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between the two. Hence the name, and considerably reduced diameter, compared to the ubiquitous Scotch or return tube boiler. It was not a great success and its use was being abandoned after the introduction of stronger side armouring – “the furnace crowns, being very near the water-level, are much more liable to over-heating. Further, on account of the length of the boiler, for an equal angle of inclination, the effect on the water-level is much greater. Finally, the unequal expansion of the various parts of the boiler is more pronounced, especially at the top and bottom, due to the increased ratio between the length and the diameter of the boiler; the local strains are also more severe on account of the comparatively feeble circulation in long and low boilers.” All these also resulted in a shorter life. Also, the same length of a combustion chamber was much less effective on a direct tube than on a return tube boiler, at least without baffling.
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closely resemble prior practice from the coal burning era, when other components were added on-site to either a pre-assembled pressure vessel, or to a "knock-down" boiler, where the pressure vessel is delivered as a set of castings to be assembled on-site. As a general rule, factory assembly is much more cost-effective and the packaged boiler is the preferred option for domestic use. Part-assembled deliveries are only used when necessary because of access limitations - e.g. when the only access to a basement installation site is down a narrow flight of stairs.
530:(heat-resistant bricks) inside the firebox to direct the flow of hot flue gasses up into the top of the firebox before it flowed into the fire tubes increased efficiency by equalizing the heat between upper and lower fire tubes. To hold these in place, a metal bracket was used, but to prevent these brackets from burning and eroding away they were built as water tubes, with cool water from the bottom of the boiler moving upwards by convection as it heated, and carrying the heat away before the metal reached its failure temperature.
144:
562:
278:'s "high-pressure" Cornish boiler. This is a long horizontal cylinder with a single large flue containing the fire. The fire itself was on an iron grating placed across this flue, with a shallow ashpan beneath to collect the non-combustible residue. Although considered as low-pressure (perhaps 25 pounds per square inch (170 kPa)) today, the use of a cylindrical boiler shell permitted a higher pressure than the earlier "haystack" boilers of
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31:
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330:(after their inventor, patented in 1848), crosswise water tubes across the flue, thus increasing the heated surface area. As these are short tubes of large diameter and the boiler continues to use a relatively low pressure, this is still not considered to be a water-tube boiler. The tubes are tapered, simply to make their installation through the flue easier.
792:
inspected by sighting through the plug holes, with a particular check paid to the integrity of the firetubes, firebox crown and stays and absence of pitting or cracking of the boiler plates. The gauge glass cocks and tubes and fusible plug should be cleared of scale; if the core of the fusible plug shows signs of calcination the item should be replaced.
727:
actively fired, which excludes standing losses. The higher seasonal efficiency is partly because the lower boiler temperature used to condense the flue gas reduces standing losses during the off cycle. The lower boiler temperature precludes a condensing steam boiler and requires lower radiator temperatures in water systems.
791:
is then jetted or scraped from the interior surfaces using a high-pressure water jet and rods of soft metal, such as copper. Areas particularly susceptible to scale buildup, such as the firebox crown and narrow water spaces around the firebox, are given special attention. The inside of the boiler is
495:
Extensively used by
Britain, before and in the early days of ironclads, the only protected place was below the waterline, sometimes under an armoured deck, so to fit below short decks, the tubes were not led back above the furnace but continued straight from it with keeping the combustion chamber in
1183:
Fireside corrosion will occur when the flue gases are cooled below the dew point and come in contact with carbon steel pressure vessel. To avoid corrosion, the heating systems should be designed to operate in a way that ensures a minimum return water temperature of 150 F to the boiler. (Note: It is
730:
The higher efficiency of operating in the condensing region isn't always available. To produce satisfactory domestic hot water frequently requires boiler water temperature higher than allows effective condensing on the heat exchanger surface. During cold weather the building's radiator surface area
726:
Condensing boilers have a higher seasonal efficiency, typically 84% to 92%, than non-condensing boilers typically 70% to 75%. The seasonal efficiency is an overall efficiency of the boiler over the entire heating season as opposed to the combustion efficiency which is the boiler's efficiency when
548:
In homage to the
Lancashire design, modern shell boilers can come with a twin furnace design. A more recent development has been the reverse flame design where the burner fires into a blind furnace and the combustion gasses double back on themselves. This results in a more compact design and less
504:
The immersion fired boiler is a single-pass fire-tube boiler that was developed by
Sellers Engineering in the 1940s. It has only firetubes, functioning as a furnace and combustion chamber also, with multiple burner nozzles injecting premixed air and natural gas under pressure. It claims reduced
126:
in the horizontal "locomotive" form. This has a cylindrical barrel containing the fire tubes, but also has an extension at one end to house the "firebox". This firebox has an open base to provide a large grate area and often extends beyond the cylindrical barrel to form a rectangular or tapered
672:
Common provisions are to provide a primary piping loop with pump(s) and a secondary piping loop with pump(s); and either a variable speed controlled pump to transfer water from the primary loop to the secondary loop, or a 3-way valve to divert water from the secondary loop to the primary loop.
557:
The term "package" boiler evolved in the early- to mid-20th century; it is used to describe residential heating boilers delivered to the installation site with all insulation, electrical panels, valves, gauges, and fuel burners already assembled by the manufacturer. Other delivery methods more
416:
and some other steam road vehicles. The inherent strength of the boiler means it is used as the basis for the vehicle: all the other components, including the wheels, are mounted on brackets attached to the boiler. It is rare to find superheaters designed into this type of boiler, and they are
779:
The working life of a locomotive boiler is considerably extended if it is spared from a constant cycle of cooling and heating. Historically, a locomotive would be kept “in steam” continuously for a period of about eight to ten days, and then allowed to cool sufficiently for a hot-water boiler
722:
Condensing boilers can be 2% or more efficient at lower firing rates by extracting the heat of vaporization from the water vapor in the flue gases. The efficiency increase depends on the fuel and the available energy to be recovered as a fraction of the total. Methane flue gas containing more
352:
The Scotch marine boiler differs dramatically from its predecessors in using a large number of small-diameter tubes. This gives a far greater heating surface area for the volume and weight. The furnace remains a single large-diameter tube with the many small tubes arranged above it. They are
803:
may be reused; special instructions are in force for the disposal of these harmful materials. Many boilers today make use of high temperature synthetics for the gaskets for both working environments and in preservation service as these materials are safer than the historic options. At large
624:
automobile had several hundred tubes which were weaker than the outer shell of the boiler, making an explosion virtually impossible as the tubes would fail and leak long before the boiler exploded. In nearly 100 years since
Stanley boilers were first produced, not one has ever exploded.
731:
is usually not large enough to deliver enough heat at low boiler temperatures so the boiler's control raises the boiler temperature as required to meet heating demand. These two factors account for most of the variability of the efficiency gains experienced at different installations.
1184:
important to verify the return water temperature with the manufacturer's literature to avoid corrosion.) All heating components should be selected to operate with a minimum supply water temperature of 170 F, assuming 20 F differential temperature across supply and return water lines.
353:
connected together through a combustion chamber – an enclosed volume contained entirely within the boiler shell – so that the flow of flue gas through the firetubes is from back to front. An enclosed smokebox covering the front of these tubes leads upwards to the
107:. Their advantage over flued boilers with a single large flue is that the many small tubes offer far greater heating surface area for the same overall boiler volume. The general construction is as a tank of water penetrated by tubes that carry the hot
780:
washout. The schedule for express engines was based on mileage. Today's preserved locomotives are not usually kept continuously in steam and the recommended washout interval is now fifteen to thirty days, but anything up to 180 days is possible.
832:
removed. All firetubes are removed for checking or replacement. All fittings are removed for overhaul. Before returning to use a qualified examiner will check the boiler's fitness for service and issue a safety certificate valid for ten years.
681:
A minimum return water temperature of 130 °F (54 °C) to 150 °F (66 °C) to the boiler, depending on the specific design, is used to avoid condensing water vapor from the flue gas and dissolving
486:
Horizontal return tubular boiler (HRT) has a horizontal cylindrical shell, containing several horizontal flue tubes, with the fire located directly below the boiler's shell, usually within a brickwork setting
723:
available energy to recover than propane or fuel oil relatively less. The condensed water is corrosive due to dissolved carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides from the flue and must be neutralized before disposal.
604:
over the firebox melt at a temperature lower than that of the firebox plates, thereby warning the operators by the noisy escape of steam if the water level is too low to cool the firebox crown safely.
1286:
812:
Typically an annual inspection, this would require the removal and check of external fittings, such as the injectors, safety valves and pressure gauge. High-pressure copper pipework can suffer from
297:-built chamber. Flue gases were routed through this, outside the iron boiler shell, after passing through the fire-tube and so to a chimney that was now placed at the front face of the boiler.
787:
while some pressure remains in the boiler, then the draining away of all the boiler water through the “mudholes” at the base of the firebox and the removal of all the “washout plugs”.
518:
Fire-tube boilers sometimes have water-tubes as well, to increase the heating surface. A Cornish boiler may have several water-tubes across the diameter of the flue (this is common in
663:
At Non-Condensing
Boilers make provisions so that minimum return water temperature of 130 °F (54 °C) to 150 °F (66 °C) to the boiler to avoid fireside corrosion.
155:
to produce hot combustion gases. The firebox is surrounded by a cooling jacket of water connected to the long, cylindrical boiler shell. The hot gases are directed along a series of
775:
Cutaway of locomotive boiler. Note the narrow water spaces around the firebox and the "mudhole" for access to the crown sheet: these areas require special attention during washout
1673:
795:
On reassembly care should be taken that the threaded plugs are replaced in their original holes: the tapers can vary as a result of rethreading. The mudhole door gaskets, if of
583:
Because the fire-flume boiler itself is the pressure vessel, it requires a number of safety features to prevent mechanical failure. Boiler steam explosions, which are a type of
804:
maintenance facilities the boiler would have been both washed and refilled with very hot water from an external supply to bring the locomotive back to service more quickly.
323:
in 1844, from a theoretical consideration of the thermodynamics of more efficient boilers that led him to increase the furnace grate area relative to the volume of water.
1231:
642:
is usually lower until steady state conditions prevail. When the fire stops the warm chimney continues to draw additional air from the interior space until it cools.
610:, or ties, physically link the firebox and boiler casing, preventing them from warping. Since any corrosion is hidden, the stays may have longitudinal holes, called
828:
In the UK the specified maximum interval between full overhauls is ten years. To enable a full inspection the boiler is lifted from the locomotive frame and the
300:
238:) instead of a single large flue. This greatly increased the surface area for heat transfer, allowing steam to be produced at a much higher rate. Without this,
135:
have also been built of the multiple fire-tube type, although these are comparatively rare; most vertical boilers were either flued, or with cross water-tubes.
907:
1389:
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roughly halfway along the top, where it then flows into the large pipe seen running forward. It is then divided into each side and runs downward in the
1666:
337:
Side-section of a Scotch marine boiler: the arrows show direction of flue gas flow; the combustion chamber is on the right, the smokebox on the left.
163:, that penetrate the boiler and heat the water thereby generating saturated ("wet") steam. The steam rises to the highest point of the boiler, the
2548:
649:
Modulating boilers can run longer (at firing rates that match the loads) than the non-modulating boilers (which operate at the full firing rate).
666:
By setting the MINIMUM OFF times at 8 to 15 minutes. For comfort heating loads, short time intervals do not usually trigger occupant complaints.
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By setting the controls (thermostats or controller with temperature sensors) with greater temperature differentials between STOP and START.
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elements, where present. Forced draught is provided in the locomotive boiler by injecting exhausted steam back into the exhaust via a
851:
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428:. In this case, however, heavy girder frames make up the load-bearing chassis of the vehicle, and the boiler is attached to this.
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466:(VFT), colloquially known as the "vertical boiler", has a vertical cylindrical shell, containing several vertical flue tubes.
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2388:
2197:
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and the heads of the firebox stays should be checked for leaks. The correct operation of the boiler fittings, especially the
534:
1214:
369:
1841:
921:
1281:
2227:
2217:
1107:"Taco Radiant Made Easy Application Guide – Setpoint Temperature: Variable Speed Injection Circulators – March 1, 2004"
319:
The
Lancashire boiler is similar to the Cornish, but has two large flues containing the fires. It was the invention of
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2285:
2266:
2257:
2141:
1753:
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Certain railway locomotive boilers are tapered from a larger diameter at the firebox end to a smaller diameter at the
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or funnel. Typical Scotch boilers had a pair of furnaces, larger ones had three. Above this size, such as for large
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2035:
1502:
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The fire-tube boiler developed as the third of the four major historical types of boilers: low-pressure tank or "
80:, in which hot gases pass from a fire through one or more tubes running through a sealed container of water. The
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2293:
1472:
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An intensive schedule of maintenance is needed to keep a high pressure railway steam boiler in safe condition.
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217:, additional draught is supplied by directing exhaust steam from the cylinders into the smokestack through a
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44:(on the left) pass through the tubes in the centre cylindrical section, which is filled with water, to the
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and out of the chimney (stack) at far right. The steam collects along the top of the boiler and in the
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2012:
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2017:
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Not all shell boilers raise steam; some are designed specifically for heating pressurized water.
385:; a horizontal, cylindrical "boiler barrel" containing a large number of small flue-tubes; and a
275:
85:
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was required at the far end of the flue to encourage a good supply of air (oxygen) to the fire.
820:
before refitting. A hydraulic pressure test on the boiler and pipework may also be called for.
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2007:
1989:
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1004:
Marine
Boilers, Their Construction and Working: Dealing More Especially With Tubulous Boilers
127:
enclosure. The horizontal fire-tube boiler is also typical of marine applications, using the
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1969:
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225:. Modern industrial boilers use fans to provide forced or induced draughting of the boiler.
131:; thus, these boilers are commonly referred to as "scotch-marine" or "marine" type boilers.
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182:, back through the larger flues at the top of the boiler, to dry the steam and heat it to
132:
116:
96:
1117:
1002:
204:
for firetube boilers, particularly in marine applications, is usually provided by a tall
474:
103:
with one or two large flues, fire-tube boilers with many small tubes, and high-pressure
30:
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1984:
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198:, and may be used to pre-heat the feed water to increase the efficiency of the boiler.
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thermal stresses, and lacks refractory brickwork completely due to its construction.
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Each time a boiler cycles off and on, it can lose efficiency. When the fire starts
600:
592:
409:
393:, for the exhaust gases. The boiler barrel contains larger flue-tubes to carry the
256:
187:
100:
35:
759:, should be confirmed. Steam pressure should be raised to the level at which the
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in use and become dangerously brittle: it may be necessary to treat these by
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1038:
1030:
519:
218:
1287:
BS EN 12953 is the relevant contemporary standard, which supersedes BS2790.
966:
980:
176:
In the locomotive boiler, the saturated steam is very often passed into a
2091:
1630:
1569:
796:
756:
526:. As firebox technology developed, it was found that placing a baffle of
437:
386:
1158:
788:
390:
354:
287:
195:
1292:
US Patent 5558046 – fire-tube boiler suitable for ash-containing fuels
2207:
1944:
1327:
222:
73:
440:
end. This reduces weight and improves water circulation. Many later
417:
generally much smaller (and simpler) than railway locomotive types.
533:
Another technique for increasing the heating surface is to include
56:(at the rear of the smoke box), where it is then admitted into the
1726:
770:
584:
565:
Kewanee Gas-Fired
Packaged Fire-Tube Boiler from 1974 rated at 25
560:
522:). A locomotive boiler with a wide firebox may have arch tubes or
473:
425:
368:
332:
299:
294:
142:
89:
29:
1245:– via Association of Tourist & Heritage Rail Australia.
1142:
1140:
1138:
119:—and this cylindrical tank may be either horizontal or vertical.
1651:
800:
587:(Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion), can be devastating.
194:
to produce mechanical work. Exhaust gases are fed out through a
81:
1655:
1300:
381:
A locomotive boiler has three main components: a double-walled
84:
of the gases is transferred through the walls of the tubes by
1282:
Picture gallery showing boiler internal features and defects.
763:
lift and compared with the indication of the pressure gauge.
448:
locomotives were designed or modified to take taper boilers.
293:
For efficiency, the boiler was commonly encased beneath by a
1222:. Vol. Railway Safety Publication 6 (Second ed.).
115:
for the most part—being the strongest practical shape for a
420:
The locomotive-type boiler is also a characteristic of the
1296:
186:. The superheated steam is directed to the steam engine's
596:
release steam before a dangerous pressure can be built up
147:
Schematic diagram of a "locomotive" type fire-tube boiler
1007:. Translated by Robertson, Leslie S. (Second ed.).
616:, drilled in them which leak before they become unsafe.
910:. 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009.
714:, a corrosive fluid that damages the heat exchanger.
537:
inside the boiler tubes (also known as Serve tubes).
478:
Horizontal return tubular boilers from the
Staatsbad
169:, where it is collected. The dome is the site of the
1089:"PARR-Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit"
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2420:
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1334:
255:For more details on the related ancestor type, see
242:could never have developed effectively as powerful
151:In the locomotive-type boiler, fuel is burnt in a
361:, it was more usual to install multiple boilers.
234:was large numbers of small-diameter firetubes (a
173:that controls the exit of steam from the boiler.
1209:
1207:
1205:
620:The fire-tube type boiler that was used in the
122:This type of boiler was used on virtually all
1667:
1312:
8:
1149:"Boiler systems: Economics and efficiencies"
1064:"Steam Boilers - SPS Immersion Fired Series"
908:Museum of Science & Industry, Manchester
677:Fireside corrosion in non-condensing boilers
88:, heating the water and ultimately creating
2323:
2262:
1949:
1731:
1674:
1660:
1652:
1319:
1305:
1297:
1216:The Management Of Steam Locomotive Boilers
655:By using non-condensing modulating boiler.
274:The earliest form of fire-tube boiler was
38:locomotive. Hot flue gases created in the
404:Locomotive-type boilers are also used in
2549:Glossary of steam locomotive components
852:"Making "The Rocket" Fly - Marc Seguin"
842:
652:By using condensing modulating boilers.
424:, the steam-powered fore-runner of the
1257:"Cleaning and inspecting a locomotive"
913:
799:, should be renewed but those made of
282:day. As the furnace relied on natural
7:
1237:from the original on 6 February 2021
856:Eiffel’s Paris - an Engineer’s Guide
446:London, Midland and Scottish Railway
943:: Model & Allied Publications.
880:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
645:Excessive cycling can be minimized
111:from the fire. The tank is usually
2401:National Museum of Scotland engine
34:Sectioned fire-tube boiler from a
25:
1173:from the original on 29 June 2020
1147:Tabrizi, Dominic (19 June 2012).
491:Admiralty-type direct tube boiler
208:. In all steam locomotives since
2583:List of steam technology patents
470:Horizontal return tubular boiler
935:Harris, Karl N. (1 June 1967).
876:"Steam Generation in Canneries"
2568:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2554:History of steam road vehicles
1560:Internally rifled boiler tubes
1154:Consulting-Specifying Engineer
937:Model Boilers and Boilermaking
850:Nuttle, William (2020-12-30).
1:
2495:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1199:, Virtue and Company, London.
706:from the flue gasses forming
228:Another major advance in the
2218:Return connecting rod engine
1197:Locomotives, seventh edition
304:Lancashire boiler in Germany
2142:Condensing steam locomotive
2645:
2449:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
783:The process starts with a
629:Economics and efficiencies
576:
455:
345:
312:
267:
2455:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2124:Single- and double-acting
920:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
464:vertical fire-tube boiler
452:Vertical fire-tube boiler
326:Later developments added
2294:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1093:Gas Technology Institute
2598:Timeline of steam power
2593:Stationary steam engine
2476:Woolf's compound engine
2383:Soho Manufactory engine
2238:Steeple compound engine
1905:straight line mechanism
1228:Office of Rail and Road
1013:D. Van Nostrand Company
221:, to provide a partial
2603:Water-returning engine
2577:Lean's Engine Reporter
2350:Chacewater Mine engine
2223:Six-column beam engine
776:
569:
500:Immersion fired boiler
483:
378:
338:
305:
148:
65:
2443:London Steam Carriage
1529:Electric water boiler
1524:Electric steam boiler
1151:. BOILERS, CHILLERS.
774:
757:water feed mechanisms
747:The tube plates, the
640:combustion efficiency
573:Safety considerations
564:
477:
442:Great Western Railway
372:
346:Further information:
336:
313:Further information:
303:
268:Further information:
146:
117:pressurized container
33:
2389:Bradley Works engine
2213:Reciprocating engine
2036:Babcock & Wilcox
1879:Centrifugal governor
1448:Babcock & Wilcox
1123:on February 16, 2017
808:Periodic examination
422:overtype steam wagon
373:Worker tending to a
348:Scotch marine boiler
342:Scotch marine boiler
236:multi-tubular boiler
190:or very rarely to a
76:invented in 1828 by
1930:Sun and planet gear
1277:A locomotive boiler
999:Bertin, Louis-Émile
901:"Lancashire Boiler"
286:(air flow), a tall
2430:Richard Trevithick
2028:Water-tube boilers
1842:Gresley conjugated
1604:Boiler peripherals
1440:Water-tube boilers
1195:Bell, A M (1957):
777:
718:Condensing boilers
570:
484:
379:
339:
306:
276:Richard Trevithick
149:
105:water-tube boilers
86:thermal conduction
66:
2624:Fire-tube boilers
2611:
2610:
2537:
2536:
2416:
2415:
2100:
2099:
2000:Fire-tube boilers
1855:
1854:
1649:
1648:
1543:Boiler components
1382:Fire-tube boilers
634:Excessive cycling
401:in the smokebox.
365:Locomotive boiler
321:William Fairbairn
315:Lancashire boiler
309:Lancashire boiler
240:steam locomotives
184:superheated steam
124:steam locomotives
16:(Redirected from
2636:
2629:Locomotive parts
2561:fardier Ă vapeur
2395:Whitbread Engine
2356:Smethwick Engine
2324:
2263:
2082:Feedwater heater
1950:
1732:
1676:
1669:
1662:
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1621:Feedwater heater
1534:Electrode boiler
1517:Electric boilers
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1066:. Archived from
1060:
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1050:Internet Archive
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939:(New ed.).
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824:General overhaul
743:Daily inspection
705:
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703:
693:
692:
691:
579:Boiler explosion
535:internal rifling
414:portable engines
406:traction engines
133:Vertical boilers
70:fire-tube boiler
21:
18:Fire tube boiler
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2301:Fairbottom Bobs
2286:Newcomen engine
2280:
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2198:Expansion valve
2171:
2157:Watt's separate
2128:
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2070:
2022:
1994:
1939:
1915:Parallel motion
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1802:Stephenson link
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981:"SHONAS WRECKS"
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622:Stanley Steamer
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524:thermic syphons
516:
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458:Vertical boiler
454:
375:Shay locomotive
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2110:
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2087:Feedwater pump
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2002:
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1982:
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1953:Simple boilers
1947:
1941:
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1932:
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1633:
1628:
1626:Feedwater pump
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:Thermic siphon
1587:
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1335:Simple boilers
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1323:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
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1284:
1279:
1272:
1271:External links
1269:
1266:
1265:
1248:
1201:
1188:
1134:
1098:
1080:
1055:
1022:978-0342330232
1021:
990:
972:
950:978-0852423776
949:
927:
892:
867:
841:
840:
838:
835:
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822:
814:work hardening
809:
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553:Package boiler
551:
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520:steam launches
515:
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489:
471:
468:
456:Main article:
453:
450:
434:
433:
366:
363:
343:
340:
328:Galloway tubes
310:
307:
270:Cornish boiler
265:
264:Cornish boiler
262:
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140:
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27:Type of boiler
26:
24:
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2436:Puffing Devil
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2422:High-pressure
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2248:Working fluid
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1611:Air preheater
1609:
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1115:
1114:taco-hvac.com
1108:
1102:
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1070:on 2011-07-15
1069:
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773:
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762:
761:safety valves
758:
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732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
713:
712:sulfuric acid
709:
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623:
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606:
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602:
601:Fusible plugs
598:
595:
594:
593:Safety valves
590:
589:
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572:
568:
563:
559:
552:
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544:Reverse flame
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129:Scotch boiler
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101:flued boilers
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72:is a type of
71:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
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37:
32:
19:
2588:Modern steam
2575:
2560:
2522:Porter-Allen
2501:
2435:
2362:
2342:
2299:
2233:Safety valve
2162:"Pickle-pot"
2056:Thimble tube
1999:
1616:Boiler water
1565:Safety valve
1555:Fusible plug
1493:Thimble tube
1381:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1215:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1175:. Retrieved
1152:
1127:November 17,
1125:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1113:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1058:
1048:– via
1042:. Retrieved
1003:
993:
985:www.bevs.org
984:
975:
936:
930:
895:
883:. Retrieved
879:
870:
859:. Retrieved
855:
845:
827:
811:
794:
782:
778:
753:water gauges
749:fusible plug
746:
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729:
725:
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644:
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599:
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582:
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485:
461:
435:
432:Taper boiler
419:
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380:
351:
327:
325:
318:
292:
273:
254:
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244:prime movers
235:
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210:Stephenson's
200:
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156:
150:
121:
94:
69:
67:
61:
60:by means of
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
36:DRB Class 50
2319:Watt engine
2119:Oscillating
2075:Boiler feed
1920:Plate chain
1899:Tusi couple
1812:Walschaerts
1697:Atmospheric
1641:Superheater
1595:Water gauge
1453:Corner tube
735:Maintenance
514:Water tubes
395:superheater
359:steam ships
179:superheater
113:cylindrical
99:" boilers,
78:Mark Seguin
54:steam chest
2618:Categories
2528:Ljungström
2514:High-speed
2407:Lap Engine
2363:Resolution
2267:Precursors
2152:Kirchweger
2114:Locomotive
2061:Three-drum
2041:Field-tube
2008:Locomotive
1990:Lancashire
1910:Link chain
1894:Crankshaft
1861:Mechanisms
1789:Valve gear
1585:Steam drum
1580:Steam dome
1498:Three-drum
1458:Field-tube
1425:Transverse
1410:Locomotive
1367:Lancashire
1074:2011-06-21
861:2023-09-05
837:References
785:“blowdown”
613:tell-tales
577:See also:
567:horsepower
549:pipework.
528:firebricks
509:Variations
480:Bad Steben
399:blast pipe
280:Newcomen's
206:smokestack
166:steam dome
157:fire tubes
109:flue gases
50:steam dome
2559:Cugnot's
2502:Salamanca
2203:Hydrolock
2188:Crosshead
2134:Condenser
1970:Egg-ended
1352:Egg-ended
1230:. 2007 .
1167:0892-5046
1039:32577492M
1001:(2018) .
959:821813643
818:annealing
219:blastpipe
188:cylinders
171:regulator
139:Operation
58:cylinders
2542:See also
2468:Compound
2343:Old Bess
2183:Blowback
2106:Cylinder
2092:Injector
2051:Stirling
2046:Sentinel
1960:Haystack
1874:Cataract
1847:Southern
1837:Caprotti
1712:Compound
1631:Injector
1570:Smokebox
1503:Vertical
1488:Stirling
1478:Sentinel
1473:Monotube
1430:Vertical
1362:Haystack
1232:Archived
1171:Archived
1031:30660489
1009:New York
967:8281488M
916:cite web
885:25 March
797:asbestos
708:carbonic
438:smokebox
387:smokebox
97:haystack
46:smokebox
2258:History
2167:Surface
1985:Cornish
1945:Boilers
1827:Corliss
1764:Corliss
1747:D slide
1717:Uniflow
1707:Cornish
1550:Firebox
1400:Haycock
1390:Cochran
1347:Cornish
1328:Boilers
1262:YouTube
1241:28 June
1177:28 June
1159:Chicago
1044:28 June
830:lagging
767:Washout
391:chimney
383:firebox
377:boiler.
355:chimney
288:chimney
284:draught
202:Draught
196:chimney
192:turbine
153:firebox
41:firebox
2570:(1784)
2564:(1769)
2530:(1908)
2524:(1862)
2505:(1812)
2497:(1805)
2487:Murray
2478:(1803)
2457:(1804)
2451:(1803)
2445:(1803)
2439:(1801)
2409:(1788)
2403:(1786)
2397:(1785)
2391:(1783)
2385:(1782)
2366:(1781)
2358:(1779)
2352:(1778)
2346:(1777)
2338:(1768)
2310:(1795)
2304:(1760)
2296:(1725)
2277:(1698)
2243:Stroke
2208:Piston
2193:Cutoff
2066:Yarrow
2018:Launch
2013:Scotch
1774:Sleeve
1769:Poppet
1754:Piston
1735:Valves
1727:Valves
1508:Yarrow
1483:Spiral
1468:LaMont
1420:Scotch
1415:Pistol
1405:Launch
1165:
1037:
1029:
1019:
965:
957:
947:
231:Rocket
223:vacuum
214:Rocket
74:boiler
62:valves
2176:Other
1980:Flued
1965:Wagon
1889:Crank
1832:Lentz
1822:Baker
1817:Allan
1742:Slide
1463:Flash
1372:Wagon
1357:Flued
1235:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
789:Scale
608:Stays
585:BLEVE
426:truck
389:with
295:brick
250:Types
161:flues
159:, or
90:steam
2328:Beam
1869:Beam
1779:Bash
1759:Drop
1702:Watt
1575:Stay
1243:2021
1179:2021
1163:ISSN
1129:2016
1046:2021
1027:OCLC
1017:ISBN
955:OCLC
945:ISBN
922:link
887:2018
801:lead
755:and
710:and
694:and
482:GmbH
444:and
82:heat
2147:Jet
1975:Box
1807:Joy
1797:Gab
1342:Box
1260:on
2620::
1226::
1204:^
1181:.
1169:.
1161:.
1157:.
1137:^
1112:.
1091:.
1035:OL
1033:.
1025:.
1015:.
1011::
983:.
963:OL
961:.
953:.
918:}}
914:{{
906:.
878:.
854:.
696:SO
684:CO
462:A
412:,
408:,
246:.
92:.
68:A
1675:e
1668:t
1661:v
1320:e
1313:t
1306:v
1131:.
1095:.
1077:.
1052:.
987:.
969:.
924:)
889:.
864:.
701:2
689:2
259:.
64:.
20:)
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