180:(ICRP) as the dose equivalent in soft tissue at an appropriate depth, d, below a specified point on the human body. The specified point is specific to the position where the individual’s dosimeter is worn. Tissue depth of interest include the tissue depth of the live layer of skin (0.07 mm), lens of the eye, (0.30 cm), and "deep" dose, or dose to the whole body (1.0 cm).
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or even label material. It is typical for a single badge to contain a series of filters of different thicknesses and of different materials; the precise choice may be determined by the environment to be monitored. The use of several different materials allows an estimation of the energy/wavelength of
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are attenuated preferentially by differing absorber materials. This property is used in film dosimetry to identify the energy of radiation to which the dosimeter was exposed. Some film dosimeters have two emulsions, one for low-dose and the other for high-dose measurements. These two emulsions can
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Filters are usually placed on both the back and front of the holder, to ensure operation regardless of orientation. Additionally, the filters need to be sufficiently large (typically 5 mm or more) to minimize the effect of radiation incident at oblique angles causing exposure of the film under
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The silver film emulsion is sensitive to radiation and once developed, exposed areas increase in optical density (i.e. blacken) in response to incident radiation. One badge may contain several films of different sensitivities or, more usually, a single film with multiple emulsion coatings. The
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Though film dosimeters are still in use worldwide there has been a trend towards using other dosimeter materials that are less energy dependent and can more accurately assess radiation dose from a variety of radiation fields with higher accuracy.
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and represents the bulk of body mass. Additional dosimeters can be worn to assess dose to extremities or in radiation fields that vary considerably depending on orientation of the body to the source.
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to several orders of magnitude. Wide dynamic range is highly desirable as it allows measurement of very large accidental exposures without degrading sensitivity to more usual low level exposure.
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The film holder usually contains a number of filters that attenuate radiation, such that radiation types and energies can be differentiated by their effect when the film is developed.
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The badge is typically worn on the outside of clothing, around the chest or torso to represent dose to the "whole body". This location monitors exposure of most
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and a holder. The film emulsion is black and white photographic film with varying grain size to affect its sensitivity to incident radiation such as
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be on separate film substrates or on either side of a single substrate. Knowing the energy allows for accurate measurement of radiation dose.
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an adjacent filter. Normally it is worn at chest height under a lead apron to measure the radiation level the entire body has received.
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Pardue, L. A.; Goldstein, N; Wollan, E. O. (1948). "Photographic film as a pocket radiation dosimeter".
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The dose measurement quantity, personal dose equivalent Hp(d), is defined by the
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The film badge is still widely used, but is being replaced by
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Device using photographic film to measure radiation exposure
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Film Badge
Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (1989)
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combination of a low-sensitivity and high-sensitivity
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used for monitoring cumulative radiation dose due to
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International
Commission on Radiological Protection
187:(TLDs), aluminium oxide based dosimeters, and the
288:Atomic Energy in Biophysics, Biology and Medicine
76:After use by the wearer, the film is removed,
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267:"Film badgespublisher=NDT Resource Center"
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152:, the filters use various densities of
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57:The badge consists of two parts:
312:ICRP publication 103 - glossary
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189:electronic personal dosimeter
350:Ionising radiation detectors
185:thermoluminescent dosimeters
88:The device was developed by
226:Thermoluminescent dosimeter
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330:National Academies Press
157:the incident radiation.
246:"film badge dosimeter"
221:Semiconductor detector
150:beta particle emission
92:whilst working on the
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34:Film badge dosimeters
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206:Proportional counter
40:film badge dosimeter
201:Ionization chamber
136:, the filters are
52:ionizing radiation
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94:Manhattan Project
59:photographic film
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128:To monitor
121:Film holder
104:Description
345:Dosimeters
339:Categories
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232:References
130:gamma rays
63:gamma rays
44:film badge
18:Film badge
78:developed
48:dosimeter
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195:See also
142:aluminum
111:emulsion
328:at the
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191:(EPD).
154:plastic
82:photons
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146:copper
144:, and
134:x-rays
67:X-rays
165:Usage
138:metal
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69:and
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