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responsible for preparing the equipment. This was a line, up to a mile in length, to which were attached snoods or shorter pieces of line which were baited with fish or shellfish. Great line fishing was similar to small line fishing but was undertaken in deeper waters, further out to sea. The lines could be up to 15 miles (24 km) in length and would be fitted with 5,000 hooks. The fishermen usually baited the lines on the boat. Because of the work involved in preparing and hauling the lines, new methods of catching white fish were sought. Trawling was introduced into
Scotland from England in the late 19th century and, from the 1920s, seine-netting was introduced from Denmark.
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recovered. It became apparent that the domestic market for herring had disappeared, and mackerel became the dominant source of earnings. These trends encouraged a number of enterprising fishermen to set about investing in the modernisation of the fleet through the commissioning of new, state-of-the-art vessels. The pelagic fleet is now highly centralised, based in
Shetland and north east Scotland, with a fleet of 27 vessels generating gross earnings of £98M. The general view is that substantial profit and excellent returns on investment are being achieved by this sector. 2006 raids by the
496:(EEZs) to 200 miles (370.4 km) or to the median line with other countries. This followed the extension of exclusive fisheries limits by Iceland, Norway, the United States and Canada to 200 miles (320 km). By this time Norway had decided by referendum not to join the EEC, as had the Faroe Islands, which, as a Danish dependency, had the option to join but did not do so. The 12-200 mile zone around Scotland, has never, therefore, been fished solely by the Scottish fishing industry, but is a direct consequence of the adoption of the CFP into British law.
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of species and, although cod and haddock are important components, together accounting for 40% of the total landings, in absolute value they represent only a modest turnover of £55m. Commercial performance of the sector has been dominated by the difficulties over cod, particularly in recent years with the implementation of the
European "Cod Recovery Plan", but have also been affected by a scarcity of haddock and other demersal species. In recent years much of the demersal industry has been supported by the abundant 1999 year-class of haddock.
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462:. In this period the gadoid species in Scottish waters all produced a series of exceptionally strong year classes which have not been seen repeated in the intervening period. This great abundance, coupled with the price support system that subsidised fishermen when prices fell, contained in the CFP, lead to heavy investment in new boats, equipment and processing capacity in the Scottish whitefish fleet.
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low pay, the seasonal or casual nature of employment and the poor work environment compared with office or supermarket jobs. The high turnover of labour and high levels of absenteeism experienced in some plants adds significantly to labour costs. As a result, firms are now turning increasingly to agency labour and the employment of unskilled (and occasionally illegal) immigrant workers.
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301:) were cured and exported, the main markets being Germany, Eastern Europe and Russia. The traditional method used for catching herring was the drift net. A long net in the form of a curtain was suspended from corks floating on the surface. The fish were trapped by the gills as they swam against the net. In the sheltered waters around
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433:(CFP). Implementation of the CFP was delayed by the difficulty in member states reaching agreement on the provisions of the legislation required. An agreement on the two regulations which make up the CFP was eventually reached on the night of 30 June 1970 - the day that negotiations were due to start for the accession of the UK,
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and shellfish (together with farmed fish) are expanding their operations, while those engaged in whitefish processing are in difficulty. One of the major problems facing the processing sector is the scarcity of labour in isolated rural communities. Difficulties in attracting local labour reflect the
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estuary, and the Fladen ground, in the centre of the North Sea. Juveniles and females spend most of their time inside these burrows, with males venturing out more frequently. This difference in behaviour, coupled with the inherent problem in measuring the age of crustaceans, means that standard stock
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Britain's negotiating position was complicated by the conflicting interest of the inshore and distant water fishermen. The
Scottish fleet had a strong interest in seeing the exclusive 12 mile (22.2 km) limit retained; but the UK Government was also pressed by the distant water fleet, mainly, but
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over large areas of sea. His arguments prevailed, and freedom of the seas became synonymous with the freedom to fish. Countries such as
Scotland had claimed exclusive rights to fishing in inshore waters as early as the fifteenth century, but there was no formal consensus as to how far off shore these
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The
Scottish demersal fleet has been facing economically difficult times for several years due to the decline of cod and haddock in the North Sea, which were the mainstay of catches. The fleet has declined from around 800 vessels in 1992 to just over 400 in 2004. This sector catches a diverse range
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combined, with the added significance that it provides employment for women in otherwise male-dominated labour markets. Two distinct sub-sectors make up the processing industry: the primary processors involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail
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in 1939. After 1945 much of the effort became concentrated on whitefish with an additional sector exploiting shellfish. Technical developments have concentrated fishing in the hands of fewer fishermen operating more efficient vessels and, although the annual value of catches continued to rise, the
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as a means of more rapid transport, gave an opportunity to
Scottish fishermen to deliver their catches to markets much more quickly than in the past. Herring is considered a delicacy on the Continent and was caught relatively easily off the Coast of Scotland – off the East Coast during winter and
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The commercial performance of this sector suffered a near terminal setback during the 1970s, when the herring fisheries in the North Sea and west of
Scotland collapsed and had to be closed. As stocks recovered and as it became possible to separate the catching of herring and mackerel, the sector
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with
Iceland was still to come, with Britain's attempt to protect the interests of its distant water fleet. Compromise was reached when it was agreed that the applicant countries would retain their 6-mile (11 km) exclusive limits, and their 12-mile (19 km) limits subject to existing
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accounts for 49 per cent of the turnover of UK fish processing industry. Geographical distribution of the turnover of the
Scottish industry is 77 % around Aberdeen; 24% in central and southern Scotland; and 11 per cent in the Highlands and Islands. The industry forms an integral part of the
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Before the 1880s, long-lining was the usual method used to catch white fish such as cod, halibut, saithe, ling and flat fish which live at the bottom of the sea. It was very labour-intensive but resulted in a high-quality catch. Small line fishing was a family affair with women and children
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stocks are assessed by surveying their habitat with TV cameras to count the number of burrows. This is then used to calculate an average population density, and from their to calculate a biomass for a particular area. The total allowable catch is set as a proportion of this biomass.
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is a small crustacean better known as langoustine or scampi, and, by value, is the single most economically important species caught by the Scottish fishing industry, with landings in 2005 worth £38.5m, as compared to £22.4m for haddock, the next most significant species. The
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in particular. As the industry developed, "fishertouns" and villages sprang up to supply the growing towns and fishing became more specialised. The many religious houses in Scotland acted as a spur to fisheries, granting exclusive fishing rights and demanding part of their
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spring, off the North Coast of Scotland and Shetland during the summer months and, in the autumn, off the Coast of East Anglia. At this time, there were as many as 30,000 vessels involved in herring fishing the East Coast, not to mention others in the Irish Sea.
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and catering outlets, and the secondary processors producing chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades. The current situation of the processing sector reflects the fortunes of the catching industry. Those involved in processing
489:. These limits have been renewed in legislation on two occasions, and although these rights are not a permanent feature of the policy, it is unlikely now that they will ever be extinguished, especially in the light of the need to conserve fish stocks.
813:, Western Isles Fishermen's Association, West Coast Scallop Association, Dunbar Fishermen's Association, Orkney Fishermen's Association, Galloway Static Gear Association and a range of fishing businesses and scientists representatives such as SAMS.
418:"The Common Market shall extend to agriculture and trade in agricultural products. ‘Agricultural products’ means the products of the soil, of stockfarming and of fisheries and products of first stage processing directly related to these products."
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source from the earliest times. Fishing was important to the earliest settlers in Scotland, around 7000 BC. At this stage, fishing was a subsistence activity, undertaken only to feed the fisher and their immediate community. By the
635:(SFPA) on a number of fish processors revealed large-scale misreporting of landings by pelagic vessels. This led to the Scottish component of pelagic quotas being reduced for several years to "repay" this over-exploitation.
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on the UK fishing sector show that UK vessels landed 724 thousand tonnes of sea fish in 2017, with a value of £980 million. Scottish vessels accounted for 64 per cent of the quantity of landings by the UK fleet while
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In the early 19th century, the British Government began to subsidise the catches of herring boats larger than 60 tons, plus an additional bounty on all herring sold abroad. This, coupled with the coming of the
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The outcome of the negotiations was considered by fishermen's representative bodies at the time to be a success. The extension of the 12-mile (19 km) limit to the whole coastline (including
336:, in terms of the numbers employed in the industry, with commercial fishing virtually grinding to a halt during the war years. The post-war years saw the development of a fleet heavily based on
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fleet is varied in its makeup, with larger trawlers fishing in the central North Sea, and smaller vessels trawling in coastal waters, and significant landings coming from vessels fishing with
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claimed more than a few miles of territorial waters. This system endured until the 1970s, when it became apparent to nations with large fishery resources that "their" stocks were being
778:(SFF), which was formed in 1973 from eight constituent local fishermen's organisations. The SFF lobbies for the interests of Scottish fishermen at national and international levels in
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accounted for 28 per cent. The current status of the fishing industry in Scotland is best considered on a sector-by-sector basis, as each faces different problems and opportunities.
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was established to respond to common needs throughout the mobile, static, diving and landline fisheries and onshore fishing businesses in Scotland, currently its members include the
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lives on patches of soft mud, in which it excavates burrow systems. The distribution of the species is therefore limited by the extent of these mud patches, which are found in the
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historical rights, for substantial parts of their coastline, preventing continental European vessels fishing in much of the Scottish west coast, including all of the
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The SCFF is an organisation representing static creel, hand-line and dive fishing. (around 85 per cent of the Scottish inshore fleet are thought to be creel boats).
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by coordinating industry cooperation with scientific partners. The different industrial sectors each have representative organisations, such as the
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309:, ring-netting for herring developed. The method involved surrounding a shoal of herring with a net and then pulling the ring tight to trap them.
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and enclosing the Minch) gave Scotland one of the largest areas of inshore fishing in Europe, and the same limits as before entry to the EEC.
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interpreted this as requiring a common policy dealing with fisheries. In 1968 the first proposals were put to the Council of Ministers for a
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823:(Seafish) – a non-departmental public body funded by a levy on fish sales – and their Scottish partner organisation, Seafood Scotland.
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in 1884. Government involvement in fisheries research began in 1899 with the foundation of the Aberdeen Marine Laboratory, now part of
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445:. The six existing members were keen that a CFP should be in place before negotiations began and should therefore become part of the
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Hislop J.R.G. (1996) Changes in North Sea gadoid stocks. ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 53, Number 6, pp. 1146–1156(11)
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Payne, A.I.L., O'Brien, C.M. & Rogers, S.I. (2004) Management of Shared Fish Stocks. Blackwell Publishing ltd., Oxford. 367pp.
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Jennings, S., Kaiser, M.J. & Reynolds, J.D. (2001) Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Publishing ltd., Oxford. 417pp.
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The concept of "freedom of the seas" has endured since the seventeenth century, when the Dutch merchant and politician,
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The late 1960s and early 1970s were characterised by a sudden and unexplained increase in the abundance of a number of
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allowed 200-nautical-mile (370 km) national limits, which were immediately claimed by a number of countries.
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The fishing industry in Scotland is supported by a number of governmental and non-governmental organisations.
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not solely based on the east coast of England, which wanted to continue fishing off Iceland, Norway and the
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Whilst the international aspect of European fisheries negotiation, such as the setting of quotas, remain a
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The promotion of fish and fish products along with economic analysis of fisheries is carried out by
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stocks in the North Minch have decreased considerably in recent years (ICES). The creel fishery in
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There are numerous organisations representing different sectors of the industry, including the
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Pitcher, T.J. & Hart, P.J.B. (1982) Fishies Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London. 414pp.
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In January 1977, at the behest of the EEC, the UK and other member states extended their
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470:. The distant water fishermen were, of course, strongly opposed to any extension of
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fishing fleets, but they have proved particularly severe in recent years for the
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than it is relative to the rest of the UK. Scotland has just 8.4 per cent of the
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fishing-based economy. It accounts for more jobs than the catching industry and
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found fishing to be of much greater social, economic and cultural importance to
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Fisheries policy was seen, therefore, as an extension of the arrangements for
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324:. They returned to a declining industry which was further interrupted by the
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At the peak of the Herring Boom in 1907, 2,500,000 barrels of fish (227,000
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340:, less involved in distant-water fishing than the English fishing sector.
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areas extended. This ad hoc situation was codified by legislation in the
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interrupted the growth of the industry with many fishermen enlisting the
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Trawler Pictures - A Forum and Gallery Dedicated to Commercial Trawlers
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and which, for centuries, have looked to fishing as the main source of
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1157:- an organisation in Scotland promoting the Scottish seafood industry.
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but lands at its ports over 60 per cent of the total catch in the UK.
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Fisheries research in Scotland dates back to the foundation of the
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Non-governmental fisheries research is carried out at a number of
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in Dyce, Aberdeen, has also been involved in fisheries research.
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Report of the ICES Working Group on the North Sea and Skagerrak.
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The fishing industry in Scotland continued to decline up to the
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750:(SAMS) near Oban, and the North Atlantic Fisheries College at
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Where to fish in Scotland, gear shops, and other information.
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estuary ecosystem at the Millport Biological Station on the
451:, which new members would have to accept as settled policy.
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Certificate suspension Loch Torridon Nephrops creel Fishery
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Inquiry into the future of the Scottish fishing industry
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but the certificate was suspended on 11 January 2011.
1088:"Scottish Creel Fishermen's Federation || About SCFF"
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Marine Management Organisation (27 September 2018).
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722:and institutes, including deep-sea research at the
474:of any country, including the UK. The drama of the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
618:was first certified as sustainable in 2003 by the
27:Aquaculture and marine catching in the UK country
1150:The Scottish Continental Herring Trade 1810-1914
398:Trends in landings of Cod, Haddock, Whiting and
980:"Fishing industry in 2017 statistics published"
888:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
329:number of people working in the industry fell.
3309:Food processing industry in the United Kingdom
350:Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999
260:were important resources and were exported to
204:or whitefish sector (boats mainly fishing for
2854:Scottish Council for Development and Industry
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8:
2864:Advisory Council for Economic Transformation
2800:Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland
1795:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1720:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
1166:Seafish - the UK Seafish Industry Authority
1092:www.scottishcreelfishermensfederation.co.uk
458:species (cod, haddock, whiting, etc.), the
407:Gadoid outburst and Common Fisheries Policy
2940:Adam Smith School of Economics and Finance
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1184:With mostly Scottish and U.K Based Members
373:1930 Hague Convention on International Law
150:comprises a significant proportion of the
2572:International Financial Services District
1061:. 11 May 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
796:Scottish Whitefish Producers Organisation
184:, which are scattered along an extensive
176:in relatively remote communities such as
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1000:
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854:and is administered and enforced by the
3088:Water supply and sanitation in Scotland
2960:University of Edinburgh Business School
2950:Glasgow School for Business and Society
2281:Land allocation decision support system
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760:University of the Highlands and Islands
411:Fisheries are mentioned briefly in the
807:Communities Inshore Fisheries Alliance
800:Scottish Seafood Processors Federation
790:. The Federation also plays a role in
748:Scottish Association of Marine Science
605:assessment techniques cannot be used.
2812:Committees of the Scottish Parliament
7:
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1031:Loch Torridon nephrops creel fishery
633:Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency
389:1973 UN Conference on Law of the Sea
216:) of the Scottish fishing industry.
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2121:National Farmers' Union of Scotland
692:and the Gatty Marine Laboratory at
600:, the North and South Minches, the
2209:History of agriculture in Scotland
1122:Royal Society of Edinburgh (2004)
588:, particularly on the west coast.
25:
2817:Finance and Public Administration
2717:Department for Business and Trade
2712:Competition and Markets Authority
2146:Scottish Agricultural Wages Board
2105:Agriculture in the United Kingdom
1059:"Raid on fish processing factory"
515:Updated statistics from the UK's
192:. Restrictions imposed under the
138:Scottish fishing boats moored in
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2759:Office for Budget Responsibility
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1072:'Gangmaster' raids on north east
930:Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2004
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243:have been recognised as a major
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2683:Governor of the Bank of England
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1161:Scottish Fishermen's Federation
776:Scottish Fishermen's Federation
708:and the smaller inshore vessel
700:. Marine Scotland operates two
402:from the North Sea (1961-2004).
280:A medieval view of fishing, by
224:The main fishing areas are the
47:needs additional citations for
2999:Scottish Trades Union Congress
1146:on Scottish Government website
680:Fisheries research in Scotland
517:Marine Management Organisation
71:"Fishing industry in Scotland"
1:
2790:Cabinet Secretary for Finance
2526:Economy of the United Kingdom
2162:National Museum of Rural Life
811:Clyde Fishermen's Association
2859:Council of Economic Advisers
2276:Scottish Outdoor Access Code
2126:Scottish Crofting Federation
1155:Scottish Seafood Association
387:by non-local fishermen. The
148:fishing industry in Scotland
3319:Fishing industry by country
2955:Strathclyde Business School
2742:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2722:Financial Conduct Authority
1695:Fish diseases and parasites
821:Sea Fish Industry Authority
3335:
2230:Moredun Research Institute
1034:Marine Stewardship Council
827:Regulation and enforcement
620:Marine Stewardship Council
347:
344:History of national waters
159:Royal Society of Edinburgh
157:. A recent inquiry by the
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3042:Energy policy of Scotland
2945:Edinburgh Business School
2769:UK Trade & Investment
2754:Monetary Policy Committee
2615:List of banks in Scotland
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2445:
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2013:
1901:Gathering seafood by hand
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1036:. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
1021:. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
878:Scottish Fisheries Museum
3145:Housing and construction
2261:Scottish Land Commission
2136:Scotland's Rural College
1715:Individual fishing quota
1276:Central African Republic
736:University of St Andrews
662:Associated organisations
645:fish processing industry
639:Fish processing industry
494:Exclusive Economic Zones
282:Peter Brueghel the Elder
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2089:Agriculture in Scotland
762:project. Recently, the
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431:Common Fisheries Policy
264:, and the towns of the
194:Common Fisheries Policy
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2177:Agricultural buildings
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704:, the ocean-going MRV
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1176:Fishing Scotland.org
948:Jennings et al, 2001
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2256:Crofting Commission
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2100:Economy of Scotland
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883:Whaling in Scotland
868:Economy of Scotland
852:Scottish Parliament
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572:Nephrops norvegicus
549:Nephrops norvegicus
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73: –
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67:Find sources:
61:
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51:
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45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3253:
3160:Silicon Glen
3155:Supermarkets
3150:Architecture
3097:
3059:Oil industry
3006:Unemployment
2922:Billionaires
2822:Public Audit
2447:
2336:Luing cattle
2192:
2044:
2032:
1911:Spearfishing
1700:Fish farming
1617:Chatham Rise
1568:Soudan Banks
1543:Hawkins Bank
1533:Georges Bank
1518:Agulhas Bank
1466:Turkmenistan
1425:
1091:
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987:. Retrieved
983:
973:
968:Hislop, 1996
964:
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805:In 2017 the
804:
773:
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712:Alba Na Mara
711:
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629:
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589:
586:lobster pots
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368:jurisdiction
364:Indian Ocean
356:Hugo Grotius
353:
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171:
147:
145:
118:
112:October 2020
109:
99:
92:
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78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3093:Agriculture
3027:Innovations
2737:HM Treasury
2707:Company law
2428:Scots Dumpy
1896:Fishing net
1868:Fly fishing
1730:Overfishing
1685:Aquaculture
1670:topic areas
1605:Other areas
1538:Grand Banks
1528:Flemish Cap
1523:Dogger Bank
1451:Switzerland
1396:New Zealand
1361:South Korea
650:aquaculture
598:Moray Firth
423:agriculture
400:Norway Pout
140:Fraserburgh
3298:Categories
3216:Recessions
3140:Healthcare
2967:Demography
2915:and labour
2636:Royal Mint
2433:Scots Grey
2412:Soay sheep
2186:Industries
1990:Fish ponds
1891:Fishfinder
1878:Techniques
1840:Recreation
1820:Processing
1800:By country
1578:By species
1376:Madagascar
1251:Bangladesh
1228:By country
1102:References
989:16 October
694:St Andrews
674:FRV Clupea
505:North Rona
425:, and the
190:employment
82:newspapers
3243:Theorists
3177:Transport
3113:Education
2932:Inventors
2899:Edinburgh
2889:Transport
2877:Localised
2829:Scots law
2702:UK Budget
2673:Banknotes
2536:Companies
1983:Locations
1886:Fish trap
1810:Marketing
1767:Fisherman
1677:Fisheries
1664:Fisheries
1622:North Sea
1336:Hong Kong
1326:Greenland
1241:Australia
1221:by region
780:Edinburgh
752:Scalloway
487:Irish Sea
303:Loch Fyne
273:in fish.
226:North Sea
186:coastline
3273:Category
3206:COVID-19
3108:Forestry
2989:Pensions
2894:Aberdeen
2668:Currency
2588:Scotland
2562:Taxation
2467:Category
2290:Scottish
2046:Category
2018:Glossary
1921:Trolling
1916:Trawling
1825:Products
1787:Industry
1456:Thailand
1426:Scotland
1416:Portugal
1406:Pakistan
1381:Maldives
1331:Guernsey
1316:Ethiopia
1266:Cambodia
1127:Archived
1075:BBC News
862:See also
788:Brussels
756:Shetland
728:Newburgh
612:Nephrops
607:Nephrops
590:Nephrops
578:Nephrops
564:Ullapool
560:Nephrops
558:A small
538:Nephrops
501:St Kilda
291:railways
228:and the
198:European
163:Scotland
3283:Commons
3165:Tourism
3098:Fishing
3076:Cuisine
3015:Sectors
2904:Glasgow
2884:Tourism
2661:UK-wide
2624:UK-wide
2581:Banking
2555:Finance
2521:History
2421:Chicken
2202:History
2193:Fishing
2155:Culture
2034:Outline
1848:Angling
1830:Seafood
1815:Markets
1754:Fishing
1668:fishing
1481:Vanuatu
1436:Somalia
1431:Senegal
1391:Myanmar
1386:Morocco
1311:England
1301:Denmark
1246:Bahrain
841:MV Jura
798:or the
688:, near
566:harbour
477:cod war
439:Denmark
435:Ireland
284:(1556).
258:herring
214:whiting
210:haddock
182:Lerwick
96:scholar
3211:Brexit
3196:Theory
3128:Cinema
3022:Brands
2913:People
2654:Policy
2299:Cattle
1974:Sinker
1931:Tackle
1612:Alaska
1471:Uganda
1461:Turkey
1421:Russia
1351:Israel
1296:Cyprus
1271:Canada
1261:Brunei
1256:Bhutan
1236:Angola
1133:128pp.
1006:WGNSSK
984:gov.uk
784:London
706:Scotia
582:creels
456:gadoid
443:Norway
307:Argyll
299:tonnes
271:tithes
254:salmon
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
3133:Music
3123:Media
2727:Gilts
2355:Sheep
2023:Index
1964:Lures
1491:Yemen
1486:Wales
1446:Sudan
1441:Spain
1411:Palau
1371:Libya
1356:Japan
1341:India
1321:Ghana
1306:Egypt
1291:China
1286:Chile
894:Notes
740:Clyde
602:Clyde
540:fleet
483:Minch
377:Chile
174:ports
146:The
103:JSTOR
89:books
3081:Beer
2249:Land
2235:SASA
1959:Line
1954:Hook
1944:Bait
1666:and
1401:Oman
1366:Laos
1346:Iran
1281:Chad
991:2018
835:The
786:and
710:MRV
690:Oban
503:and
485:and
441:and
381:Peru
379:and
316:The
256:and
245:food
241:Fish
212:and
180:and
75:news
1969:Rod
958:FAO
754:in
584:or
305:in
206:cod
58:by
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110:(
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