528:
591:
910:
266:, also known as the Big Blowup, burned 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km) through the states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The smoke from this fire drifted across the entire country to Washington D.C. — both physically and politically — and it challenged the five-year-old Forest Service to address new policies regarding fire suppression, and the fire did much to create the modern system of fire rules, organizations, and policies. One of the rules as a result of the 1910 fire stated "all fires must be extinguished by 10 a.m. the following morning."
242:
760:
297:(CCC), consisting of young men and veterans of World War I. It was during this time that the CCC set about building fire lookout towers, and access roads to those towers. The U.S. Forest Service took great advantage of the CCC workforce and initiated a massive program of construction projects, including fire lookout towers. In California alone, some 250 lookout towers and cabs were built by CCC workers between 1933 and 1942.
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613:" education campaigns. This educational information is often distributed to young hikers that make their way up to the fire lookout tower. In this aspect, the towers are remote way stations and interpretive centers. The fire lookout tower also acts as a sentinel in the forest attracting lost or injured hikers, that make their way to the tower knowing they can get help.
2544:
775:
Ground cabs are still known as "towers" even though there may be no such tower under the cab. These towers can be one, two or three stories tall with foundations made of natural stone or concrete. These towers vary greatly in size, but many are simple wooden or steel tower cabs that were constructed
311:
Fires detected from space are already too large to make accurate assessments for control. Cell phones in wilderness areas still suffer from lack of signal. Today, some fire lookout towers remain in service, because having human eyes being able to detect smoke and call in the fire report allows fire
819:
operator simply climbed a denuded tree and sat on a 2 ft × 2 ft (0.61 m × 0.61 m) platform chair atop that tree. An old fishing boat was once dragged to the top of a high hill and used as a fire lookout tower. Very little is known about the horse-mounted fire lookout,
616:
In some locations around the country, fire lookout towers can be rented by public visitors that obtain a permit. These locations provide a unique experience for the camper, and in some rental locations, the check out time is enforced when the fire lookout operator returns for duty, and takes over
307:
From the 1960s through the 1990s the towers took a back seat to new technology, aircraft, and improvements in radios. The promise of space satellite fire detection and modern cell phones tried to compete with the remaining fire lookout towers, but in several environments, the technology failed.
665:
Many fire lookout towers are simply cabs that have been fitted to large railroad water tank towers that are 30 to 60 feet (9 to 20 m) high. One of the last wooden fire lookout towers in
Southern California was the South Mount Hawkins Fire Lookout, in the Angeles National Forest. A civilian
137:
Although many fire lookout towers have fallen into disrepair from neglect, abandonment and declining budgets, some fire service personnel have made efforts to preserve older fire towers, arguing that a person watching the forest for wildfire can be an effective and cheap fire control measure.
802:
in
Australia, added a permanent platform to the tree by building a wooden or, later, metal structure at the top of the tree, with metal spikes hammered into the trunk to form a spiral ladder. These 'platform trees' were often equipped with telephones, fire finder tables, seats and
269:
To prevent and suppress fires, the U.S. Forest
Service made another rule that townships, corporations and States would bear the cost of contracting fire suppression services, because at the time there was not the large Forest Service Fire Department that exists today.
114:
atop a large steel or wooden tower. Historically, the tops of tall trees have also been used to mount permanent platforms. Sometimes natural rock may be used to create a lower platform. In cases where the terrain makes a tower unnecessary, the structure is known as a
515:. Warnings were transmitted by light signal. For transmission of location, Seitz divided the forest area into so-called "Jagen", numbered areas, with that number to be transmitted to the city. He received a patent for this system in 1902. Seitz traveled to the 1904
474:
Like the United States, fire towers were built across Canada to protect the valuable trees for the forestry industry. Most towers were built in the early 1920s to 1950s and were a mix of wood and steel structures. A total of 325 towers dotted the landscape of
312:
management officials to decide early how the fire is to be managed. The more modern policy is to "manage fire", not simply to suppress it. Fire lookout towers provide a reduction in time of fire detection to time of fire management assessment.
734:. These towers are often found in the U.S. Midwest and South, but a few are in the mountainous West. In the northeast, all of the towers in the Adirondack Mountains and most in the Catskills were Aermotor towers erected between 1916 and 1921.
1082:
527:
459:). From these towers watchmen could observe the entire town, and in the event of a fire they would ring the alarm bell, calling up firemen and warning town residents. In some towns the bells were also used to mark the time.
277:
became a priority. Towers began to be built across the country. While earlier lookouts used tall trees and high peaks with tents for shelters, by 1911 permanent cabins and cupolas were being constructed on mountaintops.
281:
Beginning in 1910, the New
Hampshire Timberlands Owners Association, a fire protection group, was formed and soon after, similar organizations were set up in Maine and Vermont. A leader of these efforts,
290:
which owned over 400,000 acres of timberland, set up a series of effective forest-fire lookout towers, possibly the first in the nation, and by 1917 helped establish a forest-fire insurance company.
1090:
107:
crews. Lookouts also report weather changes and plot the location of lightning strikes during storms. The location of the strike is monitored for a period of days afterwards, in case of ignition.
730:, originally of Chicago, Illinois, was the first and lead manufacturer of steel fire towers from the 1910s to the mid-1920s. These towers have very small cabs, as the towers are based on
798:
The simplest kind consist of a ladder to a suitable height. Such trees could have platforms on the ground next to them for maps and a fire finder. A more elaborate version, such as the
551:, overlooking mostly low-rise quarters. Watchmen standing vigil there could signal other stations as well as their own using simple signals. Surviving towers are often local landmarks.
304:
was established, operating from mid-1941 to mid-1944. Fire lookouts were assigned additional duty as Enemy
Aircraft Spotters, especially on the West Coast of the United States.
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1374:
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Starting in 2002, traditional fire watch was replaced by "FireWatch", optical sensors located on old lookout towers or mobile phone masts. Based on a system developed by the
640:. Currently, about 200 of these sensors are installed around Germany, while similar systems have been deployed in other European countries, Mexico, Kazakhstan and the USA.
1028:
737:
The typical cab of an
Aermoter had a 7 by 7 feet (2.1 by 2.1 m) cab with a fire locating device mounted in the center. Access was by way of a trap door in the floor.
673:
The typical cab of a wooden tower can be from 10 ft × 10 ft (3.0 m × 3.0 m) to 14 ft × 14 ft (4.3 m × 4.3 m)
696:
The typical cab of a steel tower can be from 10 ft × 10 ft (3.0 m × 3.0 m) to 14 ft × 14 ft (4.3 m × 4.3 m)
585:
1450:
National
Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Multiple Property Survey, National Forest Fire Lookouts in the Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service
318:
had the most known lookout sites (966); 196 of them still exist, with roughly 60 staffed each summer. Kansas is the only U.S. state that has never had a lookout.
543:
for centuries, urban fires were a constant threat to the towns and cities. To address that issue, in the early 19th century a program was launched to construct
1059:
2377:
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operator often receives hundreds of forest visitors during a weekend and provides a needed “pre-fire suppression” message, supported by handouts from the "
1506:
2209:
1138:
479:
in the 1960s, and today approx. 156 towers span the province, but only a handful of towers remained in use after the 1970s. They are still in use in
1591:
1293:
259:, founded in 1905. Many townships, private lumber companies, and State Forestry organizations operated fire lookout towers on their own accord.
1740:
1650:
511:
The first fire lookout tower was built to the plans of
Forstmeister Walter Seitz between 1890 and 1900, located in the "Muskauer Forst" near
2367:
1213:
330:
95:. It is a small building, usually on the summit of a mountain or other high vantage point to maximize viewing distance and range, known as
1113:
568:'s Forest Fire Management operates 72 towers across the state during the fire season with towers being constructed as recently as 2016.
169:
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2015:
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590:
1418:
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881:
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99:. From this vantage point the fire lookout can see smoke that may develop, determine the location by using a device known as an
2174:
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2454:
1725:
173:
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for analyzing gases and particles in space, a terrestrial version for forest fire smoke detection was developed by DLR and
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2264:
1831:
516:
576:
is the tallest fire tower in the country, at 47 meters above the ground, and is included on the state heritage register.
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256:
909:
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Steel towers can vary in size and height. They are very sturdy, but tend to sway in the wind more than wooden towers.
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250:
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2219:
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162:
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564:
Fire towers are still in use in
Australia, particularly in the mountainous regions of the south-eastern states.
2559:
2517:
2234:
2128:
2040:
1766:
1512:
1039:
832:
301:
241:
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Today hundreds of towers are still in service with paid-staff and/or volunteer citizens. In some areas, the
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2010:
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283:
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1969:
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1218:
863:
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and several organizations have been founded to save, rebuild, restore, and operate fire lookout towers.
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1806:
1801:
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1431:
859:
565:
104:
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2000:
1929:
1909:
1393:"Opinion: California needs to restore an effective firefighting tool: Towers staffed with lookouts"
218:
100:
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1985:
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263:
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decommissioned the last of its 32 fire towers in 2015 and had them torn down by a contractor.
57:
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569:
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53:
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35:
1318:
http://www.lr-online.de/regionen/weisswasser/Warnsystem-von-Walter-Seitz;art13826,1177757
463:
2372:
2322:
2224:
2148:
2073:
2025:
1995:
1914:
1846:
1183:
466:, they were later replaced by telephone and radio broadcasting systems in many cities.
349:
341:
300:
The heyday of fire lookout towers was from 1930 through 1950. During World War II, the
127:
126:
Towers gained popularity in the early 1900s, and fires were reported using telephones,
901:
233:
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2512:
2362:
2229:
2103:
2078:
2063:
2020:
1959:
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512:
326:
293:
In 1933, during the Great
Depression, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt formed the
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1944:
1919:
1904:
1879:
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1778:
1705:
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1000:
816:
602:
544:
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421:
321:
A number of fire lookout tower stations, including many in New York State near the
214:
84:
49:
703:
Example — Red Mountain Lookout, San Bernardino National Forest, Riverside CA
2423:
2098:
2083:
1990:
1964:
1954:
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1811:
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828:
606:
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151:
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209:
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2068:
2005:
1975:
1939:
1783:
1690:
1552:
1016:
1005:
667:
652:'s Scenic Tower was built on site of former fire lookout tower (1922-1962).
610:
573:
374:
229:
to a suspected fire. From these measurements he will call in a "Smoke Report."
131:
92:
30:
1614:
681:
456:
2357:
2337:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2179:
2123:
2053:
2048:
1899:
1034:
532:
17:
2413:
2408:
2249:
1821:
1720:
1511:. Nova Scotia Government, Department of Natural Resources. Archived from
1481:
874:
804:
727:
700:
Example — Los Pinos Lookout, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego CA
492:
274:
226:
88:
61:
1609:
889:
484:
476:
222:
176: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
768:
540:
439:, and was equipped with a ladder, lookout platform, and an alarm bell
1358:
934:
Canada (Alberta, B.C., Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan)
1268:
815:
There are many different types of lookouts. In the early days, the
1980:
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900:
827:
758:
589:
526:
378:
348:
340:
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240:
232:
208:
110:
A typical fire lookout tower consists of a small room, known as a
80:
48:
29:
1624:"A Day in the Life of a Fire Lookout" in Marin County, California
1208:
1294:"Iconic fire towers becoming a thing of the past in Nova Scotia"
820:
but they, too, rode the ridges patrolling the forest for smoke.
1632:
1628:
1232:
Fire Observation Stations of New York State Forest Preserve MPS
462:
While the fire lookout towers remained fully equipped into the
1361:
City Hall and Fire Tower (Mid-19th Century), Ustiuzhna, Russia
666:
effort is underway to rebuild the tower after its loss in the
145:
83:
that provides housing and protection for a person known as a "
1623:
1604:
1557:
Lookouts: Firewatchers of the Cascades and Olympics (2nd ed.)
1083:"Concord Monitor - Fire officials don't want towers closed"
710:, Cleveland National Forest, Palomar Mountain, San Diego CA
1372:"New Fire Tower to Provide Greater Community Protection"
1140:
A History of the Architecture of the USDA Forest Service
56:, an 85-meter-tall (279 ft) fire lookout tower at
648:
Several Canadian provinces have fire lookout towers.
844:, Western Australia — 225.7 feet (68.8 m).
420:. Usually the fire lookout tower was built near a
345:
Fire lookout tower and former fire station in Japan.
27:
Building to house a person who watches for wildfires
2505:
2480:
2437:
2396:
2278:
2257:
2248:
2167:
2039:
1860:
1792:
1749:
1666:
1029:List of New Jersey Forest Fire Service fire towers
789:Example — Mt. Tamalpais Lookout in California
677:Example — South Mount Hawkins before the fire
245:Fire lookout tower in south Georgia, United States
1038:, a game centered around a fire lookout tower in
1025:, used to control gun fire from coastal batteries
594:The William Penn Memorial Fire Tower overlooking
586:List of fire lookout towers in the United States
255:The history of fire lookout towers predates the
251:List of fire lookout towers § United States
1172:. Ye Galleon Press (Fairfield, WA), 1984, p. 9.
897:Countries continuing to use fire lookout towers
448:
432:
411:
392:
362:
847:Tallest all-steel lookout tower in the world:
442:
426:
405:
386:
356:
1644:
1446:"Lookout Trees on the Kaibab National Forest"
1019:, used in some fire stations to dry firehoses
620:Fire lookout towers are an important part of
8:
2378:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
1537:. Historic Lookout Project. p. 414 pp.
1296:. The Chronicle Herald Newspaper. 2016-09-27
539:As wood had been a key building material in
684:, Palomar Mountain State Park, San Diego CA
519:for a presentation of his idea in the USA.
2254:
2210:International Association of Fire Fighters
1651:
1637:
1629:
1061:Radio communication keeps rangers in touch
1615:Eyes of the Forest: Idaho's Fire Lookouts
192:Learn how and when to remove this message
1535:Fire Lookouts of the Northwest (3rd ed.)
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1143:. U.S. Forest Service, digitized by the
1051:
1341:
1330:
1209:"National Register Information System"
1064:. CBC Digital Archives. 21 August 1957
776:using the same plans, sans the tower.
273:As a result of the above rules, early
123:, even if they don't sit on a tower.
7:
2543:
2368:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
1214:National Register of Historic Places
1184:"Fire Lookouts -- vanishing history"
840:Tallest lookout tower in the world:
780:Example — Tahquitz Peak Lookout
547:equipped with lookout towers called
331:National Register of Historic Places
174:adding citations to reliable sources
1182:Peril, Cartoon (January 28, 2012).
916:tower built of native stone by the
880:Lowest lookout sites in the world:
877: — 13,214 feet (4,028 m).
869:Highest lookout site in the world:
858:Tallest lookout tower in the U.S.:
2016:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1716:Firefighter assist and search team
87:", whose duty it is to search for
25:
1598:US Forest Service History Pages,
1370:Forest Fire Management Victoria,
1359:https://www.wdl.org/en/item/3543/
765:Big Bald Mountain (New Brunswick)
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2531:
2530:
1741:Fire department ranks by country
1610:Fire Lookout Towers in Australia
851:, 5 km (3.1 mi) SE of
842:Warren Bicentennial Tree Lookout
750:Example — Adirondack Towers
150:
2579:
2215:International Firefighters' Day
2175:Candidate Physical Ability Test
1605:Forest Fire Lookout Association
1417:Space Technology Hall of Fame,
1269:"Ontario's Fire Tower Lookouts"
1013:, used in firefighting practice
763:Abandoned fire-spotting hut on
161:needs additional citations for
1726:Special operations firefighter
1577:The Lookout Network newsletter
1508:Nova Scotia Wildfire Detection
1444:Steere, Peter L. (July 1987).
1391:GUERIN, MICHAEL (2019-11-06).
1170:Fire Lookouts of the Northwest
275:fire detection and suppression
1:
2265:Wildfire emergency management
1832:Hazardous materials apparatus
1419:"Inducted Technologies: 2012"
1114:"W. R. Brown: Modern pioneer"
892: — 2 feet (0.61 m).
866: — 175 feet (53 m).
855: — 200 feet (61 m).
517:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
1482:"Forest Fire Lookout Trivia"
257:United States Forest Service
237:Elba Fire Tower in Minnesota
2240:World Police and Fire Games
2195:Fire protection engineering
1147:. July 1999. Archived from
996:List of fire lookout towers
853:Manjimup, Western Australia
785:Winchester Mountain Lookout
747:The Fire Towers of New York
617:the cab for the day shift.
495:, Ontario and a few of the
449:
433:
412:
393:
363:
295:Civilian Conservation Corps
2633:
2488:Glossary of wildfire terms
2220:List of firefighting films
1668:Personnel and organization
583:
401:fire fighting team of town
329:, have been listed on the
323:Adirondack Forest Preserve
248:
2526:
2200:Geography of firefighting
1731:Volunteer fire department
1434:, retrieved July 10, 2016
1112:Churchill, P. W. (1955).
443:
427:
406:
387:
357:
119:. Ground cabs are called
2518:Template:Fire protection
2235:World Firefighters Games
2129:Gaseous fire suppression
1617:Documentary produced by
1273:ontarioftl.bravehost.com
1040:Shoshone National Forest
732:Aermotor windmill towers
302:Aircraft Warning Service
34:A fire lookout tower on
2205:History of firefighting
1619:Idaho Public Television
1430:DLR Project FireWatch,
1421:, retrieved Nov 9, 2014
1381:, retrieved Jan 3, 2020
44:Los Angeles, California
40:Angeles National Forest
2343:Firefighting apparatus
2031:Thermal imaging camera
2011:Secure information box
1827:Firefighting apparatus
1600:Forest History Society
1555:; Fish, Byron (1996).
1145:Forest History Society
921:
906:
905:A fire tower in Poland
836:
772:
715:Mount Lofty Fire Tower
598:
536:
370:
346:
246:
238:
230:
64:
46:
2388:Wildland water tender
1970:Hydraulic rescue tool
1736:Women in firefighting
1219:National Park Service
912:
904:
871:Fairview Peak Lookout
864:Alexandria, Louisiana
831:
762:
596:Reading, Pennsylvania
593:
530:
352:
344:
249:Further information:
244:
236:
212:
52:
33:
2612:Wildfire suppression
2429:Wildland fire module
2383:Wildland fire engine
2270:Wildfire suppression
1807:Fire command vehicle
1802:Airport crash tender
1701:Retained firefighter
1533:Kresek, Ray (1998).
744:Summit Ridge Lookout
682:Boucher Hill Lookout
286:, an officer of the
170:improve this article
105:wildfire suppression
2607:Fire lookout towers
2288:Aerial firefighting
2144:Stop, drop and roll
2134:Multiple-alarm fire
2001:Portable water tank
1910:Fire proximity suit
1486:www.firelookout.com
886:Florida & Evans
741:Lakota Peak Lookout
670:of September 2002.
382:fire lookout towers
219:Osborne Fire Finder
101:Osborne Fire Finder
2328:Fire retardant gel
2313:Fire lookout tower
1986:New York roof hook
1837:Light and air unit
1774:Fire lookout tower
1681:Chief fire officer
1594:2016-06-18 at the
1563:. p. 224 pp.
1561:Mountaineers Books
1377:2020-01-03 at the
1121:The Brown Bulletin
1087:concordmonitor.com
1023:Fire control tower
922:
907:
837:
773:
708:High Point Lookout
599:
537:
497:Maritime Provinces
371:
347:
264:Great Fire of 1910
247:
239:
231:
69:fire lookout tower
65:
47:
2594:
2593:
2501:
2500:
2493:List of wildfires
2353:Helicopter bucket
2348:Firefighting foam
1950:Hard suction hose
1895:Fire extinguisher
1885:Fire brigade keys
1452:. p. 7/2–7/4
1398:Los Angeles Times
1340:Missing or empty
1221:. March 13, 2009.
1093:on 14 August 2007
717:, South Australia
202:
201:
194:
16:(Redirected from
2624:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2533:
2255:
2190:Fire photography
1972:("Jaws of life")
1930:Fireman's switch
1653:
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1630:
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1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:www.lr-online.de
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1246:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
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1179:
1173:
1166:
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1159:
1157:
1156:
1135:
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1128:
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1103:
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1100:
1098:
1089:. Archived from
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1056:
771:(IR Walker 1986)
728:Aermotor Company
622:American history
572:in Southeastern
570:Jimna Fire Tower
531:Fire station in
481:British Columbia
454:
452:
446:
445:
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58:Beyazıt Square
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1589:Fire Lookouts
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1570:0-89886-494-1
1566:
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1544:0-87770-632-8
1540:
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1515:on 2009-02-24
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545:fire stations
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394:Hinomi-yagura
383:
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353:An alarm bell
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327:Catskill Park
324:
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205:United States
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159:This section
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77:lookout tower
74:
70:
63:
59:
55:
54:Beyazıt Tower
51:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2445:Ancient Rome
2419:Hotshot crew
2404:Fire lookout
2312:
2303:Fire flapper
2094:Fire control
2059:Chimney fire
1945:Halligan bar
1920:Fire shelter
1905:Fire hydrant
1880:Fire blanket
1875:Escape chair
1852:Water tender
1779:Fire station
1773:
1706:Fire marshal
1686:Fire captain
1660:Firefighting
1556:
1534:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1507:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1454:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1402:. Retrieved
1396:
1386:
1366:
1354:
1342:|title=
1321:. Retrieved
1314:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1238:
1227:
1212:
1203:
1193:February 28,
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1177:
1169:
1168:Ray Kresek,
1164:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
1139:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1086:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1060:
1054:
1033:
1001:Lookout tree
973:South Africa
888:Pines L.O.,
817:fire lookout
814:
797:
774:
736:
725:
695:
692:
689:Steel towers
672:
664:
647:
631:
619:
615:
603:fire lookout
600:
563:
548:
538:
510:
489:Saskatchewan
473:
464:Shōwa period
461:
422:fire station
400:
381:
372:
320:
314:
310:
306:
299:
292:
280:
272:
268:
261:
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215:fire lookout
188:
179:
168:Please help
163:verification
160:
136:
125:
120:
116:
111:
109:
96:
85:fire lookout
76:
72:
68:
66:
2438:By location
2424:Smokejumper
2281:and tactics
2159:Ventilation
2099:Fire safety
2084:False alarm
2041:Terminology
1991:PASS device
1965:Hose bridge
1955:Hazmat suit
1890:Fire bucket
1870:Bunker gear
1812:Fire engine
1757:Drill tower
1711:Fire police
1553:Spring, Ira
1432:"FireWatch"
1011:Drill tower
961:New Zealand
882:Pine Island
849:Beard Tower
833:Castro Peak
811:Other types
755:Ground cabs
638:IQ Wireless
607:Smokey Bear
501:Nova Scotia
399:housed the
373:During the
132:heliographs
2601:Categories
2470:Washington
2465:California
2333:Fire trail
2279:Equipment
2119:Flash fire
2089:Fire class
2069:Deluge gun
2006:Rotary saw
1976:Kelly tool
1940:Fog nozzle
1784:Hose tower
1750:Facilities
1691:Fire chief
1519:2009-02-24
1404:2019-11-06
1300:2017-12-03
1254:2012-01-30
1244:"Untitled"
1155:2009-07-06
1068:2009-02-06
1046:References
1017:Hose tower
1006:Watchtower
835:fire tower
668:Curve Fire
611:Woodsy Owl
584:See also:
574:Queensland
513:Weißwasser
375:Edo period
284:W.R. Brown
117:ground cab
93:wilderness
73:fire tower
18:Fire tower
2450:Australia
2397:Personnel
2358:Hose pack
2338:Firebreak
2318:Fire rake
2308:Fire hose
2298:Driptorch
2250:Wildfires
2180:Fire camp
2124:Flashover
2054:Barn fire
2049:Backdraft
1900:Fire hose
1862:Equipment
1794:Apparatus
1188:Daily Kos
1035:Firewatch
946:Indonesia
925:Australia
805:guy-wires
722:Aermotors
560:Australia
535:, c. 1900
533:Tsaritsin
182:June 2024
97:view shed
89:wildfires
2561:Glossary
2537:Category
2506:See also
2414:Helitack
2409:Handcrew
2139:Rollover
2114:Firewall
1822:Fireboat
1721:Handcrew
1592:Archived
1375:Archived
1333:cite web
990:See also
970:Portugal
875:Colorado
566:Victoria
549:kalancha
493:Manitoba
227:distance
217:uses an
62:Istanbul
2585:Outline
2549:Commons
2460:History
2373:Pulaski
2258:General
1996:The pig
1491:6 April
1456:24 July
1278:6 April
1097:6 April
985:Uruguay
940:Germany
928:Belgium
920:in 1940
890:Florida
824:Records
628:Germany
609:", or "
507:Germany
485:Alberta
477:Ontario
223:azimuth
142:History
91:in the
42:, near
2617:Towers
2363:McLeod
2225:Muster
1567:
1541:
1323:Nov 9,
979:Turkey
967:Poland
964:Norway
958:Mexico
955:Latvia
949:Israel
943:Greece
937:France
931:Brazil
884:L.O.,
769:Canada
644:Canada
541:Russia
523:Russia
470:Canada
450:Hanshō
434:Ban-ya
364:Hanshō
121:towers
2573:Index
2481:Lists
2079:Draft
2021:Siren
1981:Nomex
1842:Quint
1117:(PDF)
976:Spain
952:Italy
656:Types
555:Today
379:Japan
337:Japan
316:Idaho
81:tower
79:is a
75:, or
1767:list
1565:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1493:2018
1458:2012
1346:help
1325:2014
1280:2018
1195:2018
1099:2018
726:The
388:火の見櫓
325:and
262:The
225:and
130:and
112:cab,
918:CCC
634:DLR
499:.
407:町火消
377:in
172:by
60:in
38:in
2603::
1559:.
1484:.
1466:^
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1335:}}
1331:{{
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873:,
862:,
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767:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
457:ja
447:,
444:半鐘
431:,
428:番屋
410:,
391:,
361:,
358:半鐘
333:.
213:A
134:.
71:,
67:A
1652:e
1645:t
1638:v
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