official documentation when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji. All Fiji citizens are now called 'Fijians'

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A post-war effort by European members of the Legislative Council to repatriate ethnic South Asians to modern-day India, starting with sixteen-year-old males and fourteen-year-old females, was not successful, but reflected the tensions between Fiji's ethnic communities.

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Indians. Governor Fletcher encouraged Indo-Fijians to regard Fiji as their permanent home. One could say this was Fletcher's insurance policy against an anticipated anti-European revolt at the hands of the Native population, which subsequently took place in 1959.

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Indo-Fijians have been emigrating to United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom since the early 1960s. These were mainly economic migrants and their number gradually increased in the 1970s and 1980s to reach approximately 4000 per year.

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reported Navakamocea had "alleged that the Indo-Fijian term was coined by Indian academics in Fiji to 'Fijianise' their Indian ethnicity", which, in Navakamocea's view, undermined the paramountcy of indigenous rights. Navakamocea lost office in the

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have been used inter-changeably. These labels have proved culturally and politically controversial, and finding a single label of identification for those with South Asian ancestry in Fiji has fuelled a debate that has continued for many decades.

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Government was informed that British rule in Fiji was a pre-condition for Indian emigration to Fiji. The early ancestors of Indo-Fijians came from different regions of South Asia, most coming from rural villages in Northern and Southern India.

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plantations. Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 60,000 South Asians arrived in Fiji. Approximately, 25,000 of these have returned to South Asia. From 1900 onwards, some Indians arrived as free immigrants, who were mostly from the regions of

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investment," he said on 19 June 2005. He blamed the coups of 1987 for "brain drain" which has, he said, adversely affected the sugar industry, the standard of the education and health services, and the efficiency of the civil service.

1120:, a strong supporter of the British Empire but with little support among his own people, was appointed by the Governor in 1916. His appointment did little to redress the grievances of the Indo-Fijian community. Buttressed by the 1590:

Similarly to the indigenous Fijian population, Indo-Fijian's face major obstacles when it comes to health. They are often cited in research articles as a group that has a higher than normal prevalence rate of Type 2 diabetes.

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In 1987, shortly after a coalition government was formed that represented both communities, two military coups were staged by low-ranking Fijian officers that aimed at sidelining the Indo-Fijian community in politics.

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different regions, villages, backgrounds and castes that later mingled or intermarried hence the "Fijian Indian" identity was created. The indentured workers originated mostly from rural village backgrounds. .

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The Church plays a major role in Fiji politics. Often some leaders appeal to Fijians addressing them as "Christians", even though Hindus are 33% of the population in Fiji, compared with 52% Christians. The

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over human rights abuses of indentured labourers, such as the story of Kunti and Naraini played a factor in abolishing the scheme in 1916. However, Indenture continued unlawfully until the intervention of

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Some Methodist Church authorities have continued to advocate the establishment of a Christian state. In a letter of support from the then head of the Methodist Church, Reverend Tomasi Kanilagi, to

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government, called for the use of the term "Indo-Fijian" to be officially banned. He declared that the term was "unacceptable", and that Indo-Fijians should be referred to only as "Indians". The

1456:; their numbers are much scarcer in the south and inland areas. The majority of Indo-Fijians came from northern, northern eastern and southeastern part of India and converse in what is known as 702:

since 1837. A recruiting office was set up especially around Calcutta and the South, West and North later, especially a lot in rural village areas in different farming regions, land and areas.

874:, who used the slogan, "One Country, One People, One Destiny", suggested that all Fiji's citizens should be called Fijians and to distinguish the original inhabitants from the rest, the name 1347:

Ethnic South Asians outnumbered indigenous Fijians from 1956 through the late 1980s. This was due to the death of 1/3 of the indigenous population, mainly male and children, that died from

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Labels that use the term ‘Indian’ can be seen as problematic. This is because the term ‘Indian’ no longer accurately represents people with ancestry from the various countries of the

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The Indo-Fijian diaspora developed with people of South Asian ancestry leaving Fiji, mainly following the racially inspired coups of 1987 and 2000, to settle primarily in Australia,

1460:(also known as 'Fiji Baat'), this language has been constructed from eastern Hindi dialects mixed with some native Fijian and some English loan words, with some minorities speaking 1428:

One thing other religions should be thankful for is that they are tolerated in Fiji as it's naturally a peaceful place but their right of worship should never be made into law."

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Differences between ethnic Fijians and Indians complicated preparations for Fiji independence, which the United Kingdom granted in 1970, and have continued to define

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should be used for native Fijians. At the time, there was opposition to this from some native Fijians who feared that any such move would deprive them of the special

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and states that "the term "Fijian" has exclusively ethnic connotations and should not be used to describe any thing or person not of indigenous Fijian descent."

2472: 1930: 2097: 784:. He sent the names of 32 volunteers to the colonial government but his requests were ignored. As a result, a number of Fiji Indians volunteered for the 695: 1914: 2343: 2889: 1409: 617:. Many of the early voyages to the Pacific either started or terminated in India and many of these ships were wrecked in the uncharted waters of the 687:

industry, recognising the need to establish a stable economic base for the colony, but were unwilling to exploit indigenous labour and threaten the

3022: 1147:(CSR), the unconditional return of Manilal, and the release of imprisoned 1920 strikers. The authorities responded by deporting Muni from Fiji. 1128:, a lawyer who had arrived in Fiji in 1912, the Indians continued to campaign for better work and living conditions, and for an extension of the 1144: 2894: 2879: 780:

leader of the Indo-Fijian community, persuaded the colonial government of Fiji to form an Indian platoon for the Allied war effort during the

728:(agreements), required them to work in Fiji for a period of five years. Living conditions on the sugar cane plantations, on which most of the 2813: 2743: 2726: 2059: 910:

This is now at odds with the current Fiji Constitution where the term ‘Fijian’ is used for all citizens, irrespective of ethnic background.

2738: 2354: 1898: 1019: 734:(indentured labourers) worked, had poor standards which resembled that of slavery. Hovels known as "coolie lines" dotted the landscape. 434:. Although Indo-Fijians constituted a majority of Fiji's population from 1956 through the late 1980s, discrimination and the resulting 549:

regions. A small contingent of indentured labourers came from Afghanistan and Nepal. A small amount of free immigrants also came from

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movements attracted widespread support in the 1920s, and relationships between Hindus and Muslims also became increasingly strained.

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Before Fiji was colonized by Great Britain, some planters had tried to obtain Indian labour and had approached the British Consul in

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The colonial rulers attempted to assuage Indo-Fijian discontent by providing for one of their number to be nominated to the

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Although they hailed from various regions in the subcontinent, the vast majority of Indo-Fijians trace their origins to the

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was used to distinguish between Fiji citizens of Indian origin and Indians from India. The term was used by writers like

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While the Fiji Indian troops had the Europeans as their commanding and non-commissioned officers, the Native Fijians had

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Indo Fijians are concentrated in the so-called Sugar Belt and in cities and towns on the northern and western coasts of

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overwhelmingly by the Indo-Fijian community throughout most of the nation's history, but its support collapsed in the

1253: 1154:, South Asian immigrants and their descendants were authorised to elect three members to the Legislative Council on a 1121: 1113: 359: 2748: 1198: 943: 2507:

Moag, Rodney F. (1977). Fiji Hindi: A basic course and reference grammar. Canberra: Australian National University.

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many Indo-Fijians strived for a better education causing a bigger gap between them and the indigenous Fijians.

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of 1999, when it lost all of its seats in the House of Representatives; its support fell further still in the

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as anybody who can trace, through either the male or the female line, their ancestry back to anywhere on the

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since. Prior to independence, Indo-Fijians sought a common electoral roll, based on the principle of "

633:(Indian seaman) who survived a shipwreck, lived and settled there amongst the natives of Fiji in 1813. 2673: 1980: 3251: 3183: 3129: 3029: 2992: 2799: 2785: 1610: 1163: 1066: 838:

The correct label and identity for Indo-Fijians has historically been debated. Common labels such as

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The Arya Samaj began by establishing schools and by using a newspaper of one of its supporters, the

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resulted in them numbering 313,798 (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of 827,900 people living in

3034: 2112: 1865: 1745: 1735: 1171: 900: 855: 824: 574: 431: 403: 379: 2781: 1732:, former leader of opposition in Fiji and member of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1288: 1062: 998: 3073: 1835: 1614: 1523: 1502:, and numerous unspecified Hindu sects, comprise 22% of the Hindu population. Muslims are mostly 1495: 1424: 1333: 1272: 518: 514: 2624:"Looking Backward, Moving Forward: The Experiences of Indo-Fijian Immigrant Women in California" 1491: 1376:, when it dropped to an all-time low of 14%. The party formerly favoured by Indo-Fijian was the 1038:

The term is also more closely connected to the diaspora of the South Asian indentured labourers

2012: 1483:. Christians comprise 6.1% of the Indo-Fijian population, while about 0.9% are members of the 3276: 3223: 3208: 3188: 3157: 3083: 3041: 3007: 2941: 2914: 2722: 2708: 2654: 2508: 2287: 2262: 2189: 2164: 2139: 2055: 1855: 1761: 1751: 1650: 1626: 1519: 1515: 1461: 1398: 1381: 1377: 1315: 1054: 1015: 1006: 712: 587: 534: 526: 510: 502: 474: 470: 383: 1895: 3213: 3068: 2975: 2857: 2754: 2098:"The forgotten story of India's colonial slave workers who began leaving home 180 years ago" 2047: 1860: 1465: 1415:

In 2005, Methodist Church general secretary Reverend Ame Tugaue argued that the practice of

1337: 1311: 1086: 785: 692: 645:, Fiji but were met with a negative response. In 1870, a direct request by a planter to the 494: 298: 2559: 2457: 1104:

when the army accused the Qarase government of anti-Fijian Indian racism and overthrew it.

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In January 1879, thirty-one South Asians, who had originally been indentured labourers in

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as their mother tongue with less fluency. Almost all Indo-Fijians are fluent in English.

711:, a labour transport vessel, disembarked at Levuka from Calcutta on 14 May 1879. The 498 1804:, singer-songwriter based in the United Kingdom, has Indo-Fijian father, great-niece of 3246: 3241: 3203: 2852: 2460:, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State 1801: 1791: 1695: 1638: 1600: 1469: 1405: 1125: 1043: 792: 773: 699: 610: 570: 530: 522: 490: 486: 458: 371: 310: 2533: 2404:

https://jmvh.org/article/pacific-island-societies-destabilised-by-infectious-diseases/

3351: 3336: 3296: 3281: 3139: 1870: 1810: 1729: 1677: 1563: 1277: 1117: 892: 796: 743: 662: 618: 546: 387: 363: 302: 261: 2436:, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, September 2006, U.S. Department of State 17: 3261: 2433: 2331: 1816: 1805: 1723: 1711: 1659: 1644: 1632: 1140: 808: 752: 622: 2075: 1018:, also used this term in his speeches and writings. The term was also used by the 169: 2631: 2051: 1785: 1767: 1701: 1689: 1671: 1535: 1187: 932: 871: 781: 646: 614: 435: 427: 243: 37: 2544: 2414: 1475:

According to the 1996 census (the latest available), 76.7% of Indo-Fijians are

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This term, 'Indo-Fijian', has been used by various political figures such as

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decided to implement the indentured labour scheme, which had existed in the

578: 542: 225: 1022:, Fiji's largest Christian denomination, which had a Fiji-Indian division. 609:

Indians had been employed for a long time on the European ships trading in

2286:. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 177. 3218: 2446:

Fiji military dismisses GCC and Methodist support for reconciliation bill

2016: 1717: 1507: 1416: 1265: 2764: 2707: : An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora, Anthem Press (2002) 430:, and include people who trace their ancestry to various regions of the 3193: 2749:

Why inject Peace Corps teachers into the ethnic arguments roiling Fiji?

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A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1820-1920

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Luvedra na Ratu: A new identity for Indo-Fijians of indentured descent

2951: 1480: 876: 642: 630: 554: 324: 279: 1981:"Pacific Regional Statistics - Secretariat of the Pacific Community" 1150:

Demands increased for direct representation in the legislature. In

569:. Fiji's British colonial rulers brought South Asian people to the 1795: 1714:, chairman of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission 1559: 1555: 1503: 1476: 1287: 1247: 1135: 562: 538: 482: 446: 334: 159: 2259:

Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920

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Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920

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Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920

1322:, each ethnic group was allocated 22 seats, with 12 representing 485:. The major home districts of Fiji's North Indian labourers were 3266: 2822: 2791: 1484: 1372:, when it received only 22% of the Indo-Fijian vote, and in the 1292: 1257: 1071: 1011: 896:

to describe all Fiji's citizens but this name did not catch on.

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In 1934, Governor Fletcher enacted a policy which warranted an

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became Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister on 19 May 1999.

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represents a third of the existing Indian population in Fiji.

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Pacific Island Societies Destabilised by Infectious Diseases

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The contracts of the indentured labourers, which they called

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was also turned down and in 1872, an official request by the

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The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European Dominance, 1920–1946

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minority (3.6%). Indian Christians are a diverse body, with

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Historic Identities: Fiji Indians versus indigenous Fijians

1340:, 3 from "communal" and 5 from "national" constituencies. 621:. The first recorded presence of an Indian in Fiji was by 2524:

Languages of fiji.pdf, Sangam conventional Magazine, 2003

2700:, Fiji Institute of Applied Studies, Lautoka, Fiji, 2004 2261:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 130–131. 2237:"Murmurs of Dissent: Non-Resistance on Fiji Plantations" 1256:, a South-Indian type temple in the Indo-Fijian town of 788:

while one served in Europe during the First World War.

2188:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 68–69. 1133:

Another strike, from January to July in 1921, led by

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Victor Lal, "The Fiji Indians: Marooned at Home," in

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Peter Dillon of Vanikoro: Chevalier of the South Seas

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sect (74.3% of all Hindus); a minority (3.7%) follow

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and other religions should not be guaranteed in law:

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However, in August 2008, shortly before the proposed

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within the Fiji Defence Force consisting entirely of

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Ethnicity, Type 2 Diabetes and Migrant Asian Indians

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Fiji ethnic map (2017 census) red is for Indo-Fijian

3232: 3170: 3116: 2974: 2913: 2833: 1635:, Academic, historian, statesman, and jazz musician 1617:

after independence; statesman and prominent lawyer.

1514:forming the largest group (26.2%), followed by the 1487:faith. The remaining 0.4% are mostly nonreligious. 545:. Others (in a smaller quantity) originated in the 477:with its own grammatical features, distinct to the 345: 317: 288: 270: 252: 234: 216: 198: 193: 179: 142: 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2676:, Indian Journal of Medical Research, 6 March 2007 2138:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 31. 1388:Impact of the Church and religious/ethnic politics 1143:, demanded higher rates of pay for workers of the 665:to Fiji under contract to work on a plantation in 2448:, Radio New Zealand International, 25 August 2005 2163:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 3. 1089:, Minister of State for National Planning in the 1082:from 2004 to 2006, also used it in his speeches. 1042:who have settled in other countries, such as the 819:‘Indians’ in Fiji were originally defined by the 1603:, one of Fiji's longest serving parliamentarians 465:also known as ‘Fiji Baat’ which is based on the 2605:"What Fiji Can Teach America About Immigration" 1748:, Fiji's Attorney-General since 8 January 2007. 1541:South Asians were initially brought to Fiji as 1500:International Society for Krishna Consciousness 832:People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress 2782:"Fiji Islands: From Immigration to Emigration" 2390:South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity 1170:were duly elected. Agitation continued for a 2807: 1720:, Tongan Rugby player, of Indo-Fijian descent 1686:, US-based attorney and civil rights advocate 827:and all government documents used this name. 8: 2659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1726:, former member of parliament in New Zealand 1506:(59.7%) or unspecified (36.7%); there is an 884:they had enjoyed since cession in 1874. The 137: 2698:Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians 2458:International Religious Freedom Report 2003 1216:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1108:Political participation: early 20th century 961:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3176: 3122: 2980: 2919: 2814: 2800: 2792: 903:gives the nationality of Fiji citizens as 768:Indian Platoon during the Second World War 168: 136: 1436:in Fiji, which deposed the government of 1410:Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill 1401:, was supported by the Methodist Church. 1332:(distributed by ethnicity but elected by 1280:founded in 1923, to expound their views. 1236:Learn how and when to remove this message 1178:Religious and social divisions: 1920–1945 981:Learn how and when to remove this message 742:Public outrage in the United Kingdom and 637:First attempt to procure Indian labourers 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 2479:, extract from Fiji Times, 27 March 2005 577:between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's 2693:, Oxford University Press, London, 1974 2113:"The arrival and rise of Sikhs in Fiji" 1888: 2719:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 2652: 2647:"Indo-Fijians and Fiji's Coup Culture" 2308:"Constitution of the Republic of Fiji" 1998: 1996: 1994: 1692:, queer and indigenous rights activist 1336:. A further 8 seats were reserved for 683:The colonial authorities promoted the 189:37.6% of the population of Fiji (2007) 2739:The Continuing Exodus of Fiji Indians 2703:Khal Torabully (with Marina Carter), 2424:, Fiji Times Online, 29 November 2006 2244:Honolulu, Hawaiian Historical Society 2013:"Fiji population up 50,000 in 10 yrs" 1764:, district court judge in New Zealand 1680:, British Economist, Half Indo-Fijian 866:In the late 1960s, the leader of the 7: 2498:, Radio New Zealand, 6 December 2006 2355:"Ban the term Indo-Fijian: Minister" 2111:Siteri Sauvakacolo (27 April 2021). 1490:Hindus in Fiji belong mostly to the 1214:adding citations to reliable sources 1001:and by the academic and politician, 959:adding citations to reliable sources 194:Regions with significant populations 60:adding citations to reliable sources 2765:Girmit History (on Fiji Girmit.org) 2744:Chronology for East Indians in Fiji 2721:. The University of Chicago (2014) 1931:Birthplace and people born overseas 1915:"Australian demographic statistics" 1798:president, elected in January 2021. 1020:Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma 673:Arrival under the indentured system 2489:Fiji military monitoring the media 1813:, actor, brother of Tanita Tikaram 469:dialect with major influence from 25: 2332:United States Department of State 2209:Kumar, Vanita (30 January 2017). 1896:Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics 1704:, former Attorney General of the 1668:, New Zealand Rugby sevens player 27:Fijian citizens of Indian descent 2392:Cambridge University Press, 2010 1788:, former world number one golfer 1498:. Smaller groups, including The 1186: 931: 720:Life during the indenture period 272: 254: 236: 218: 200: 158: 151: 36: 2603:Reihan, Salam (12 March 2019). 2560:Microsoft Word – 05-05-ana1.rtf 1740:Governor-General of New Zealand 1145:Colonial Sugar Refining Company 594:Early ancestors of Indo-Fijians 376:Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian 47:needs additional citations for 2760:The CIA World Fact Book – Fiji 2371:Why Suva Council was abolished 1356:(which removed an Indo-Fijian 1: 2211:"Indentured Labourers: Women" 1061:, as well as writers such as 414:(also colloquially known as " 2751:New York Times, 29 July 1988 2645:Diplomat, Grant Wyeth, The. 2052:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_86 1595:List of notable Indo-Fijians 1397:that removed the elected PM 815:Labels: Unifying an identity 647:Colonial Government of India 561:Indo-Fijians also came from 2534:Methodist Church In Britain 2038:Walker, Anthony R. (2005). 1782:, paranormal romance author 1254:Sri Siva Subramaniya temple 1122:Indian Imperial Association 565:and various other parts of 3394: 696:Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon 676: 602: 599:First South Asians in Fiji 407: 3314: 3302:Traditions and ceremonies 3179: 3125: 2983: 2922: 2890:Reconciliation Commission 2880:Military–church relations 2611:. Atlantic Media Company. 2475:26 September 2007 at the 2420:30 September 2007 at the 2415:Let us pray, churches say 2282:Gillion, Kenneth (1977). 2044:Encyclopedia of Diasporas 1698:, women's rights activist 868:National Federation Party 350: 322: 293: 184: 167: 149: 3099:Leader of the Opposition 1479:and a further 15.9% are 1320:House of Representatives 461:. Indians in Fiji speak 3358:Indian diaspora in Fiji 3018:Great Council of Chiefs 2770:17 October 2006 at the 2494:18 January 2012 at the 2470:christianaggression.org 2375:Pacific Islands Monthly 2257:Gillion, K. L. (1962). 2184:Gillion, K. L. (1962). 2159:Gillion, K. L. (1962). 2134:Davidson, J.W. (1975). 2002:Girmit by Suresh Prasad 1936:1 December 2007 at the 1831:Indian indenture system 1395:2000 Fijian coup d'état 1329:National constituencies 1324:Communal constituencies 1284:Developments since 1945 923:The ‘Fiji-Indian’ Label 679:Indian indenture system 356:Indians in South Africa 2334:US Department of State 1967:"2016 Canadian census" 1846:Fijian Indian diaspora 1655:Prime Minister of Fiji 1366:parliamentary election 1303: 1261: 3363:Ethnic groups in Fiji 2755:Article from Frommers 2545:The Fiji Times: Story 2434:Background Note: Fiji 2378:January 1935, pp14–15 2235:Lal, Brij. V (1986). 1950:"People born in Fiji" 1851:South Indians in Fiji 1468:, and many who speak 1291: 1251: 749:Banarsidas Chaturvedi 629:trader in Fiji, of a 479:Modern Standard Hindi 346:Related ethnic groups 341:(6.1%), others (0.4%) 212:313,798 (2007 census) 2046:. pp. 836–850. 1819:, rugby union player 1776:, Australian Senator 1611:Leader of Opposition 1545:laborers to work on 1210:improve this section 1164:James Ramchandar Rao 955:improve this section 821:constitution of Fiji 661:, were brought from 575:indentured labourers 408:फ़िजी के हिंदुस्तानी 284:24,665 (2016 census) 266:30,890 (2000 figure) 248:38,310 (2022 census) 230:61,748 (2016 census) 144:फ़िजी के हिंदुस्तानी 56:improve this article 18:Fiji Indian diaspora 3368:Immigration to Fiji 1901:9 July 2011 at the 1866:Hindustani language 1746:Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum 1736:Sir Anand Satyanand 1444:Demographic factors 1116:from 1916 onwards. 1114:Legislative Council 901:Department of State 856:Indian subcontinent 825:Indian subcontinent 805:Ratu Edward Cakobau 432:Indian subcontinent 428:South Asian descent 380:Indian Singaporeans 139: 3153:Telecommunications 2100:. 3 November 2014. 1969:. 27 October 2017. 1836:Arya Samaj in Fiji 1647:, Canadian actress 1615:Parliament of Fiji 1607:Siddiq Moidin Koya 1425:Sodom and Gomorrah 1334:universal suffrage 1304: 1273:Arya Samaj in Fiji 1262: 1102:2006 military coup 899:The United States 713:indentured workers 689:Fijian way of life 3345: 3344: 3310: 3309: 3166: 3165: 3112: 3111: 3079:Political parties 3013:Foreign relations 2970: 2969: 2727:978-0-226-21138-1 2717:Gaiutra Bahadur, 2061:978-0-306-48321-9 2040:"Indians in Fiji" 2019:. 31 October 2007 1856:Gujaratis in Fiji 1762:Ajit Swaran Singh 1752:Vivekanand Sharma 1651:Mahendra Chaudhry 1627:Junior Farzan Ali 1516:Assemblies of God 1399:Mahendra Chaudhry 1382:Mahendra Chaudhry 1378:Fiji Labour Party 1338:ethnic minorities 1316:one man, one vote 1246: 1245: 1238: 1055:Frank Bainimarama 1016:Sir Kamisese Mara 1007:President of Fiji 993:For a long time, 991: 990: 983: 588:Mahendra Chaudhry 410:), also known as 397: 396: 384:Malaysian Indians 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 3385: 3330: 3323: 3272: 3194:Fijian (iTaukei) 3177: 3143: 3123: 3104:Proposed charter 3052:Local government 2981: 2932:Cities and towns 2920: 2895:2005–2006 crisis 2816: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2577:. Archived from 2576: 2572:"00 Upfront.pmd" 2568: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2505: 2499: 2486: 2480: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2379: 2368: 2362: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2115:. The Fiji Times 2108: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1989: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1911: 1905: 1893: 1861:Hinduism in Fiji 1806:Sir Moti Tikaram 1241: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1190: 1182: 1126:Manilal Maganlal 1087:Jone Navakamocea 986: 979: 975: 972: 966: 935: 927: 809:Second World War 786:New Zealand Army 738:End of indenture 409: 278: 276: 275: 260: 258: 257: 242: 240: 239: 224: 222: 221: 206: 204: 203: 180:Total population 172: 163: 162: 156: 155: 140: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3319: 3306: 3270: 3228: 3162: 3141: 3108: 3047:Law enforcement 2966: 2909: 2853:Colonial period 2829: 2820: 2772:Wayback Machine 2735: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2622:Nand, Ambrita. 2621: 2620: 2616: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2584:on 3 March 2007 2581: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2496:Wayback Machine 2487: 2483: 2477:Wayback Machine 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2422:Wayback Machine 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2386: 2382: 2369: 2365: 2361:, 5 August 2006 2359:Hindustan Times 2353: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1992: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1938:Wayback Machine 1929: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1903:Wayback Machine 1894: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876:Sikhism in Fiji 1826: 1706:Solomon Islands 1674:, soccer player 1597: 1588: 1532: 1520:Roman Catholics 1492:Sanātana Dharma 1446: 1438:Laisenia Qarase 1390: 1286: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1207: 1191: 1180: 1168:Parmanand Singh 1110: 1096:Hindustan Times 1076:Joni Madraiwiwi 1059:Sitiveni Rabuka 1048:Indo-Mauritians 1044:Indo-Caribbeans 1032: 987: 976: 970: 967: 952: 936: 925: 916: 905:"Fiji Islander" 864: 817: 797:enlisted-ranked 782:First World War 770: 761: 759:Free immigrants 740: 722: 681: 675: 639: 607: 605:Lascars in Fiji 601: 596: 453:regions of the 424:Fijian citizens 392:Indian diaspora 368:Indo-Surinamese 360:Indo-Mauritians 352:Indo-Caribbeans 328: 273: 271: 255: 253: 237: 235: 219: 217: 201: 199: 188: 175: 157: 150: 145: 135: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3378:Tamil diaspora 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3292:Notable people 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3219:Rotuman people 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Many of the 475:koiné language 459:northern India 412:Indian Fijians 395: 394: 372:Indo-Jamaicans 348: 347: 343: 342: 320: 319: 315: 314: 291: 290: 286: 285: 282: 268: 267: 264: 250: 249: 246: 232: 231: 228: 214: 213: 210: 196: 195: 191: 190: 182: 181: 177: 176: 173: 165: 164: 147: 146: 143: 133: 130: 129: 71:"Indo-Fijians" 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3390: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3373:Fijian Tamils 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 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1904: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1871:Islam in Fiji 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811:Ramon Tikaram 1809: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1730:Jai Ram Reddy 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678:Faiza Shaheen 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1586:Health issues 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434:military coup 1426: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:2006 election 1371: 1370:2001 election 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:Fiji politics 1308: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1278:Fiji Samachar 1274: 1269: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1237: 1229: 1226:February 2020 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1195:This section 1193: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:communal roll 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Badri Maharaj 1115: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 985: 982: 974: 964: 960: 956: 950: 949: 945: 940:This section 938: 934: 929: 928: 922: 920: 913: 911: 908: 906: 902: 897: 895: 894: 893:Fiji Islander 889: 888: 883: 879: 878: 873: 869: 861: 859: 857: 852: 849: 845: 841: 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It is a 463:Fiji Hindi 455:Hindi Belt 404:Fiji Hindi 329:Minority: 323:Majority: 307:Fijian Bau 295:Fiji Hindi 82:newspapers 3287:Mythology 3257:Festivals 3224:Squatting 3209:Languages 3189:Education 3158:Transport 3135:Companies 3084:President 3062:Commander 3042:Judiciary 3008:Elections 2957:Volcanoes 2942:Provinces 2915:Geography 2900:2006 coup 2885:2000 coup 2858:Governors 2705:Coolitude 1742:2006–2011 1653:, fourth 1524:Anglicans 1518:(22.3%), 1450:Viti Levu 1380:, led by 1301:Viti Levu 1197:does not 1139:(priest) 1130:municipal 1085:In 2006, 1078:, Fiji's 1003:Ahmed Ali 971:June 2023 942:does not 772:In 1916, 731:girmityas 543:Jharkhand 519:Sultanpur 515:Gorakhpur 333:(15.9%), 289:Languages 226:Australia 3337:Category 3214:Religion 3069:Monarchy 3057:Military 3023:Chairman 2976:Politics 2962:Wildlife 2827:articles 2786:Brij Lal 2768:Archived 2655:cite web 2628:ProQuest 2588:29 March 2492:Archived 2473:Archived 2418:Archived 2017:Fijilive 1934:Archived 1899:Archived 1824:See also 1718:Jack Ram 1609:, first 1530:Diaspora 1508:Ahmadiya 1462:Gujarati 1417:Hinduism 1067:Brij Lal 778:de facto 708:Leonidas 693:Governor 613:and the 535:Azamgarh 527:Shahabad 511:Ghazipur 503:Faizabad 471:Bhojpuri 422:"), are 416:Findians 337:(0.9%), 325:Hinduism 318:Religion 313:• Others 3321:Outline 3271:(dance) 3234:Culture 3172:Society 3118:Economy 2998:Cabinet 2835:History 2788:, April 1629:, Boxer 1623:, Boxer 1621:Joy Ali 1613:in the 1552:Gujarat 1481:Muslims 1466:Punjabi 1354:of 2000 1349:measles 1297:Lautoka 1218:removed 1203:sources 1050:, etc. 963:removed 948:sources 667:Taveuni 659:Réunion 651:Cakobau 551:Gujarat 495:Lucknow 451:Bhojpur 335:Sikhism 327:(76.7%) 299:English 186:460,000 96:scholar 3297:Sports 3247:Cinema 3242:Anthem 3204:Health 2952:Rotuma 2947:Rivers 2825: 2725: 2711: 2630: 2511: 2290: 2265: 2192: 2167: 2142: 2119:28 May 2082:28 May 2058: 1564:Punjab 1562:, and 1477:Hindus 1464:, and 1091:Qarase 877:Taukei 776:, the 726:girmit 643:Levuka 631:lascar 559:Muslim 555:Punjab 547:Telugu 533:, and 507:Ballia 499:Kanpur 467:Awadhi 420:Findus 418:" or " 280:Canada 277: 259: 241: 223: 205: 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 3328:Index 3282:Music 2582:(PDF) 2575:(PDF) 2240:(PDF) 1953:(PDF) 1918:(PDF) 1796:UNHRC 1560:Sindh 1556:Kutch 1504:Sunni 1470:Tamil 1293:Saris 1266:Hindu 1136:Sadhu 842:, as 563:Sindh 539:Bihar 531:Saran 523:Siwan 491:Gonda 487:Basti 483:India 447:Awadh 331:Islam 311:Tamil 103:JSTOR 89:books 3268:Meke 3262:Flag 3035:LGBT 2823:Fiji 2723:ISBN 2709:ISBN 2661:link 2590:2007 2509:ISBN 2319:2023 2288:ISBN 2263:ISBN 2222:2024 2190:ISBN 2165:ISBN 2140:ISBN 2121:2022 2084:2022 2056:ISBN 2025:2007 1485:Sikh 1452:and 1271:The 1258:Nadi 1252:The 1201:any 1199:cite 1166:and 1152:1929 1072:Ratu 1065:and 1057:and 1012:Ratu 946:any 944:cite 846:and 705:The 625:, a 553:and 541:and 449:and 440:Fiji 208:Fiji 75:news 2048:doi 1412:". 1212:by 957:by 573:as 457:in 426:of 58:by 3354:: 2784:, 2657:}} 2653:{{ 2626:. 2607:. 2357:, 2310:. 2242:. 2213:. 2054:. 2042:. 2015:. 1993:^ 1983:. 1794:, 1738:, 1566:. 1558:, 1554:, 1299:, 1162:, 1158:. 1069:. 1046:, 1009:, 870:, 584:. 529:, 525:, 521:, 517:, 513:, 509:, 505:, 501:, 497:, 493:, 489:, 406:: 390:, 386:, 382:, 378:, 374:, 370:, 366:, 362:, 358:, 354:, 309:• 305:• 301:• 297:• 2815:e 2808:t 2801:v 2663:) 2649:. 2634:. 2592:. 2550:. 2515:. 2321:. 2296:. 2271:. 2246:. 2224:. 2198:. 2173:. 2148:. 2123:. 2086:. 2064:. 2050:: 2027:. 1987:. 1955:. 1920:. 1758:. 1708:. 1423:" 1260:. 1239:) 1233:( 1228:) 1224:( 1220:. 1206:. 984:) 978:( 973:) 969:( 965:. 951:. 402:( 125:) 119:( 114:) 110:( 100:· 93:· 86:· 79:· 52:. 20:)

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