1249:& vpon Sheathe Heathe att the west end of the said Towne, Sr Thomas Aston havinge taken the advantage of the said ground & wynde, & planted his ordnance, sett upon him". Thomas sent a party of dragoons and horse under Captain Spotswood to give an alarm at Northwich, presumably to draw off some of Brereton's force. The captain, however, disobeyed orders and engaged the enemy and as a result Brereton's forces were able to establish themselves in one street leading into the town. In another street Captain Prestwich and his men were caught unawares by the enemy but were able to rally and drive back the enemy horse and rescue some prisoners. He stopped at a bridge and managed to hold off the enemy until the foot soldiers arrived. Waring Bridge was also approached by the enemy so Aston sent Prestwich and his troop to aid Captain Massie's company of foot. In this way Aston was able to hold off the enemy until about 09:00 or 10:00 a.m. when the Nantwich force arrived "so resolutely and with such undauntedness of spirit." About 800 foot and 300 horse came down Booth Lane and entered into Newton at the south end of the town, where Aston had placed "a good Brasse peece of ordnance" and two trained bands of 200 men who were "well advantaged by ditches and bankes on both sides." Aston withdrew a troop of horse under the command of Captain Bridgeman from the Northwich approach to check the advance of the Nantwich force. The rest of his horse he held back behind the foot, "there being noe other ground for horse", apart from a force of about 60 to attack the enemy. His plan was to line the hedge with about 100 musketeers so that the enemy could not take advantage of the ditches on both sides of the lane to attack the charging horse.
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enemy musketeers on both sides of the lane. On the west side of the town the troop of horse, under Mayor Thomas Holme, were managing to hold off the
Parliamentarians despite the fact that Bridgeman's troop had been withdrawn to defend the southern entrance. However, when Sergeant Major Gilmore ordered his foot to retreat the horse were outflanked by enemy musketeers on either side of the lane behind the hedges where the horse could not charge. They were therefore forced back into the town. The street was defended by musketeers behind a breastwork but they ran away after blindly firing once. Similarly the foot soldiers guarding Waring Bridge were ordered to retreat and the Parliamentarians were able to enter the town from there. Meanwhile, the horse on the Nantwich approach were pulled back to allow the use of the cannon that Ellice had drawn up.
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retreat to the high street. Aston himself went to the churchyard expecting it to be defended as he had ordered. Instead he found all the foot soldiers in the church and he could not "draw out ten musqueteers out of the church would it have saved the world." Relying on his two cannon to cover two streets, Aston ordered his cavalry, being exposed to the advancing enemy on three sides, to regroup in a field at one end of the town. However, their way was blocked by a barricade erected by
Spotswood and they became separated and were unable to regroup until they were well past Kinderton House.
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1036:, raise forces of horse and foot there, and then defend Cheshire against the Parliamentary force that was heading to the county from London under the leadership of Brereton. He was also to seize arms and ammunition for the King's use and "put into execution the laws and customs martial upon all offenders.....for the better preventing of disorders, plunderings and outrages which are often committed by soldiers." He was told to achieve this and return to the main army by 15 March unless he received orders to the contrary.
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Commissioners of Array that he had expected. This lack of proper support continued over the next four or five weeks. An agreement was made to raise a contribution in the county to pay the soldiers but most was paid to the upkeep of the
Chester garrison, not to Aston's regiment or to the trained bands. The Royalist leaders were never able to agree to a unified command which meant that they were never able to field an army that would outnumber Brereton's force. There was a force of 2,000 men at
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Cheshire but to rouse and organize the
Parliamentary sympathizers in it. He had with him the cadre of a foot regiment, a case of drakes (small cannons about 7½ feet long) and 700 muskets in his baggage train as well as an experienced Scottish professional, Major James Lothian, to train recruits. He had wide powers to construct fortifications and raise more men and was to finance the whole enterprise by voluntary payment and
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leave anyone to control the horses which bolted into the fields and were taken by the
Royalists for charging cavalry. The confusion was added to when some Parliamentarians loaded and fired one of the drakes. This does not seem to have caused any injury but the flash and the roar amid the general confusion frightened the Royalists so much "that they weire all scattered and quyte Rowted".
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they lie without fire or light and now through extremities are so diseased, they are ready to give up the ghost." but does not state the source of the quote. Also John Vicars (see Online
Sources below) stated that Brereton during the siege of Nantwich in 1644 "won a most famous Victory of the Lord Capell and the Lord Byron.....and Sir Thomas Aston also"
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Thomas believed that Lord
Brereton's presence in Middlewich led to the attack by the Parliamentarians because they wanted to prevent the Royalists from joining forces. Sir William Brereton however, in his account of the battle, made it clear that he attacked because he believed a Royalist presence in Middlewich posed too much of a threat to be ignored.
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Parliamentarians at
Nantwich. According to the Commissioners of Array the Whitchurch force was not ordered to threaten Nantwich. In any case the forces there had been disbanded. Aston's fears were well founded as Brereton arranged to meet the Nantwich forces at six o'clock the next morning and to make a joint attack on Middlewich.
1309:"It is the plain truth, the enemy having no diversion, but att liberty with their full power to fall on us from all parts, were much too hard for us in a place not defensible. And without some more experienced foot officers, I must freely say no number will be found sufficient to withstand ready men."
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By the end of the spring
Parliamentary forces, with Brereton as commander-in-chief, controlled five of the seven Hundreds of Cheshire. From this time on through to February 1646, when the last remaining Royalist base at Chester surrendered to him, the county was dominated by Brereton and he proved to
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On the morning of Monday 13 March the
Nantwich forces had not arrived at the appointed time so Brereton decided to attack with his cavalry and about 200 musketeers ("our greatest force of foot being at Nantwich"). He "with the best forces hee had theire came early in the mornynge backe to Midlewiche,
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In order to confer with Lord Brereton and also the sheriff's desire to "sumon the countrey with theire contribucon and assistance, necessitated a ioynt consent to stay there on Monday." Realising the danger posed by this decision Aston asked that the governor use the Whitchurch forces to threaten the
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on the evening of 27 January with his own troop of horse and three companies of dragoons. Although he was joined in Congleton by the former mayor, William Edwards, with another troop of horse, his whole force could not have amounted to more than about 500 men. His mission, however, was not to conquer
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where it would have been possible to retreat to Warrington if necessary. In his account of the battle of Middlewich, Aston did not say why he came to Middlewich on 11 March but explained that he had no wish to linger there. He realized the dangers of staying in an open town with enemy forces at both
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Aston set out for Middlewich on Friday 10 March. His progress was delayed that night when his men, who had yet to be paid, mutinied. Apparently the money and provisions were issued on Saturday but it was so late that Aston had to leave two troops of horse in the forest to guard it - "though they lay
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and so whoever controlled Cheshire controlled the north – south corridor. For the Parliament, the control of Cheshire would mean separating the King's northern supporters from the King and his army at Oxford. It could also stop the King from bringing in reinforcements from his Irish army through the
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behind a breastwork further back ran away and "all the musqueteers placed for the defence of the street ende quit their trenches, having never seen the enemy or cause of feare, but their fellows flying." Aston, however, held his cavalry firm until Ellice could draw off his cannon and then ordered a
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and, although he claimed the skirmish as a draw, his distance from Nantwich and his appeals for reinforcements indicates that the skirmish was a defeat for the Royalists, likely due to his men being exhausted after the long march from Oxford and that he did not receive the support from the Cheshire
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totalling about 500 men. Despite his superiority of numbers Aston failed to take the town and at dusk he retreated eastwards down Hospital Street. In a narrow lane his force met the remainder of Brereton's force and confusion was the result. A company of Brereton's dragoons dismounted but failed to
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and "the other of the subscribers for Horse in Cheshire" telling them to deliver their horses into the charge of Aston who was to bring the forces raised to Shrewsbury to join with the main body of the army. Charles made it unnecessary for Aston to leave for Shrewsbury as he instead came to Chester
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During the Civil War in 1644 Sir Thomas Aston's men exercised "all manor of outrages and intollerable taxes. They plundered Weaverham and the country about, carried off old men out of their houses, bound them together, tyde them to a cart and rove them through mire and water to that dungeon, where
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In the maze of streets Aston lost contact with his cavalry, apart from a few stragglers, and had little hope of turning the disaster into success especially as the Parliamentarians had now taken the church. With it they captured Ellice, Gilmore, Moseley, ten captains and other officers, 400 common
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on the west side of town and put a cannon in the churchyard to cover the street. A company of musketeers and two trained bands were brought up to hold off the advancing Nantwich force. These musketeers lay down in the ditches as soon as they came to Ellice's cannon and it was all Aston could do to
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intending to go on to Lord Brereton and collect his force. The cavalry were, however, beyond recall and so Aston went on his own to give an account of the battle and to see if Lord Brereton was still willing to support him. Finding that he was, Aston returned to Whitchurch to raise the Shropshire
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Brereton, wanting to "annoy" the enemy, set out with two or three companies of dragoons to give alarm at Middlewich. He had no intention of attacking but wanted to harass the Royalists. In the meantime Lord Brereton had not done as Aston requested but instead came to Middlewich to confer further.
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The Parliamentary force, on finding the lane so well defended, took to the fields on either side of the lane. The Royalist horse could not charge because of the hedges and the musketeers deserted as soon as the first shots were fired at them. The horse was therefore outflanked and cut off by the
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He approached Nantwich on 28 January. not just "to releave the town, beinge in greate danger to be plundered and destroyed by the Kings Armye and Commissioners of Array", but also because it offered the only alternative to Chester as a county headquarters. It had sufficient wealth and housing to
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The Parliamentarians meanwhile had become encouraged by the inaccurate fire of the cannon and they charged the Royalist foot who promptly ran away, leaving Aston's cavalry exposed and unable to charge because of a large ditch. They therefore drew off to a safer position. Seeing this, a body of
1282:"The enimy falling directly in three streets upon me, and discharging upon me in the church-yard, the horse marched out of sight. I alone, all I could possibly hope to doe was to rally the horse again if possible, to wheel about, and to fall in the rear of them"
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to Cheshire were ordered to provide food and lodgings for his men. The Cheshire Commissioners of Array were also given explicit orders as to what they should do to help Aston. The King explained to them that, as the Parliamentarians had rejected the
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When Aston arrived in Shropshire he found that there were only 60 dragoons instead of the 600 promised. The authorities promised him another 200 and so he decided to wait for two days before moving on to Cheshire. During this time he was ordered to
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and Nantwich. Brereton, who was recruiting in Northwich, commented on the boldness of the Royalists for camping at Middlewich. He believed it resulted from overconfidence in their ability to win over the county and rid it of the Parliamentarians.
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get them up to the hedges with the other musketeers by riding among them "and with my sword I beat them up." This served no purpose because the soldiers would not lift their heads to see where to fire but instead shot their muskets into the air.
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be a dynamic war-time leader not just militarily but also politically and administratively. According to professor Ives, because of the importance of Cheshire, Brereton "had more influence on the outcome of the First English Civil War than
1369:. In 1646, when peace returned and his control over Cheshire came to an end, Brereton moved south to become an active London-based MP and politician. As a reward for his services he received the chief forestership of the Forest of
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soldiers, weapons for 500 men, two barrels of matches, four barrels of powder and two cannons. Brereton, therefore, believed that "since the beginning of this unnatural war, God hath not given many more complete victories."
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Returning to the cannon Aston found that one had been deserted and the other being drawn off by a solitary cannoneer. With all the other men, including Ellice, in the church and refusing to come out, Aston was now alone:
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At this time Aston was probably the recognized representative of the King in the county and was able to present the latter with a list of men willing to serve in the King's army. The King decided to base this army at
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to help the sheriff there (perhaps against the Moorlanders who had risen for Parliament). However Aston did not neglect his prime objective and ordered the Cheshire Commissioners of Array to defend
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forces. However, the trained bands there had been disbanded leaving him no alternative but to return to Cheshire, rally his men and await his fate. He summed up his feelings about the battle thus:
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992:, turned to what was virtually recruiting. He found himself opposed by Sir Thomas Aston and all the resident Cheshire nobility and he failed in his attempt to secure Chester for the Parliament.
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The preparations for Aston's march and arrival in Cheshire reveal the King's interest in keeping Cheshire Royalist. The authorities of the areas that Aston was to pass through on his way from
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to Chester then the latter, who was a relative of Sir William Brereton, would provide men for Aston. Although reluctant to linger in Middlewich, Thomas, after consulting with the sheriff,
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and placed under arrest. On 24 March 1646 Aston died of a fever brought on by his various wounds, including a blow to the head received during an unsuccessful attempt to escape.
1356:"I desire the whole praise and glory may be attributed to Almighty God, who infused courage into them that stood for His cause, and struck the enemy with terror and amazement."
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on his way to Cheshire. At the beginning of November he was captured by a Parliamentary force under the command of a certain Captain Stones "att or neere Banke" (possibly near
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and were sending a force to Cheshire, he was sending Aston and his regiment of horse to protect the county. The commissioners were to assemble the trained bands and summon
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1219:, decided it was worth waiting for another day. He therefore sent a letter to Lord Brereton urging him to act immediately even though it meant travelling on a Sunday.
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1340:) along with about 60 Royalists - presumably Cheshire men who had fought in Aston's regiment and who were also returning home. From there he was taken to prison at
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and to inform him of Brereton's progress. Neither order was carried out and Aston was not informed until it was too late to arrive at Nantwich before Brereton.
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In the summer of 1642 came the final split between the King and Parliament and both sides made preparations for raising an army. Throughout the summer the
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plus three cannons. William Brereton sent a strong party of horse from Northwich "who gave them an alarm." Aston had meanwhile received a letter from the
2012:
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Brereton sent ahead 50 dragoons under Lothian to occupy the town and they got there before Aston who had finally been informed of Brereton's progress by
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18:
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Memoirs of The Civil Wars in Wales and the Marches, Document XVII, Sir Thomas Aston's Account to the Commissioners of Array for the County of Chester
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and it was from here that he issued, on 26 September, an order for the seizure of arms and horses from those people who had carried out Parliament's
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1421:, and all other dates in this article use this convention. This is type of dating is the norm in modern articles about the English Civil War. See
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from three directions so Aston ordered a party of Captain Spotswood's dragoons to secure and defend the churchyard. He also placed a guard at the
1762:
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He was withdrawn to Oxford and continued to command a cavalry regiment in the King's field army. In 1644 he fought as a brigadier of cavalry in
1165:. These never combined and it was not until March that the Royalists decided to choose a place in the county "to summon in the King's friends".
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Parliament also realised how important Cheshire was and sent Brereton to raise support for its cause. Geographically Cheshire lies between the
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Memoirs of The Civil Wars in Wales and the Marches, Document XVI, Battle of Middlewich, March 13, 1643 - Sir William Brereton's Account
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in Cheshire. These were to be delivered to Aston who was able to leave with the King at the head of three troops of horse.
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Morrill, John. 'Sir William Brereton and England's Wars of Religion', Journal of British Studies 24 (July 1985); 311 - 332
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to decide on a method of raising money to pay the soldiers. They were also to help Aston raise a regiment of
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1680:"A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 Part 1, the City of Chester: General History and Topography"
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but probably never returned to Cheshire (although at least two sources mention him being there in 1644).
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to Ireland to suppress the rebellion there, Sir William Brereton, the Parliamentary representative in
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of the Hundred of Macclesfield. In 1651 he received the tenancy of the former archbishop's palace at
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Aston arrived at Middlewich with about 500 mounted troops and over 1000 of the trained bands of the
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Hall, J. (ed.). The Civil War in Cheshire, Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Vol 19 (1889)
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and seize arms from "malignants" to arm them. In addition the parishes were to supply them horses.
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and he spent the last nine years of his life commuting between there and his ancestral home at
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accommodate a large garrison and staff and was the centre of a network of roads leading to the
1920:, To the Worldwide Brereton Family Reunion St. Mary's Church, Nantwich, Cheshire, 31 July 2001
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St Michael and All Angels Middlewich, England - scene of the First Battle of Middlewich (1643)
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in danger that night." It is not known why Middlewich was chosen as opposed to the much safer
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in every county. During the confusion caused by the troops waiting to be shipped from
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1032:. Aston's orders were simply stated by Prince Rupert; he was to take his regiment to
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Aston obviously conducted himself satisfactorily in the campaign culminating in the
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The date is adjusted to show the year starting on 1 January but retaining the
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in Cheshire, although he is recorded to have been buried in the churchyard of
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until September or October when he decided to return home. He passed through
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Conflict and Consensus: The Central Regimes and Cheshire, c.1630 - c.1660
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and is presumed to have been buried in the family vault in the church at
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1659:"William Brereton and the Pork Barrel: Travails of Political Ascendancy"
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Memorials of the Civil War in Cheshire and the Adjacent Counties
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had." He suffered his only major defeat in December 1643 at the
1605:(1985). "Sir William Brereton and England's Wars of Religion".
277:
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Brereton declared God responsible for him winning the battle:
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in January 1643 refers to him as a colonel of a regiment of
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and when he arrived there on 20 September 1642 he wrote to
1885:
Morrill, J.S. Revolt of the Provinces (London, 1976, 1980)
1861:
Dore, R.N. The Letter Books of Sir William Brereton (1990)
1591:. Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 213.
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Hulton, Ronald. The Royalist War Effort 1642-1646 (1929)
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1867:. The Outbreak of the English Civil War (London, 1981)
1858:
Dore, R.N. The Civil Wars in Cheshire, (Chester, 1966)
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Northwich, Cheshire, UK. Local Genealogy and History
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1256:The Parliamentarians were advancing towards the
1324:In 1645 Aston served in the West Country under
1300:Aston sent a messenger to rally his cavalry at
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1317:army in the West of England and fought at the
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8:
1917:Lecture on Sir William Brereton of Handforth
1109:upon the rent and goods of local Royalists.
269:Cheshire County and the Battle of Middlewich
1854:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1389:, in Cheshire. He died on 7 April 1661 in
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1678:Lewis, C.P.; Thacker, A.T., eds. (2019).
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48:Battle during the First English Civil War
1979:. Internet Archive. 2009. Archived from
1818:. Internet Archive. 2006. Archived from
1698:. Internet Archive. 2009. Archived from
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936:took place on 13 March 1643, during the
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1410:
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1722:
976:for Parliament attempted to raise the
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1100:Brereton, meanwhile, had ridden into
7:
1692:"Malbon's Memorial of the Civil War"
1495:Malbon’s Memorials of the Civil War.
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1966:Malbon’s Memorials of the Civil War
1931:Cheshire Local History Association
1794:. Internet Archive. Archived from
1769:. Internet Archive. Archived from
1763:"Sir Vincent Corbet, His Dragoons"
251:
223:
14:
2013:Battles of the English Civil Wars
1899:
1851:Dictionary of National Biography
1588:Dictionary of National Biography
1258:St Michael and All Angels church
250:
237:
236:
222:
208:
201:
175:
168:
1425:for more details on this issue.
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1524:Phillips, Document XVII (1874)
1148:Aston turned up eventually at
1:
1551:Phillips, Document XVI (1874)
1423:Old Style and New Style dates
940:, and was fought between the
1953:Appendix for the following:
1761:Pickstock, Stephen (2007).
1399:St John the Baptist, Croyon
1367:Second Battle of Middlewich
2044:
1938:Aston of Aston family tree
1742:(Vol. 2 ed.). London.
1719:(Vol. 2 ed.). London.
1684:BHO British History Online
1608:Journal of British Studies
934:First Battle of Middlewich
54:First Battle of Middlewich
1812:"Welcome to Acton Bridge"
1454:Sir Thomas Aston, 1st Bt.
954:King Charles I of England
315:
163:
150:
133:
66:
58:
2028:17th century in Cheshire
1562:Welcome to Acton Bridge.
1536:Lewis and Thacker (2019)
1319:second Battle of Newbury
1738:Phillips, J.R. (1874).
1715:Phillips, J.R. (1874).
1686:. University of London.
1663:Brereton Family History
938:First English Civil War
307:First English Civil War
189:Location within England
125:Parliamentarian victory
61:First English Civil War
1968:, Retrieved 2009-03-24
1961:, Retrieved 2009-03-24
1944:, Retrieved 2009-03-24
1933:, Retrieved 2009-03-24
1358:
1311:
1284:
1245:
1097:
1020:because an order from
970:Commissioners of Array
151:Commanders and leaders
1845:"Aston, Thomas"
1788:"Major James Lothian"
1786:Scott, Garry (2011).
1578:"Aston, Thomas"
1354:
1307:
1280:
1243:
1117:and London, to North
1095:
698:Gunnislake New Bridge
1798:on 27 September 2011
1773:on 30 September 2007
1348:Sir William Brereton
1096:Sir William Brereton
1088:Skirmish at Nantwich
946:Sir William Brereton
266:class=notpageimage|
186:class=notpageimage|
159:Sir William Brereton
34:53.19266°N 2.44457°W
2018:History of Cheshire
1942:Researchers Network
1205:Governor of Chester
102: /
30: /
1983:on 26 October 2009
1957:Burghall, Edward.
1880:Cheshire 1630-1660
1822:on 16 October 2006
1702:on 27 October 2009
1246:
1142:Sir Vincent Corbet
1098:
1018:Battle of Edgehill
974:Deputy Lieutenants
772:Scarborough Castle
574:2nd Wardour Castle
474:1st Wardour Castle
39:53.19266; -2.44457
1914:Forster, Harold.
1865:Fletcher, Anthony
1553:, pp. 54–55.
1526:, pp. 56–61.
1213:Sir Edward Fitton
1188:Saturday 11 March
1138:Bishop of Chester
1136:, the son of the
1134:Orlando Bridgeman
1068:port of Chester.
1046:Bunbury Agreement
1011:Militia Ordinance
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1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
1976:
1924:
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1879:
1849:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1815:
1802:27 September
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1791:
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1771:the original
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1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:the original
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1667:. Retrieved
1662:
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1573:William Axon
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956:, under Sir
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911:2nd Aberdeen
883:
881:
847:Rowton Heath
749:
747:
718:1st Aberdeen
693:Marston Moor
678:Tipton Green
600:
598:
559:Olney Bridge
529:Gainsborough
504:2nd Bradford
469:Sourton Down
459:Ripple Field
439:Hopton Heath
433:
416:
414:
405:1st Bradford
400:Muster Green
385:Piercebridge
355:Kings Norton
345:Babylon Hill
318:
156:Thomas Aston
134:Belligerents
59:Part of the
15:
1467:Ives (2020)
1334:Stourbridge
1262:breastworks
1065:Welsh hills
1026:cuirassiers
891:Bovey Heath
842:2nd Chester
837:Philiphaugh
832:2nd Bristol
787:3rd Taunton
777:2nd Taunton
743:2nd Newbury
733:1st Taunton
728:1st Chester
708:Lostwithiel
628:Boldon Hill
569:Heptonstall
549:1st Newbury
524:1st Bristol
109: /
37: /
2023:Middlewich
2002:Categories
1647:References
1163:Whitchurch
1157:under the
1155:Warrington
1150:Whitchurch
1123:Lancashire
1082:musketeers
1034:Shropshire
1030:Lancashire
998:Shrewsbury
964:Background
948:, and the
916:Lagganmore
906:3rd Oxford
896:Torrington
862:Annan Moor
792:2nd Oxford
757:Inverlochy
713:Tippermuir
663:1st Oxford
648:Lyme Regis
534:Gloucester
410:Chichester
395:1st Exeter
335:Portsmouth
258:Whitchurch
230:Middlewich
94:53°11′31″N
84:Middlewich
22:53°11′34″N
1748:cite book
1725:cite book
1637:143990745
1443:Citations
1387:Handforth
1291:Aftermath
1181:Northwich
1176:Knutsford
1127:Yorkshire
1107:distraint
1102:Congleton
1080:with 150
797:Leicester
613:Newcastle
514:Lansdowne
484:Wakefield
454:Lichfield
449:Camp Hill
390:Tadcaster
370:Brentford
365:Aylesbury
140:Royalists
97:2°26′35″W
86:, England
25:2°26′40″W
1987:27 April
1826:27 April
1777:24 March
1706:27 April
1669:27 April
1657:(2020).
1575:(1885).
1373:and the
1342:Stafford
1302:Rudheath
1201:Hundreds
1115:Midlands
1078:Nantwich
1074:Stafford
1063:and the
1061:Pennines
1054:dragoons
990:Cheshire
982:magazine
950:Royalist
944:, under
822:Hereford
817:Langport
782:Auldearn
767:Weymouth
738:Carlisle
703:Ormskirk
683:Oswestry
638:Cheriton
608:Nantwich
539:2nd Hull
479:Stratton
360:Edgehill
340:Plymouth
325:1st Hull
244:Nantwich
79:Location
1947:Staff,
1936:Staff,
1585:(ed.).
1395:Cheadle
1391:Croydon
1379:Croydon
1338:Walsall
1271:pikemen
1194:Broxton
1169:Prelude
986:Chester
827:Kilsyth
658:Lincoln
589:Arundel
554:Winceby
464:Reading
216:Chester
1635:
1629:175522
1627:
1383:Surrey
1236:Battle
1217:Ellice
1198:Wirral
1041:Oxford
877:Newark
807:Alford
802:Naseby
668:Bolton
623:Newark
122:Result
1633:S2CID
1625:JSTOR
1581:. In
1405:Notes
1119:Wales
643:Selby
579:Alton
429:Leeds
1989:2020
1828:2020
1804:2011
1779:2009
1754:link
1731:link
1708:2020
1671:2020
1332:and
1196:and
932:The
884:1646
750:1645
653:York
601:1644
417:1643
319:1642
71:Date
1617:doi
1381:in
2004::
1975:.
1951:,
1940:,
1929:,
1848:.
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283:v
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