Women in the Philippines - Knowledge (XXG)

2639:, an article from Firefly – Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen – filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007, retrieved on: April 12, 2008, "...Filipinas (i.e. Philippine women) enjoy a reputation of power and equality compared to most of their Asian neighbors..."; "...The Spaniards of the 1500s were horrified by the revolting liberty and too high social status of the woman, mujer indigena, in the islands just conquered by them. Women could own property and rule the people, act as leaders of rites and ceremonies of the society, and divorce their husbands..."; "The Conquistadors and the friars quickly changed this with the European model, where women's place was at home and not in prominent positions. As a consequence, during hundreds of years, education was given only to upper class girls, who were trained to become beautiful, submissive, capable to stitch embroidery, and suitable to marriage. The nun institution offered the only possibility for a career and teaching was the only educated occupation allowed to them..." 3638:, (This report is based on the proceedings of the Legislative Symposium on the government's implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action held on September 29, 1997, Philippines. The Committee on Women, House of Representatives and the Philippine NGO Beijing Score Board co-organized the symposium. The Committee on Women has the mandate to conduct congressional oversight on the implementation of laws and international instruments affecting the conditions of the Filipino women. The Philippine NGO Beijing Score Board is the main NGO network working with the government to monitor the implementation of the Platform for Action. During the Legislative Symposium, the report of the government was presented by Aurora Javate de Dios of the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women who is also the Philippine representative to CEDAW), 1998, 260 pp., AWORC.org, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 1968: 3040:, retrieved on: April 12, 2008, "...They (i.e. Filipino women) were now, for the first time equally with men, accepted to study..."; "...Their problem was the resistance of the patriarchal society..."; "...The first woman president Corazon Aquino was elected to power..."; "Many women writers, especially those from the capital area, participated in the development of the media since the 1930s..."; "...In the turn of the 1970s began a period of cultural revolution, student movements and new rise of nationalism. For the women writers it meant social awakening, commitment and protest..."; "...The Filipinas now wanted to create their own images by themselves..." 2234:(“dark and ill-ventilated rooms, smoke-filled factories”, etc.) for women and children. Then, in March 1923, “An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women and Children in Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Establishments and Other Workplaces” was passed to oversee the welfare of women and children. In 1960, under the Department of Labor, the Bureau of Women and Minors was created and was responsible for the promotion, development, and the protection of the welfare of working women and minors. Since then, more acts were made to oversee the welfare of women workers, as seen in both the 1935 and 1973 constitutions. 2063:

this conservative courtship idea is not so emphasized as much. Parents prefer their daughter to be courted in their home, so they can have a chance to know the man. It is during the courtship period that the man would put his best foot forward to create a good impression on the woman and her family. Generally, the man is being measured on his being a gentleman, ability to respect the woman's family, and servitude (the extent of what he was willing to do to prove his love for the woman). Usually, the woman is courted by several men and will have to choose the best from among her suitors.

1987:, introduced the Education Decree of 1863 (10 years before Japan had a compulsory free modern public education and 40 years before the United States government started a free modern public school system in the Philippines) that provided for the establishment and for the building of at least two free primary schools, one for the boys and another school for the girls, in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government. This decree, however, was not followed by many local governments due to the lasting patriarchal culture that Spain espoused. 156: 2410: 4729: 1976:

Philippines during the pre-Hispanic era this changed when the Spaniards came and patterned the image of the Filipina to a meek and submissive individual. As it happened all over Asia, women in the Philippines were expected to become caring and nurturing mothers for their own children and take care of most household chores. Also a trait found all over Asia was the preference of most families to have male children instead of females.

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children, washing clothes, repairs, budgeting, and helping in the farm. The husband is the one who makes sure the farm would yield quality crops, so he does all the maintenance work. In some cases, where the husband needs help from other men, the wife would make sure that the men are fed, so she cooks food and bring it to the farm. The Filipino women, ensures that everyone is well fed, including any workers, relatives, or visitors.

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out responsibilities and tasks as well as their male counterparts. There are 48 women Representatives elected in the 15th Congress (2010 national election). They accounted for 21.6 percent of the total 222 Representatives as members of the Lower House. In 2010 Senatorial election, there were 14 women who ran out of 61 candidates (23.0%), of which two entered the top 12 winning senators (16.7%).

2305:"an increase in the quality of female politicians, there was not enough increase in" the number of women participants in government activities. From 1992 to 2001, Filipino women had been elected as local chief executives, functioning as mayors, governors, and captains of villages. One influential factor contributing to the increasing number of female politicians, is the elevation of 1632: 3531:, NCCA.gov.ph, October 27, 2003 (Taken from the Historical Framework for the Centennial Celebration of Women in Politics and Legislation, sponsored by Ugnayan ng Kababaihan sa Pulitika, National Centennial Commission – Women Sector and Committee on Women, House of Representatives, BayView Hotel, Manila, June 25, 1998), retrieved on: July 16, 2007 (archived from 37: 2177:. This was because Manila's rivers had no potable water, and the supply from the Carriedo Waterworks, which was Manila's first water system and only created in 1882, was limited. These women had to travel to nearby towns to fetch water, which they brought back to the city in water-filled jars, for family consumption or sold for profit. 2304:

Participation of Filipino women in Philippine politics was encouraged during the Beijing Declaration in 1995 at the United Nations' Fourth World Conference on Women. In February 2005, however, a United Nations review on the progress of Philippine women and their role in politics revealed that despite

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Compared to other countries, Filipino women have gained and enjoyed equal rights with men. They have become presidents, senators, congresswomen, mayors. They have served in government offices, and have held cabinet positions for presidents. Filipino women have proven that they are capable of carrying

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In general, Filipino women find pride in their work. They do not find themselves alienated from their chores because they work with, around, and for their families. This family-oriented mindset gives them a sense of dignity and responsibility. The family and the children are the primary priority some

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The Babaylan figure has resurfaced in Filipino diasporic communities as the indigenous Filipino concept is borrowed as a tool for decolonization practices and post-colonial discourse today. The Babaylan tradition and Babaylan-inspired practices are seen as an indigenous spiritual path among Filipinos

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Women in the pre-colonial Philippines enjoyed nearly equal status with men. Prior to colonization, both men and women could get a divorce for the following reasons: failure to meet family obligations, childlessness, and infidelity. Children, regardless of gender, and properties were equally divided

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Courtship and relationships in the Philippines are conservative in nature. The man will have to court the woman and prove his love for her before he can win her heart. Sometimes the courtship period would last for years. This however, is a very old fashioned idea. In the bigger more urbanized cities,

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In the past, firms and businesses generally hire Filipino women for less pay and secretarial functions. But at present, Filipino women are given the same opportunities as their male counterparts in the business realm. This is due to the political and economic changes at the global and national levels

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A recent study revealed that there is a re-emergence of the empowerment of Filipino women through the political process, just as they were prior to the arrival of conquerors from Spain. Philippine women are rediscovering their strengths. Filipino women had been successful in implementing policies by

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Traditionally, rural and tribal women do all the household related chores. Heavy work that requires more strength is done by the husband. Now, the chore work is evenly distributed with the men doing just as much work as the women. The scope of their functions include cooking, cleaning, teaching the

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In the Philippines, society valued offspring regardless of gender. Female children were as valuable as male ones, mainly because they recognized that women are as important as men. Parents provide equal opportunities to their children. Filipino daughters can also go to school, inherit property, and

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About one-third of businesses in the Philippines are operated by Filipino women. Many Filipino businesswomen in the urban sector can be found in the hospitality sector, marketing, publishing, real estate, transportation, financial consulting, trade and services, electronics and appliances, and much

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Through the American-patterned school system, Filipino women became professionals, although most of them and their male counterparts opted for making use of their former education roots and expressed themselves in Spanish or Tagalog. According to the Monroe Commission on Philippine Education: “Upon

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depending on the ethnic group of the region, held important positions in the community. They were the spiritual leaders of the Filipino communities, tasked with responsibilities pertaining to rituals, agriculture, science, medicine, literature and other forms of knowledge that the community needed.

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Modern-day Filipino women are making strides in electoral politics by initiating more female-oriented programs. They are performing well as leaders, although generally, Filipino women still often earn political seats by having fathers and husbands who are politically connected, a "dynasty system"

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a rounded face, not of the oval type often presented to us in newspapers and magazine illustrations. The eyes should be exceptionally lively, not the dreamy, sleepy type that characterizes the Mongolian. The nose should be of the blunt form but firm and strongly marked. ... So the ideal Filipino

1975:

Although Christian values were supposed to be spread through the population, missionaries and priests soon realized that they'd be better off adapting their doctrine as much as possible to the local customs, rather than trying to impose it. Although the concept of gender equality existed in the

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In the early 1900s, the female workforce in the Philippines was also a highly debated topic during workers’ conferences. In 1910, during the first Congress of Labor, the decision to enact a law that would regulate the employment of women and children was approved due to poor working conditions

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In rural areas, the Filipino woman runs the household even if she should have a job. The children approach her for money and help. She is the family's treasurer. She supports the children’s educational needs. For non-family members who require support, the wife is the person to be approached.

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leaving school, more than 99% of Filipinos will not speak English in their homes. Possibly, only 10% to 15% of the next generation will be able to use this language in their occupations. In fact, it will only be the government employees, and the professionals, who might make use of English.”

2094:, provides that the killing of a spouse and/or of the partner of the spouse caught in the act of extramarital sex by the other spouse, as well as the killing of a daughter caught by the parent in the act of premarital sex, are to be punished only by the symbolic punishment of 2154:

Filipino women's life. In addition to doing housework, the contemporary role of a Filipino wife today is to provide financial support in the household by seeking employment in higher-earning occupations which then expands the Filipino female work outside the household.

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that hinders other Filipino women from joining the electoral process. Other factors that prevent full-engagement of other well-qualified Filipino women from the Philippine political scene are the expense in politics and the importance of the family name.

3558:, Statement by Dr. Amelou Benitez Reyes, Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Head of Delegation, Twenty-third Special Session of the General Assembly, New York, UN.org, June 5 to 9, 2000, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 2046:, that "whether some (Filipino) men are willing to admit it or not"... "rural women in the Philippines wield considerable authority," the housewife in particular. This is especially if the housewife, who is often referred to as the 3546:(presented by Professor Prudencia V. Conlu, Dean, College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miag-as, Iloilo. Philippines), FAO Corporate Document Repository, FAO.org, 1994, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 1995:

When Spain lost the Spanish–American War in 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United States of America. The U.S.A. introduced a new public education system which retained opportunity to every child regardless of gender.

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or women milk sellers played a crucial role in a time when refrigerators were not yet available. They roamed on streets, and had to balance a small jar of milk on their head and carry a bottle for transferring milk.

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or women cigarette makers were predominantly employed in these factories. Their tasks involved preparing and wrapping tobacco leaves, cutting tobacco ends, counting production, and arranging the tobacco in boxes.

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in a divorce. Since a man needed to pay a dowry to the woman's family, she was required to give it back should she be found at fault. If the man was at fault, he then lost the right to get back his dowry.

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beauty should not necessarily be white complexioned, nor of the dark brown color of the typical Malayan, but of the clear skin or fresh colored type which we often witness when we met a blushing girl

2050:(Light of the Home), is convinced of the benefits that will be gained from a certain practice such as the concept of family planning in the barrios. Flavier also mentioned that "In the Philippine 1753:

in origin, and a variation of the name "Udaya", meaning "arise" or "rising sun", or the name "Urja", meaning "breath". A historical reference to Urduja can be found in the travel account of

2623:, developed and facilitated by Nitz Clamonte, Ozamiz.com (undated), archived from htm Through the Years, Brightly: The Tadtarin]; and Joaquin, Nick. The Summer Solstice, PIA.gov (undated), 1608:

hierarchical structure, class differences, religious justifications, and living in a globally developing nation wherein Filipino women struggle for respect. Compared to other parts of

2008:

Modern-day Philippine women play a decisive role in Filipino families. They usually handle the money, act as religious mentors, and can also make all the important family decisions.

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and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.

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who wore female clothes and took the demeanor of a woman. Anatomy was not the only basis for gender. Gender was based primarily on occupation, appearance, actions and sexuality.

1816:, she is considered one of the most powerful rulers in the kingdom's history. She is also notably a Buddhist ruler of the kingdom, which encompassed land along the banks of the 1604:

women live in a culture that is focused on the community, with the family as the main unit of society, but not always according to this stereotype. It is in this framework of

3636:

Philippines: Specific Commitments Made at Beijing, Beyond Beijing: Taking Root and Gaining Ground Asia Pacific Development Centre – Gender and Development Programme (GAD-APDC)

3306: 2699:(based on a lecture and election studies by Prosperina D. Tapales, professor of public administration at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines) 2188:

played a significant role in Philippine society in the past. Besides being beneficial for health, chewing betel leaf was a popular hobby among Filipinos.The high demand for

1557: 2455: 4678: 2431: 4543: 4232: 4003: 4321: 4309: 3874: 4066: 1024: 2281:, 1992, the first female president of the Republic of the Philippines, recognized by the international diplomatic community as the "Mother of Asian Democracy". 4071: 3765: 3726:

Name of Organization: National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNESCAP.org

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in urban society that have led to the growth of export-based industries and the service sector, which then created more opportunities for Filipino women.

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held positions of authority as religious leaders, community doctors and healers in some pre-colonial Philippine societies. The vital functions of the

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The History of Filipino Women's Writings, an article from Firefly – Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen – filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007

3604:"Executive Order No. 348 of 17 February 1989 approving and adopting the Philippine Development Plan for Women for 1989 to 1992, 17 February 1989". 3583:

Philippine Legislators' Committee on Population and Development Foundation (February 1992). "Philippine laws and policies on the status of women".

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The History of Filipino Women's Writings, an article from Firefly – Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen – filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007

5051: 4553: 4394: 3983: 2465: 2450: 2290: 2269: 416: 2919: 2078:(the Philippines allows divorce for Muslims). The Philippines is one of the few non-Muslim majority countries to maintain a criminal law against 4227: 3934: 3856: 2098:(banishment from a geographical area for a period of time). These laws are based on old Spanish laws that were repealed in Spain in 1963 (the " 1626: 1550: 1484: 520: 273: 4558: 4416: 4292: 3907: 3225: 2927: 2872: 1793: 677: 236: 3642: 3528: 3003:

History of the Islands of the Philippine Archipelago and the Kingdoms of Great China, Tartary, Cochinchina, Malaca, Siam, Cambodge and Japan

1657:. They were entitled to property, engage in a trade and could exercise their right to divorce her husband. They could also become village 5112: 4776: 4615: 4598: 4450: 4433: 4297: 4044: 3966: 3813: 3653: 709: 3436: 2746: 2474: 3512: 3272: 2173:

or women water carriers were responsible for transporting large clay jars filled with water from distant and cleaner sources such as the

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is described to be a nation of strong women, who directly and indirectly run the family unit, businesses, and government agencies.

4411: 4404: 4262: 4257: 4148: 3961: 3949: 3758: 3481: 2460: 226: 176: 5071: 4719: 4648: 4523: 4475: 4372: 4267: 4165: 4049: 4034: 3902: 3365: 2441: 1029: 949: 771: 566: 4445: 4247: 4222: 4054: 3823: 3798: 3156: 1845: 1736: 1709: 1705: 486: 322: 4668: 4573: 4362: 4357: 4081: 3939: 3831: 3351: 3245: 2326: 2322: 2054:, the one responsible for the home" and its management "is the wife... she holds the key to... household... development." 1967: 1229: 796: 2618: 2561: 2293:

are smaller compare to their male counterparts. This was primarily because engagement in politics is considered "dirty."

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National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW), International Labour Organization, ILO.org, February 6, 2004

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Alcantara, Adelamar N. (January 1, 1994). "Gender Roles, Fertility, and the Status of Married Filipino Men and Women".

4485: 4480: 4352: 4287: 4242: 4126: 4017: 3998: 3927: 3751: 3555: 2519:

Babaylan conference held at St. Scholastica's College (2006) - celebration of the Feminist movement in the Philippines

332: 4861: 4714: 4515: 4470: 4377: 4304: 4210: 4114: 4092: 3917: 3912: 3783: 3552:, Presidential Decree No. 633, Malacañang Palace, Manila, LawPhil.net, January 7, 1975, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 3497: 2297:

becoming executive staff members, advisers to politicians, and as advocates within non-governmental organizations.

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in the absence of a male heir. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, Filipino women could also achieve status as

867: 197: 155: 5066: 4793: 4769: 4588: 4578: 4548: 4465: 4367: 2392: 1013: 342: 307: 117: 3737: 2864: 4653: 4528: 4185: 3629: 3529:"A Celebration of Herstory: Filipino Women in Legislation and Politics, Perspective, About Culture and Arts" 2310: 2243: 2030:

However, the wife is neither the person who makes the final decision or the person who hands out the money.

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in the Philippines and in the diaspora as a means to remembering relations to their homeland and healing.

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Philippines Women in Culture, Business & Travel: A Profile of Filipino Women in the Fabric of Society

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Babaylan conference in Germany organized by women advocating for the rights of Overseas Filipino Workers

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rejected Western ideals of beauty in favor of Filipino ideals. He said that the women he painted have "

2103: 2042: 1509: 1454: 1384: 1364: 1349: 1219: 704: 612: 476: 312: 3725: 741: 3287:"'Marry-your-rapist' practice, laws exist in PHL, 20 other nations – UNFA report | Cai Ordinario" 1642:

Some pre-colonial social structures of the Philippines gave equal importance to maternal and paternal

4911: 4906: 4801: 4743: 4583: 4170: 4158: 3121: 2385: 2135: 2106:(that is, a law that exonerates a rapist from punishment if he marries the victim after the attack). 2090:, which has a more narrow definition and is punished less severely). Furthermore, Article 247 called 1984: 1394: 1389: 1334: 1284: 1269: 1154: 1044: 994: 874: 435: 396: 231: 221: 207: 5091: 5031: 5006: 4921: 4901: 4851: 4821: 4811: 4762: 4693: 4605: 3549: 2860:

Remembering Conquest: Feminist/Womanist Perspectives on Religion, Colonization, and Sexual Violence

2102:" law) and in 1978 (the adultery law). The Philippine is also one of 20 countries that still has a 1805: 1600:

Although they generally define themselves in the milieu of a male-dominated post-colonial society,

1499: 1429: 1359: 1234: 1209: 1189: 1169: 1049: 924: 914: 791: 622: 544: 537: 532: 447: 352: 337: 297: 258: 76: 65: 5146: 5117: 4996: 4991: 4871: 4733: 4455: 3695: 3532: 3388: 2831: 2415: 1662: 1647: 1514: 1409: 1369: 1239: 1134: 1099: 909: 899: 766: 602: 582: 559: 411: 391: 3661: 3195: 2950:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009, c2008. pp. 162–163, 166, 170–173, 191, 404. 2220:

Tobacco was as a major cash crop in the Philippines, leading to the establishment of factories.

824: 751: 170: 3731: 2684: 5061: 5011: 4966: 4946: 4936: 4836: 4673: 3613: 3592: 3571: 3473: 3331: 3172: 3139: 2951: 2923: 2868: 2797: 2765: 2658: 2364: 2278: 2252: 2185: 1781: 1574: 1434: 1404: 1329: 1309: 1294: 1249: 1214: 1179: 1114: 1054: 989: 969: 964: 834: 819: 746: 736: 724: 634: 627: 607: 491: 406: 362: 292: 202: 3049:"A Survey of the Educational System of the Philippine Islands", Monroe, Paul, 1925, pp. 24–25 5036: 4951: 4931: 4816: 4806: 4643: 4538: 3687: 2099: 1960: 1797: 1724: 1677: 1519: 1504: 1494: 1474: 1444: 1379: 1354: 1279: 1259: 1254: 1199: 1119: 1084: 1069: 1034: 1019: 999: 944: 929: 919: 904: 889: 884: 879: 829: 806: 649: 644: 430: 401: 378: 241: 3259:"Las leyes de Franco ampararon el derecho del marido a asesinar a su mujer por infidelidad" 2948:

Philippine gay culture : the last thirty years : binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM

2895:"Feminism and the Women's Movement in the Philippines: Struggles, Advances, and Challenges" 2200:

They wrapped betel nut and lime in betel leaves, and sold their goods along the pavements.

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Development of Fisheries in the Region: The Role of Filipino Women in Fishing Communities

3539: 3157:"western-asian.com – This website is for sale! – western asian Resources and Information" 3100: 2894: 5122: 5041: 5001: 4976: 4956: 4891: 4866: 4856: 4841: 3291: 2648: 2349: 2306: 2174: 1765: 1609: 1524: 1439: 1419: 1399: 1374: 1339: 1299: 1274: 1264: 1204: 1174: 1159: 1129: 1124: 1109: 1089: 1039: 984: 979: 934: 856: 689: 639: 549: 498: 442: 52: 3469: 2321:

The women's movement organized in the early 20th-century in organizations such as the

1835:

known for her bravery as she and her husband held of the invaders with 4,000 warriors.

5165: 5140: 4961: 4926: 4881: 4876: 4785: 3307:"'Marry your rapist' laws in 20 countries still allow perpetrators to escape justice" 1789: 1689:

In the precolonial era of the Philippines there are numerous women are entitled as a

1529: 1314: 1289: 1224: 1194: 1144: 1139: 1064: 1004: 974: 849: 684: 554: 515: 503: 481: 463: 278: 3273:"El adulterio fue delito en España hasta 1978, castigado con hasta 6 años de cárcel" 2526:

Coming Full Circle: The Process of Decolonization Among Post 1965 Filipino Americans

1697:, the female presence in the Noble caste are prominent in the kinship system in the 3719: 2819: 2369: 2274: 2162:

Below are some of the work that women in Manila performed during the 19th century:

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or Queen Urduja is a legendary warrior princess who is recognized as a heroine in

3556:"Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the Twenty-first Century" 2913: 2858: 5150: 3774: 3543: 1817: 1754: 1636: 1594: 761: 731: 508: 3667: 3037: 2636: 1612:, women in Philippine society have always enjoyed a greater share of equality. 2405: 2138: 1809: 1666: 1605: 844: 786: 781: 17: 3352:"Researchers: Female Genital Mutilation 'Prevalent' in Southern Philippines" 3036:

Vartti, Riitta (editor), “Women writers through the ages; The U.S. Period”,

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Vartti, Riitta (editor), “Women writers through the ages; The Spanish era”,

2333:, who campaigned for women's suffrage and other rights for gender equality. 2193: 3617: 3596: 3575: 2082:; and the law differentiates between female infidelity (Article 333 called 1631: 1860:

were highly recognized and embodied in the traditional role of women in a

1761:. Ibn Battuta sailed for 17 days to reach China from the land of Tawalisi. 36: 3625: 3477: 2079: 1862: 1852: 1750: 1746: 1716: 1713: 246: 3392: 1955: 1672: 3743: 3699: 3675: 3212: 2716:. UCLA International Institute: UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies 2075: 1828: 1801: 1758: 1650: 801: 756: 3562:

Rivera PC (1979). "Women in development: the road toward liberation".

1701:, here are the examples of notable Queens in the Philippine history: 2065:

Courtship and relationships remain the same for rural and urban areas

2051: 1943:

also existed. Early historical accounts record the existence of male

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Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances

3626:"The Role and Status of the Filipina, A Country Study: Philippines" 2657:, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, 2522:

International Babaylan Conference at Sonoma State University (2010)

2494:

Babaylan: An Anthology of Filipina and Filipina American Literature

2036:, a physician, an authority on community development, and a former 4688: 4505: 3437:"Empowered Filipino women break boundaries in 19th-century Manila" 3226:"Why the Philippines is the only country where divorce is illegal" 2189: 1966: 1720: 1630: 251: 189: 4754: 2798:"8 Filipina Queens and Princesses Too Awesome for Disney Movies" 1920: 1832: 1654: 4758: 3747: 2516:

Filipina American Women's Network conference in New York (2005)

1867:

Cross-dressing males sometimes took on the role of the female

3732:

Philippines, Women's Studies, Bibliography, LIB.Berkeley.edu

3550:

Creating a National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women

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featuring Babaylan-inspired art by Filipino American Artists

3660:, MB.com, 2001, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 (archived from 3713: 3632:, Bansa.org, March 30, 2006, retrieved on: January 4, 2010 3418:. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women. 1985. 2973:

Bagong kasaysayan: Ang babaylan sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas

1757:(1304 – possibly 1368 or 1377 AD), a Muslim traveler from 1846:

LGBT rights in the Philippines § Pre-colonial period

1653:

system accorded Philippine women enormous power within a

2915:

Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM

2617:

Clamonte, Nitz. Women in the Philippines, Compiled from

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Cites Role of Women in Nation's History and Development

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who ascended to power and become the Queen consort of

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Sikolohiyang Pilipino/Filipino Indigenous Psychology

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on important social activities. In the absence of a

5090: 5050: 4792: 4629: 4514: 4339: 4209: 4080: 4016: 3889: 3822: 3791: 3782: 1764:Dayang Sima (c. 637 CE) is The legendary queen of 131: 123: 116: 108: 100: 93: 85: 74: 64: 51: 46: 3328:Babaylan: Filipinos and the Call of the Indigenous 3101:"Philippines: The Role and Status of the Filipina" 3714:National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women 3209:Filipino Wedding Traditions and Spanish Influence 2975:. Philippines: Palimbang Kalawakan. pp. 2–7. 2792: 2790: 2711:"Women in Contemporary Philippine Local Politics" 2654:In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines 2456:National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women 3676:"Law, Gender, and the Family in the Philippines" 2509:Art exhibit at San Francisco State University - 2074:are the only countries in the world to prohibit 437:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 3540:"Role of Filipino women in fisheries community" 3005:. Barcelona: La Editorial Catolica. p. 50. 2114:even become village chiefs like Filipino sons. 3649:, IMDiversity.com, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 3498:"Women participation. Politics and governance" 41:Group of Filipino women wearing modern apparel 4770: 3759: 2686:Women's Political Role on Rise in Philippines 1551: 8: 29: 2813: 2811: 1939:was mostly associated to females, but male 4777: 4763: 4755: 4511: 4345: 4215: 4077: 4022: 3895: 3788: 3766: 3752: 3744: 3138:, New Day Publishers (1970/2007), p. 157, 3136:Chapter 10: Family Planning in the Barrios 3032: 3030: 2086:) and male infidelity (Article 334 called 1932:could take charge of the whole community. 1558: 1544: 140: 3241: 3239: 2988:Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas 2480:Violence against women in the Philippines 1774:(c.1300s) in oral tradition recounted by 3460: 3458: 3103:. Encyclopedia of the Nations. June 1991 3060:"Gender and the Urban Political Economy" 2637:The History of Filipino Women's Writings 2631: 2629: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2273: 2248:In his paintings of Filipino women, the 1954: 1784:(r. 1450–ca. 1515) is the only recorded 1671: 3652:Former President Fidel V. Ramos (FVR), 2826:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66. 2553: 2466:Women in the Philippine National Police 2451:Women and government in the Philippines 2442:Single mother phenomenon of Philippines 2270:Women and government in the Philippines 148: 3170: 2941: 2939: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2839: 2829: 2770:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2763: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2141:region in the south of the country. - 2067:despite the modern western influence. 1627:List of Pre-colonial Filipino consorts 28: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3081: 3079: 2532:Between the Homeland and the Diaspora 1589:. Their role includes the context of 7: 3196:"Introduction to Philippine Culture" 2562:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 2327:Society for the Advancement of Women 1727:as a bargain to clear the debt of 1 710:Gender representation in video games 3510:Kathleen Nadeau, Sangita Rayamajhi 2437:List of ancient Philippine consorts 3643:"In Celebration of Filipino Women" 1663:medicine women or high-priestesses 25: 2475:Women's rights in the Philippines 5145: 5136: 5135: 4739: 4738: 4727: 3416:Women Workers in the Philippines 3001:Ribadeneira, Marcelo de (1947). 2899:Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières 2863:. Taylor & Francis. p. 2461:Women in the Philippine military 2408: 2313:as Philippine women Presidents. 1794:pre-Hispanic Philippine kingdoms 1749:. The name Urduja appears to be 227:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 154: 35: 3089:. World Trade Press, Inc. 2010. 2893:Hega, Mylene D. (August 2017). 2587:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022" 1593:, standards, and mindsets. The 5103:British Indian Ocean Territory 3670:, retrieved on: April 12, 2008 3381:Philippine Sociological Review 3326:Strobel, Leny Mendoza (2010). 2709:Proserpina D. Tapales (2005). 2689:. UCLA International Institute 1: 3740:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 3734:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 3728:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 3722:, retrieved on: July 16, 2007 3716:, retrieved on: April 9, 2008 2496:published by Aunt Lute (2001) 2432:First Lady of the Philippines 2323:Asociacion Feminista Filipina 2025:Rural and tribal clan setting 4233:Business process outsourcing 3674:Feliciano, Myrna S. (1994). 2502:Filipino American journal - 2427:Courtship in the Philippines 2291:women who engage in politics 1979:During the last part of the 1971:Filipina women making cigars 1735:of her parents Namwaran and 678:Portrayal in American comics 269:Heads of state or government 2912:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2008). 2567:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 2488:Further reading on babaylan 2331:Asociaction Feminist Ilonga 5193: 3658:The Manila Bulletin Online 2857:Lewis, Nantawan B (2014). 2267: 2250:Philippine National Artist 2241: 2058:Marriage and relationships 1843: 1676:Mestiza Filipina women in 1624: 5131: 4710: 4348: 4218: 4025: 3898: 3213:muslim-marriage-guide.com 3180:Cite uses generic title ( 2620:Gender Awareness Seminars 2511:Sino Ka? Ano Ka? Babaylan 2181:Betel Leaf and Nut Seller 2132:Female genital mutilation 2127:Female genital mutilation 2040:, described in his book, 1827:Tuanbaloka is woman from 1804:. The eldest daughter of 34: 5172:Women in the Philippines 4852:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4137:House of Representatives 4030:Administrative divisions 3680:Law & Society Review 3470:excerpt available online 3464:Paras-Perez, Rodriguez. 2946:Garcia, J. Neil (2009). 2743:www.bagongkasaysayan.org 2393:Ermita: A Filipino Novel 2316: 2196:led to the emergence of 2118:Babaylan in 21st century 1571:Women in the Philippines 30:Women in the Philippines 5113:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3630:The Library of Congress 2423:Romantic relationships 2311:Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 2244:Women in Philippine art 1581:) may also be known as 1579:Kababaihan sa Pilipinas 1578: 264:Conservatives in the US 237:Explorers and travelers 118:Global Gender Gap Index 95:Gender Inequality Index 4734:Philippines portal 4278:Science and technology 3484:March 5, 2008, at the 3246:PHL revised penal code 2971:Salazar, Zeus (1999). 2592:. World Economic Forum 2343:Filipino women writers 2341:Some of the prominent 2282: 2158:In 19th-century Manila 1972: 1964: 1961:Filipino mestiza woman 1681: 1639: 567:In Shakespeare's works 4689:Sport and martial art 4105:Executive departments 3538:Conlu, Prudencia V., 3513:Women's Roles in Asia 3161:ww1.western-asian.com 3127:Doctor to the Barrios 2918:. UP Press. pp. 2277: 2104:marry-your-rapist law 2043:Doctor to the Barrios 1970: 1958: 1918:worked alongside the 1712:. She was married to 1675: 1634: 323:Nobel Prize laureates 86:Women in labour force 5027:United Arab Emirates 4554:Fashion and clothing 4395:Environmental issues 4322:Water and sanitation 4159:Regional Trial Court 4004:World Heritage Sites 3612:: 132, 551–4. 1989. 3167:on January 28, 2010. 3122:Flavier, Juan Martin 2804:. 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November 7, 2021. 2990:. pp. 195–209. 2986:Alcina, Francisco. 2229:In the 20th century 1951:Spanish Philippines 1465:Trinidad and Tobago 700:Speculative fiction 593:Theological figures 538:Feminist philosophy 338:Reproductive rights 144:Part of a series on 77:secondary education 75:Women over 25 with 66:Women in parliament 56: (per 100,000) 31: 4559:Historical markers 4417:Indigenous peoples 4293:Telecommunications 4067:Political families 3908:Biosphere reserves 3606:Annu Rev Popul Law 3368:. 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Aquino 2264:Women in politics 2253:Fernando Amorsolo 2186:Betel nut chewing 1782:Dayang Kalangitan 1635:A cagayan woman. 1568: 1567: 772:Football / soccer 695:Fictional pirates 487:Art history field 363:Exchange of women 139: 138: 16:(Redirected from 5184: 5177:Women by country 5149: 5139: 5138: 5108:Christmas Island 4794:Sovereign states 4779: 4772: 4765: 4756: 4742: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4512: 4466:Overseas workers 4388:Higher education 4346: 4216: 4154:Court of Appeals 4110:Executive office 4078: 4023: 3896: 3837:Pre-colonial era 3789: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3745: 3703: 3647:Tambuli Magazine 3624:Blake, Matthew. 3621: 3600: 3579: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3443:. March 12, 2024 3433: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3397: 3396: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3222: 3216: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3163:. 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4768: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4745: 4737: 4735: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4684:Sign language 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4412:Ethnic groups 4410: 4406: 4405:Deforestation 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4263:National debt 4261: 4259: 4258:Fiscal policy 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4149:Supreme Court 4147: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950:Island groups 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3841:Colonial era 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3230:The Economist 3227: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3183: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3144:971-10-0663-4 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3068:September 28, 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2957:9789622099852 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2663:0-345-32816-7 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2238:Women in arts 2237: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2166:Water Carrier 2165: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2145:Women at work 2144: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2012:Urban setting 2011: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1969: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Rajah Gambang 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:queen regnant 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1621:Archaic epoch 1620: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1490:United States 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060:FS Micronesia 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 869: 864: 863: 858: 851: 850:Winter sports 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 729: 726: 721: 720: 711: 708: 707: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 685:Film industry 683: 679: 676: 675: 674: 671: 670: 664: 663: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 584: 581: 580: 576: 575: 568: 565: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 551: 548: 546: 545:Photographers 543: 539: 536: 535: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 517: 514: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 500: 497: 493: 490: 489: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 467: 465: 462: 461: 457: 456: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426:Organizations 424: 418: 415: 414: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 382: 380: 377: 376: 372: 371: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 353:Voting rights 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 285: 282: 281: 280: 279:Queen regnant 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 257: 253: 250: 249: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 216: 211: 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 178: 172: 169: 168: 162: 161: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 78: 73: 69: 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 38: 33: 27: 19: 5092:Dependencies 5022:Turkmenistan 4987:Saudi Arabia 4971: 4720:Bibliography 4649:Coat of arms 4621:Value system 4524:Architecture 4500: 4476:Prostitution 4373:Demographics 4243:Central bank 4186:Marine Corps 4166:Armed Forces 4050:Human rights 4035:Constitution 3984:Ramsar sites 3683: 3679: 3662:the original 3657: 3646: 3609: 3605: 3588: 3585:People Count 3584: 3567: 3563: 3533:the original 3511: 3506: 3492: 3465: 3445:. 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