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error". Rupert decided to try to contain both Essex and
Skippon. Leaving two regiments of horse with Byron, he led the remainder of the cavalry to Essex's position on the left flank. Byron, in the meantime, was commanded to support an attack by the Royalist musketeers on Skippon's force, drawing his regiments up behind the infantry "ready to second them in case the enemy's horse should advance towards them". Rupert's advance has been criticised by both Parliamentarian and Royalist sources; instead of a small engagement, the stubbornness of the Parliamentary resistance forced Rupert to commit more and more forces to the fray, eventually turning a series of small engagements into a full-scale battle, with reinforcements gradually being drawn in. The terrain limited the localised advantage Rupert's forces had in numbers, but after three attacks Stapleton's brigade crumbled, allowing Rupert to hook around Essex's left flank, stop his advance and capture five pieces of artillery. This came at a cost; the Royalists took heavy casualties, and failed to completely break Essex's infantry. The infantry instead stubbornly retreated, allowing the Parliamentary cavalry to reorganise behind them. Even though his advance had been stopped, Essex was not yet beaten.
1262:, where he met reinforcements from Oxford on 9 August. On the morning of 10 August, the Royalist army marched to Gloucester itself and besieged the city with approximately 6,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry. With the force assembled, Charles sent a group of heralds, escorted by 1,000 musketeers, forward at approximately 2:00 pm, at which point they read out the King's demands to a meeting of 26 local council and garrison officers, including Massie. The King's announcement was that if the officers submitted, he would pardon all the officers, prohibit his army from causing any damage to the city, and leave only a small garrison behind. If they did not, he would take the city by force, and the inhabitants would be responsible "for all the calamities and miseries that must befall them". Despite earlier claims that Massie would surrender, he did not; a short time later, a refusal of the offer was drawn up and unanimously signed by the officers. The reasons for Massie's failure to surrender the city, despite the feelers he put out to Royalist contacts, are unknown.
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Regiment of infantry to remove themselves from his line and march to replace some of Essex's exhausted soldiers. As soon as they arrived, they were charged by two bodies of cavalry and a regiment of infantry under John Byron, who forced the regiment to retreat; the
Royalists hacked down the fleeing Parliamentarians and, according to Byron, his force "had not left a man of them unkilled, but that the hedges were so high the horse could not pursue them". Although the Royalists failed to press this attack due to the difficulty of manoeuvring cavalry in the field, and Essex briefly retook the ground, the loss of this infantry regiment opened a gap in the Parliamentarian line. If Rupert was able to drive through this gap, he would break Essex's army into two wings and be able to encircle them. Recognizing this possibility, he began redeploying the Royalist force: two regiments of cavalry and a regiment of infantry under his command would occupy Essex, while two regiments under
1285:, the Royalists laid siege to the city; Rupert had suggested a direct assault, but this proposal was not adopted due to fears of high casualties. By 11 August, the Royalist trenches were dug and the artillery prepared, despite Massie's attempts to disrupt work with musket fire. With this work done, there was no way out for the Parliamentarians; the only hope was to delay the Royalists long enough for a relief army to arrive. To this end, Massie ordered raids under the cover of darkness, with James Harcus, his second-in-command, leading a raid on the artillery trenches. In revenge the Royalists attacked the east of the city, but were driven off by cannon fire. 12 August saw more raids, this time during the day, which cost the Royalists 10 men and a supply depot, with no Parliamentarian losses. Despite this, the assaults did not disrupt Royalist preparations and by the evening they were able to start bombarding the town.
1535:, several historians who have studied the period consider the First Battle of Newbury to be the defining moment of the First English Civil War, both as the high point of the Royalist advance and as the "one bright period of generalship". John Day writes that "Militarily and politically, Parliament's position at the beginning of October 1643 was demonstrably far stronger than in late July. With hindsight, the capture of Bristol was the high tide of King Charles' war, his best and only chance of ending the conflict on his own terms". John Barratt noted that the Royalists had failed in "what might prove to have been their best chance to destroy the principle field army of their opponents, and hopes of a crushing victory which would bring down the Parliamentarian 'war party' lay in ruins". The high Parliamentarian feelings after Newbury led to the signing of the
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only avenue of advance being a narrow lane lined with
Parliamentarian musketeers, this move succeeded in allowing Byron to take Round Hill, forcing the Parliamentarian infantry back to a hedge on the far side. The attack eventually lost momentum, and although Round Hill was taken, Byron was unable to advance any further. On the right flank, William Vavasour attempted to overwhelm the Parliamentary flank with a substantial brigade of foot, which included a small amount of cavalry support. His initial attack was repulsed thanks to the Parliamentarian artillery opening fire, but a subsequent head-on attack forced Skippon's beleaguered force in the centre to send several regiments over to assist, with the fight turning into a bloody melee. Vavasour's force was eventually forced to retire, with the Parliamentarians failing to give ground.
1436:, a patch of open ground between the two forces. This march took approximately an hour due to the heavy clay soil being soaked from the previous night's rain; the open space before Biggs Hill, the objective of their march, allowed for a much welcome chance to regroup. Rupert had established a cavalry guard on Biggs Hill; while the size is unknown, it was large enough to attack the Parliamentarian horse head-on. Stapleton waited until the Royalists were close before firing, leading to the faltering of their charge and the advance of the Parliamentarian cavalry to drive them off with swords. The cavalry were unable to make further gains, having engaged only a small part of the Royalist horse and being unwilling to press their attack against the larger body.
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London. In addition, Charles's personal reputation had been sullied – travelling so far and yet not taking
Gloucester would affect the respect and prestige accorded to him, about which he was "notoriously sensitive". Based on reconnaissance, Charles's officers were confident that the garrison's food and ammunition would not last long; they argued that the city could be taken in less than 10 days, with Parliament lacking an effective army to relieve the city. If Essex's forces did not attack, the Royalists would take the city. If they did attack, they would be exhausted and, according to Royalist intelligence, far weaker than the Oxford army, allowing Charles to destroy Parliament's one remaining significant force.
1490:. Historian John Day notes that records show most Trained Band casualties were hit in the head, while a survivor boasted that the artillery "did us no harm, only the shot broke our pikes"; evidently, in the heat of battle, the Royalist artillery were firing too high. Despite this, the Royalist artillery fire had taken its toll, and the Trained Band regiments were forced to retreat. The Royalists pursued, and only close-quarters musket fire allowed the militia to regroup without substantial losses. After regrouping, the militia was again attacked by two regiments of foot and two of cavalry, who despite surrounding the Londoners and dragging away a cannon were unable to break them.
1346:. Essex had lost his advantage; Parliamentarian intelligence reports had convinced him that Charles was heading towards Oxford and had given up the campaign. In fact Charles was barely 14 miles (23 km) away, but the complacency such reports induced meant that one contemporary source stated the Parliamentarians were marching barely 5 miles (8.0 km) a day, allowing the Royalists to quickly catch up. Suitably chastened by the discovery of his error, Essex increased the pace of his retreat, with the Royalists pursuing closely. Both sides were heading for Newbury, on roughly parallel routes; the Royalists' route took them through
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almost encircled; Essex succeeded in rallying his infantry, however, and pushed forward in a counter-attack. The slowing of this counter-attack in the face of the
Royalist cavalry forced Essex to send for reinforcements, which, while marching to him, were attacked and forced to retreat. This left a hole in the Parliamentarian line, dividing the army into two wings through which the Royalists hoped to pass, splitting the Parliamentarians and allowing Charles's troops to encircle and defeat them. In line with this, the Royalists moved forward to press the attack, but were forced to halt by the
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on the other hand, was in relatively good shape; its one issue was the lack of supplies. If he stayed in the Severn Valley, Essex would be unable to get reinforcements or outside aid, the London elements of the army would demand to go home, and the one remaining significant
Parliamentarian force would find itself pinned down, while Charles, with secure bases at Oxford and Bristol, would be able to starve them into surrender while other Royalist armies ran rampant through Britain. Because of this, Essex had no choice but to try to return to London. Travelling back across the
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First
English Civil War. With the city captured, however, an immediate dispute occurred over who was to govern it, and this led to Charles travelling there on 1 August to take personal command of the Royalist forces. Upon arriving he summoned his council of war to discuss their next move, the primary questions at hand being "first, whether the armies should be united, and march in one upon the next design. And then, what the design should be". The western army, although still strong, refused to advance further to the east due to the presence of Parliamentarian forces within
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credit to the greater ability of Essex to conserve his force through the campaign, which put the
Royalists at a numerical disadvantage by Newbury, and notes the Royalist over-reliance on cavalry, with Essex " for his much lamented paucity of cavalry by tactical ingenuity and firepower", countering Rupert's cavalry by driving them off with mass infantry formations. The Royalists' infantry were also outperformed, Essex's force retaining a high level of cohesiveness while the Royalists were described as relatively unprofessional; both Day and
1451:, the Parliamentarian right flank attacked their main objective, nearby Round Hill; their account reported they "charged so fiercely that beat from the hill", but makes no mention of casualties or what happened to the Royalist guns which were allegedly deployed on the hill. The Royalists claimed the hill was undefended; the facts suggest this was closer to the truth and "the king and his generals had been caught napping". Its capture allowed Skippon to position 1,000 musketeers on top, who could fire down into any Royalist advance.
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forced to march no more than six abreast, which would prevent Essex effectively deploying against a
Royalist attack and leave the Parliamentarian's forces bunched up and subject to artillery fire. Even if Essex managed to cross the bridge, the other side of the river featured several hundred metres of waterlogged ground, which would slow his soldiers and leave them open to attack while necessitating the abandonment of the Parliamentarian artillery, a "major humiliation for a seventeenth-century army".
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Parliamentarian cavalry. Confronting the
Royalists directly would involve moving into ground described as containing "dense copses and innumerable banked hedges with ditches flanking fields and lining sunken lanes"; while this would allow the troops to move in a concealed fashion, it would also make deployment difficult, and the numerous lanes would restrict movement in the heat of battle.
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had taken, fully expected the battle to continue. The Royalists, on the other hand, were plagued by poor morale, heavy losses and a lack of supplies, having used 80 of their 90 barrels of gunpowder. Although Rupert argued for the battle to continue, he was out-voted, and the next morning Essex was allowed to bypass the Royalist force without issue and continue his retreat towards London.
1418:. Artillery support was provided by two heavy cannons and around 20 light cannons; most of the heavy artillery was left at Gloucester to help defend the city. Estimates as to the total number of men vary between 7,000 and 15,000; John Barratt, noting the losses at Gloucester, estimates that Essex's force totalled around 14,000 men, with 6,000 cavalry and dragoons and 8,000 infantry.
1236:, contacted him and asked him to "surrender Gloucester to his lawful sovereign". Although this message was rebuffed, Legge's messenger reported that he had met Massie a second time in secret, and had been asked to tell Legge that Massie was willing to surrender the town to the King. As a result of this, on 7 August Charles and the Oxford army marched to Gloucester.
953:'s cavalry by driving them off with mass infantry formations. Although the numbers of casualties were relatively small (1,300 Royalists and 1,200 Parliamentarians), historians who have studied the battle consider it to be one of the most crucial of the First English Civil War, marking the high point of the Royalist advance and leading to the signing of the
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933:, Parliament was forced to muster a force under Essex with which to beat Charles' forces off. After a long march, Essex surprised the Royalists and forced them away from Gloucester before beginning a retreat to London. Charles rallied his forces and pursued Essex, overtaking the Parliamentarian army at
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on 22 September, which suffered from defects due to Digby's position away from the main fighting, and because it was designed "as a reflection on the battle's outcome, not a blow-by-blow description of what happened". Conversely, those written by officers who actively fought in the main arenas of the
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and then London, where Essex received a hero's welcome. The Royalists, on the other hand, were forced to spend the next day recovering their casualties, finding more than a thousand injured soldiers who were sent back to Oxford. After they finished recovering their dead and wounded men, the Royalists
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At this point, both armies began to draw apart; although sporadic fighting continued as night fell, by midnight both forces had disengaged completely. Both army councils met; Essex's plan to force his way past the Royalists seemed feasible, and many Parliamentarians, loathe to give up the ground they
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Byron's attack on Skippon's musketeers in the centre also went poorly. Pushing three regiments of foot forward, the force suffered similarly high casualties in an attempt to take Round Hill; after the attack stalled, the cavalry had to be called in to force it forward. Despite heavy losses due to the
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After heavy fighting, the Royalists had succeeded only in pushing Essex's forces briefly back; they had given ground but not retreated from the battle, and his main force of infantry remained strong. In an attempt to proceed, Essex waved his infantry and light artillery forward. Rupert's cavalry was
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Despite this, Royalist forces were significantly depleted by the battle at Bristol. Suffering over 1,000 men dead, and having exhausted their supplies, the armies were forced to regroup. Even considering this, the capture of Bristol is considered the high-water mark for the Royalist cause during the
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to defend their rear and then marched to Oxford, having buried their dead senior officers in Newbury Guildhall. Casualties at Newbury eventually came to approximately 1,300 losses for the Royalists, and 1,200 for the Parliamentarians. The loss at Newbury was due to a multitude of factors; Day gives
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Luckily for the Parliamentarians, Skippon saw this opening and ordered the Red and Blue Regiments of the London Trained Bands to close the gap. Although they succeeded in bridging the gap between the two wings of Essex's force, there was no cover, and a Royalist battery of eight heavy guns drawn up
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The battle began on 20 September; Essex's army was roused before dawn, and initial reports stated he had gone "from regiment to regiment... the question of a battle unto them". After consultation, the army advanced with "most cheerful and courageous spirits" at around 7 am. Divided into "three
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Charles's cautious failure to directly assault the town, putting a higher priority on minimising losses than on victory, had cost the Royalists dearly; while claims for their number of dead and wounded men ranged from 1,000 to 1,500, only around 50 people inside the city were killed. Essex's force,
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to screen the main force from Royalist interference on 11 September, with the rest of the soldiers quickly following. The Royalists were left wrong-footed; Charles did not discover Essex's retreat for another 24 hours, during which the gap between the armies widened. The Royalists finally began to
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the centre. Artillery support consisted of 20 cannons in total: 6 heavy, 6 medium and 8 light. Initial Royalist and Parliamentarian estimates were of a force of around 17,000 men; modern estimates are of around 7,500 infantry, and 7,000 cavalry. Essex led the Parliamentarians, commanding both the
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There are no definitive orders of battle for Newbury, as official contemporary evidence is thin; it is possible to glean some information from both later official reports and contemporary accounts, which allow for a reconstruction of the likely disposition of each force. The Royalists were led by
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Essex reacted by making a surprise attack on the Royalist lines at dawn, capturing several pieces of high ground and leaving Charles on the back foot. A series of Royalist attacks led to a large number of casualties and the slow retreat of Essex's force, which was driven from the central hill and
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On the Parliamentarian side, an official source was published a month after the battle; due to the circumstances of its publication and the high Parliamentarian morale after Newbury, it made no attempt to gloss over errors and was designed to "explain to a lay readership what had happened on the
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to halt Essex. The Parliamentarian records report they were "hotly charged by the enemies' horse and foot", who succeeded in forcing Essex slowly back, although the fight took four hours. In response, Essex called for Skippon to send him reinforcements; Skippon obliged by ordering a Mainwaring's
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By 6 August, it was clear that Rupert's strategy would be abandoned; instead, an alternate means of capturing the city was considered. During the early stages of the war, the loyalty of combatants on both sides, particularly that of professional soldiers, had been flexible. Gloucester was led by
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Malcolm Wanklyn has described the First Battle of Newbury as being "both the longest battle of the English Civil War and the one that historians have found the greatest difficulty in describing", because there is no contemporary plan of the battlefield or record of the plans of each side while,
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As a result of this quick advance, Charles found his army in chaos, with Skippon's force organised and flanking them. The Royalist council of war reconvened to discuss the events, and accounts suggest the meeting was acrimonious, with the fall of Round Hill described as "a most gross and absurd
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on the other, which neither side attempted to cross on foot. Essex's most obvious route of advance was to push past the Royalist forces, secure the bridge and return to London. Unfortunately, the open area approaching the bridge was a "killing ground"; soldiers would be entirely in the open and
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The effect of Rupert's actions, even after his forces disengaged, was to force another delay in the Parliamentarian retreat; Essex spent much of 19 September looking after wounded soldiers and, when he finally managed to begin moving again, he was confronted with swampland and bog which further
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and cross it, going through Newbury and returning to Reading's fortifications, thus evading the Royalists and allowing for a safe retreat to London. The disadvantage to this was the time it would take to cross the relatively open land between Essex's position and the Kennet. The second, and the
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By 24 August, the Royalists, suffering from shortfalls in their stocks of gunpowder and cannonballs, remained unable to breach the walls. Essex, in the meantime, had been urgently preparing his army, which thanks to disease, indiscipline and desertion numbered less than 6,000 infantry and 3,500
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At this point, Charles called another council of war to discuss the situation. It was resolved that it was crucial that Gloucester was still to be taken; if it was left in Parliamentarian hands, it would act as a break in lines of communication should the Royalists advance further east towards
1309:, marched to Gloucester. On 5 September, with heavy rain falling, the Parliamentarian army reached the town and camped on Prestbury Hill, immediately outside it; their presence forced the Royalists to abandon the siege given that neither army, wet and exhausted, was in a state to seek battle.
1215:, which would allow Royalist forces in south Wales to reinforce Charles's army and thus allow for an assault on London. Another faction, however, argued that London could be captured with the army as it was, and that Gloucester would serve as a distraction from the main goal of the campaign.
1539:, bringing a powerful Scottish army down to assault the Royalists. "Thanks to the failure...to win a decisive victory there, the English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish subjects of all of King Charles' Three Kingdoms would henceforth play a bloody price in a steadily widening and deepening war".
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The only alternative to a bridge-based retreat would be to bypass Newbury completely by marching around the Royalists, but this would again involve moving through open fields and subjecting Essex's soldiers to the attacks of Royalist cavalry, who were described as greatly outnumbering the
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Reasons for the Royalist failure to defeat the Parliamentarians include shortage of ammunition, the relative lack of professionalism of their soldiers and the tactics of Essex, who compensated "for his much lamented paucity of cavalry by tactical ingenuity and firepower", countering
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delayed him while the Royalists marched across the relatively open chalk downs above the Kennet. These hardships meant that the Royalists arrived at Newbury before Essex, with both armies settling down for the night outside the town, too exhausted to immediately fight.
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was reporting that Gloucester's soldiers had stated they would not resist a Royalist advance. Given this, the council of war decided to march on Gloucester – not to besiege it or capture it by force, but to capture it by having the governor betray the city beforehand.
1223:, a non-partisan mercenary who only took a job with the Parliamentarians after he was refused a significant Royalist command. At the same time, it was felt that there was "a strong if so far silent party of Royalist sympathisers in the city", while the governor of
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on high ground began firing on them. Unable to move because of the necessity of their position, they were left enduring close-range fire "when men's bowels and brains flew in faces", resisting two attacks by Royalist cavalry and infantry led by
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Because of this unrest, it was quickly resolved that the western army would remain an independent fighting force and remain in Dorset and Cornwall to "mop up" the remaining Parliamentarians. Accordingly, the western army, commanded by
1362:; however, lacking enough troops to engage the Parliamentarians directly, he instead attacked a section of their army, causing chaos and crucially delaying Essex's march just enough for Charles's forces to close the gap.
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battle are very narrow in focus, for example, the accounts of Joshua Moone and John Gwyn, commoners who fought on Wash Common, and an anonymous tract from the perspective of a soldier who assaulted Round Hill.
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bodies of Foot, both lined and flanked with bodies of Horse", with a reserve behind them, the army was preceded by Stapleton's cavalry, which quickly cleared the Royalist pickets and allowed Essex's advance to
945:. With night falling, the battle ended, and both exhausted armies disengaged. The next morning, low on ammunition, the Royalists were forced to allow Essex to pass and continue his retreat to London.
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known as Biggs Hill sat between the Royalist and Parliamentarian forces. To either side of Essex's army lay open fields, while the battlefield was bracketed by the River Kennet on one side and the
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and personally taking command. The greater issues were what to do with the Oxford army and what the "next design" of the Royalist campaign would be. Rupert's strategy was to advance through the
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battlefield". A more narrow view was taken by Sergeant Henry Foster, who fought with the London Trained Band in their attempt to prevent the Royalists splitting Essex's army. The diary of
1354:, increasing the distance they would have to travel to 30 miles (48 km) while the Parliamentarians had to travel only 20. Charles reacted by dispatching Rupert and 7,000 cavalry in a
1293:, which provided an additional 6,000 men. Taking into account additional problems and desertions, the eventual force was 9,000-foot soldiers and 5,000 cavalry. After being mustered on
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The landscape of the area around Newbury was a significant factor in the tactics of both sides during the resulting battle. Though the land was mostly open country, a crescent-shaped
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option Essex initially took, was to go north, either to make battle in more advantageous circumstances or to evade the Royalists. If Essex was able to cross to the west bank of the
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cavalry. This was not a force strong enough to defeat the Royalists, and so he demanded an extra 5,000 soldiers; Parliamentarians in London responded by mobilising a brigade of the
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When the war started, both sides expected it to be settled by one battle; by the end of 1642, it soon became clear that that would not be the case. After the inconclusive
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a day later; however, Rupert's cavalry screen had already advanced and taken the village. Charles himself did not accompany the force, but instead rode across the
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on 13 July. Arguably the most comprehensive Royalist victory of the war, it isolated Parliament's garrisons in the west; reinforced by troops from Oxford under
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Despite the stalemate outside Oxford, Royalist success elsewhere provided an opportunity for a decisive victory. In the south-west, Royalist commander
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also give the paucity of ammunition and gunpowder as an important (and endemic) deciding factor in the success or failure of Charles' campaign.
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also contains two reports written for the House of Commons by Essex's generals, including Stapleton, although the originals have been lost.
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Young, Peter (1964). "The Order of Battle of the Parliamentarian and Royalist Armies at the First Battle of Newbury, 20 Sept., 1643".
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conversely, there are diverse and contradictory accounts from both sides of the battle. An official Royalist account was written by
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too weak to defend against this advance due to its large firepower, and he instead ordered two regiments of foot commanded by
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march on 16 September, with Rupert's cavalry streaming ahead to try to disrupt the Parliamentarian retreat.
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to disrupt and harass the Parliamentary retreat. Encountering Essex's forces at Aldbourne Chase, Rupert
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The first and second battles of Newbury and the siege of Donnington Castle during the Civil War, 1643-6
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into the war on the side of Parliament and led to the eventual victory of the Parliamentarian cause.
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Charles I personally, with William Vavasour commanding the right wing, Prince Rupert the left, and
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Although the attention of historians is normally on the larger battles such as Edgehill and
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that was fought on 20 September 1643 between a Royalist army, under the personal command of
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left 1,200 infantry and approximately 200 cavalry to garrison Bristol before marching to
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By 18 September, Rupert's force had caught up to the Parliamentarians outside
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entire force and, separately, the right wing; the left wing was commanded by
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and forcing them to march past the Royalist force to continue their retreat.
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Charles's main force began marching on 7 August and reached the village of
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The Parliamentarian force, now free of Charles's army, retreated towards
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Gloucester & Newbury 1643: The Turning Point of the Civil War
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The Battles of Newbury: Crossroads of the English Civil War
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A Battle that took place during the First English Civil War
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would push through the gap in the Parliamentarian line.
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1591:
1589:
1325:
The first alternative was to march southeast to the
2628:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
1143:in January, before inflicting a serious defeat on
1108:advanced on London; after they were halted at the
1514:as quickly as possible and eventually made it to
23:
1159:, gaining the second largest city in Britain.
254:
8:
1519:left 200 infantry, 25 cavalry and 4 guns in
2708:Registered historic battlefields in England
1383:First battle of Newbury site, facing South
261:
247:
239:
20:
2571:Decisive Battles of the English Civil War
909:, and a Parliamentarian force led by the
1607:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2441:
2429:
2141:
2105:
2081:
2045:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1853:
1793:
1769:
1667:
1655:
1570:
2405:
2393:
1147:'Army of the Southern Association' at
2369:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2285:
2261:
2249:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2165:
2129:
2057:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1937:
1580:
1049:
979:
7:
1506:Essex enters London after the battle
1232:, who had served with Massie in the
1199:in a bloodless victory on 2 August.
1195:, remained in the region, capturing
2592:(1983 ed.). Penguin Classics.
2417:
2381:
2357:
2309:
2297:
2273:
2237:
2177:
2153:
2117:
2093:
2069:
2033:
1949:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1781:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1595:
1297:, the army began marching towards
1063:
1035:
14:
2683:Battles of the English Civil Wars
2609:The English Civil Wars, 1640–1660
925:without conflict before storming
1281:Under the direct command of the
1076:
1062:
1048:
1034:
1020:
1006:
992:
978:
971:
210:
203:
37:
1077:
1007:
211:
181:4,000 cavalry, 10,000 infantry
2550:Scott, Christopher L. (2008).
1021:
993:
178:6,000 cavalry, 8,000 infantry
1:
2693:Military history of Berkshire
957:, which brought the Scottish
2661:. London: Simpkin, Marshall.
2514:The First Battle of Newbury
1155:, on 26 July they captured
1116:established his capital at
2729:
1543:Sources and historiography
1537:Solemn League and Covenant
1243:
1184:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
955:Solemn League and Covenant
2713:17th century in Berkshire
2590:The King's War, 1641–1647
2569:Wanklyn, Malcolm (2006).
280:
198:
185:
172:
128:
111:
45:
36:
28:
931:laid siege to Gloucester
2698:West Berkshire District
2588:Wedgwood, C.V. (1958).
1559:Walter Yonge of Colyton
1455:Royalist counter-attack
903:First English Civil War
899:First Battle of Newbury
272:First English Civil War
103:Parliamentarian victory
31:First English Civil War
24:First Battle of Newbury
2655:Walter, Money (1884).
2607:Worden, Blair (2009).
2512:Barratt, John (2005).
1507:
1444:
1384:
1278:
1187:
129:Commanders and leaders
2516:. Tempus Publishing.
1505:
1442:
1382:
1272:
1182:
1095:Southern England 1643
663:Gunnislake New Bridge
186:Casualties and losses
1468:Crisis and stalemate
1344:Aldbourne, Wiltshire
1291:London Trained Bands
1092:class=notpageimage|
943:London Trained Bands
901:was a battle of the
226:class=notpageimage|
152:Sir William Vavasour
84:51.38222°N 1.34028°W
2573:. Pen & Sword.
2554:. Pen & Sword.
2535:. Pen & Sword.
1610:, pp. 217–218.
1246:Siege of Gloucester
80: /
2688:Newbury, Berkshire
1508:
1445:
1443:Plan of the battle
1385:
1305:on 1 September at
1279:
1188:
1102:Battle of Edgehill
737:Scarborough Castle
539:2nd Wardour Castle
439:1st Wardour Castle
89:51.38222; -1.34028
63:Newbury, Berkshire
2703:Conflicts in 1643
2618:978-0-7538-2691-1
2599:978-0-14-006991-4
2561:978-1-84415-670-2
2542:978-1-84415-591-0
2531:Day, Jon (2007).
2252:, pp. 51–54.
2228:, pp. 47–50.
2204:, pp. 44–45.
1952:, pp. 30–31.
1844:, pp. 90–95.
1832:, pp. 85–86.
1808:, pp. 66–67.
1521:Donnington Castle
894:
893:
817:Sherburn in Elmet
688:Montgomery Castle
598:Stourbridge Heath
237:
236:
107:
106:
53:20 September 1643
2720:
2662:
2643:
2634:(171): 132–136.
2622:
2603:
2584:
2565:
2546:
2527:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1416:Philip Stapleton
1139:with victory at
1133:Sir Ralph Hopton
1126:captured Reading
1104:in October, the
1080:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1010:
1009:
996:
995:
982:
981:
975:
866:Stow-on-the-Wold
822:3rd Basing House
777:2nd Lathom House
727:High Ercall Hall
638:2nd Basing House
583:1st Lathom House
529:1st Basing House
275:
273:
263:
256:
249:
240:
214:
213:
207:
167:Philip Stapleton
123:Parliamentarians
95:
94:
92:
91:
90:
85:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
47:
46:
41:
21:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2678:1643 in England
2668:
2667:
2654:
2651:
2649:Further reading
2646:
2625:
2619:
2606:
2600:
2587:
2581:
2568:
2562:
2549:
2543:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:, pp. 2–3.
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1545:
1500:
1470:
1457:
1429:
1424:
1406:
1404:Order of battle
1377:
1372:
1315:
1248:
1242:
1165:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1003:
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
988:
987:
983:
967:
895:
890:
653:Cropredy Bridge
509:Aldbourne Chase
459:Chalgrove Field
276:
271:
269:
267:
233:
232:
231:
230:
228:
222:
221:
220:
219:
215:
165:
161:
155:
88:
86:
82:
79:
74:
71:
69:
67:
66:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2623:
2617:
2604:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2566:
2560:
2547:
2541:
2528:
2522:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:Wanklyn (2006)
2487:
2483:Wanklyn (2006)
2475:
2471:Wanklyn (2006)
2463:
2459:Wanklyn (2006)
2446:
2444:, p. 138.
2442:Barratt (2005)
2434:
2432:, p. 136.
2430:Barratt (2005)
2422:
2420:, p. 215.
2410:
2398:
2386:
2384:, p. 217.
2374:
2362:
2360:, p. 205.
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2312:, p. 187.
2302:
2300:, p. 184.
2290:
2278:
2276:, p. 180.
2266:
2254:
2242:
2240:, p. 175.
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2180:, p. 167.
2170:
2158:
2156:, p. 165.
2146:
2142:Barratt (2005)
2134:
2122:
2120:, p. 164.
2110:
2106:Barratt (2005)
2098:
2096:, p. 163.
2086:
2084:, p. 143.
2082:Barratt (2005)
2074:
2072:, p. 157.
2062:
2060:, p. 118.
2050:
2048:, p. 144.
2046:Barratt (2005)
2038:
2036:, p. 161.
2026:
2024:, p. 121.
2014:
2012:, p. 119.
2002:
1990:
1986:Wanklyn (2006)
1978:
1974:Wanklyn (2006)
1966:
1962:Wanklyn (2006)
1954:
1942:
1930:
1928:, p. 127.
1918:
1916:, p. 119.
1906:
1904:, p. 114.
1894:
1892:, p. 113.
1882:
1880:, p. 112.
1870:
1868:, p. 109.
1858:
1854:Barratt (2005)
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1794:Barratt (2005)
1786:
1774:
1770:Barratt (2005)
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1668:Barratt (2005)
1660:
1656:Barratt (2005)
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 216.
1585:
1583:, p. 133.
1569:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1544:
1541:
1499:
1496:
1480:Charles Gerard
1469:
1466:
1456:
1453:
1449:Philip Skippon
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1411:Sir John Byron
1405:
1402:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1314:
1311:
1295:Hounslow Heath
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1225:Sudeley Castle
1201:Prince Maurice
1193:Lord Carnarvon
1164:
1161:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
991:
990:
985:
984:
977:
976:
970:
969:
968:
966:
963:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
845:
844:
839:
837:Shelford House
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
562:
561:
559:2nd Middlewich
556:
551:
549:Bramber Bridge
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
399:1st Middlewich
396:
391:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
345:Farnham Castle
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
295:Marshall's Elm
292:
281:
278:
277:
268:
266:
265:
258:
251:
243:
235:
234:
224:
223:
217:
216:
209:
208:
202:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
163:Philip Skippon
156:
154:
153:
150:
148:Sir John Byron
145:
140:
134:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2580:1-84415-454-8
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2523:0-7524-2569-2
2519:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2497:, p. 66.
2496:
2491:
2488:
2485:, p. 65.
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:, p. 64.
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:, p. 63.
2460:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2408:, p. 59.
2407:
2406:Worden (2009)
2402:
2399:
2396:, p. 69.
2395:
2394:Worden (2009)
2390:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2372:, p. 66.
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:, p. 64.
2347:
2342:
2339:
2336:, p. 60.
2335:
2330:
2327:
2324:, p. 59.
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2288:, p. 57.
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2264:, p. 56.
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2216:, p. 46.
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2192:, p. 43.
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2168:, p. 42.
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2144:, p. 97.
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:, p. 41.
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2108:, p. 95.
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2000:, p. 34.
1999:
1994:
1991:
1988:, p. 62.
1987:
1982:
1979:
1976:, p. 61.
1975:
1970:
1967:
1964:, p. 59.
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:, p. 27.
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1856:, p. 31.
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:, p. 84.
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1796:, p. 23.
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:, p. 61.
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:, p. 22.
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:, p. 59.
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:, p. 58.
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:, p. 55.
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:, p. 30.
1723:
1718:
1715:
1712:, p. 29.
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:, p. 27.
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:, p. 26.
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:, p. 15.
1669:
1664:
1661:
1658:, p. 14.
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:Wedgwood 1958
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1475:John Belasyse
1467:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1427:Essex attacks
1426:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:River Enborne
1390:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:flying column
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1283:Earl of Forth
1276:
1275:Edward Massie
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1234:Bishops' Wars
1231:
1230:William Legge
1226:
1222:
1221:Edward Massie
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:Severn Valley
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:Prince Rupert
1150:
1149:Roundway Down
1146:
1142:
1141:Braddock Down
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:Earl of Essex
1119:
1115:
1112:in November,
1111:
1110:Turnham Green
1107:
1103:
1093:
1056:Roundway Down
986:Braddock Down
974:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
951:Prince Rupert
946:
944:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Earl of Essex
908:
904:
900:
887:
886:2nd Worcester
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Denbigh Green
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
716:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Roundway Down
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Burton Bridge
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:Adwalton Moor
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:1st Worcester
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Seacroft Moor
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Braddock Down
387:
386:
385:
384:
383:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Turnham Green
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Powick Bridge
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
279:
274:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
244:
241:
227:
206:
197:
193:
190:
189:
184:
180:
177:
176:
171:
168:
164:
160:
159:Earl of Essex
157:
151:
149:
146:
144:
143:Prince Rupert
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
127:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
110:
102:
99:
98:
93:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2665:
2657:
2631:
2627:
2608:
2589:
2570:
2551:
2532:
2513:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2370:Scott (2008)
2365:
2353:
2346:Scott (2008)
2341:
2334:Scott (2008)
2329:
2322:Scott (2008)
2317:
2305:
2293:
2286:Scott (2008)
2281:
2269:
2262:Scott (2008)
2257:
2250:Scott (2008)
2245:
2233:
2226:Scott (2008)
2221:
2214:Scott (2008)
2209:
2202:Scott (2008)
2197:
2190:Scott (2008)
2185:
2173:
2166:Scott (2008)
2161:
2149:
2137:
2130:Scott (2008)
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2058:Scott (2008)
2053:
2041:
2029:
2022:Scott (2008)
2017:
2010:Scott (2008)
2005:
1998:Scott (2008)
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1938:Scott (2008)
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1646:, p. 6.
1639:
1634:, p. 7.
1627:
1615:
1603:
1555:
1546:
1533:Marston Moor
1530:
1526:Blair Worden
1509:
1492:
1488:Jacob Astley
1484:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1446:
1430:
1407:
1398:
1386:
1364:
1341:
1327:River Kennet
1324:
1316:
1287:
1280:
1264:
1249:
1217:
1211:and capture
1189:
1166:
1130:
1099:
947:
939:
907:King Charles
898:
896:
876:2nd Aberdeen
848:
846:
812:Rowton Heath
714:
712:
683:1st Aberdeen
658:Marston Moor
643:Tipton Green
565:
563:
524:Olney Bridge
513:
494:Gainsborough
469:2nd Bradford
434:Sourton Down
424:Ripple Field
404:Hopton Heath
381:
379:
370:1st Bradford
365:Muster Green
350:Piercebridge
320:Kings Norton
310:Babylon Hill
283:
112:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
2611:. Phoenix.
1512:Aldermaston
1434:Wash Common
1360:made battle
959:Covenanters
856:Bovey Heath
807:2nd Chester
802:Philiphaugh
797:2nd Bristol
752:3rd Taunton
742:2nd Taunton
708:2nd Newbury
698:1st Taunton
693:1st Chester
673:Lostwithiel
593:Boldon Hill
534:Heptonstall
514:1st Newbury
489:1st Bristol
87: /
2672:Categories
2505:References
2418:Day (2007)
2382:Day (2007)
2358:Day (2007)
2310:Day (2007)
2298:Day (2007)
2274:Day (2007)
2238:Day (2007)
2178:Day (2007)
2154:Day (2007)
2118:Day (2007)
2094:Day (2007)
2070:Day (2007)
2034:Day (2007)
1950:Day (2007)
1926:Day (2007)
1914:Day (2007)
1902:Day (2007)
1890:Day (2007)
1878:Day (2007)
1866:Day (2007)
1842:Day (2007)
1830:Day (2007)
1818:Day (2007)
1806:Day (2007)
1782:Day (2007)
1758:Day (2007)
1746:Day (2007)
1734:Day (2007)
1722:Day (2007)
1710:Day (2007)
1695:Day (2007)
1680:Day (2007)
1644:Day (2007)
1632:Day (2007)
1596:Day (2007)
1581:Young 1964
1550:Lord Digby
1389:escarpment
1332:River Avon
1240:Gloucester
1213:Gloucester
1205:Dorchester
1197:Dorchester
1070:Gloucester
1042:Portsmouth
965:Background
881:Lagganmore
871:3rd Oxford
861:Torrington
827:Annan Moor
757:2nd Oxford
722:Inverlochy
678:Tippermuir
628:1st Oxford
613:Lyme Regis
499:Gloucester
375:Chichester
360:1st Exeter
300:Portsmouth
72:51°22′56″N
1565:Citations
1498:Aftermath
1375:Landscape
1348:Faringdon
1320:Cotswolds
1303:Lord Grey
1299:Aylesbury
1256:Cotswolds
1252:Painswick
1106:Royalists
762:Leicester
578:Newcastle
479:Lansdowne
449:Wakefield
419:Lichfield
414:Camp Hill
355:Tadcaster
335:Brentford
330:Aylesbury
229:Berkshire
138:Charles I
118:Royalists
75:1°20′25″W
2640:44223506
1620:Day 2007
1307:Brackley
1260:Rendcomb
1174:Cornwall
1145:Waller's
1137:Cornwall
1135:secured
787:Hereford
782:Langport
747:Auldearn
732:Weymouth
703:Carlisle
668:Ormskirk
648:Oswestry
603:Cheriton
573:Nantwich
504:2nd Hull
444:Stratton
325:Edgehill
305:Plymouth
290:1st Hull
173:Strength
58:Location
1516:Reading
1447:Led by
1370:Newbury
1352:Wantage
1313:Pursuit
1163:Bristol
1157:Bristol
1114:Charles
1084:Newbury
1014:Bristol
935:Newbury
927:Bristol
923:Reading
915:Banbury
792:Kilsyth
623:Lincoln
554:Arundel
519:Winceby
429:Reading
218:Newbury
2638:
2615:
2596:
2577:
2558:
2539:
2520:
1422:Battle
1170:Dorset
1120:. The
1118:Oxford
1028:Oxford
1000:London
919:Oxford
842:Newark
772:Alford
767:Naseby
633:Bolton
588:Newark
100:Result
2636:JSTOR
1336:Upton
608:Selby
544:Alton
394:Leeds
194:1,200
191:1,300
2613:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2518:ISBN
1350:and
1273:Sir
1172:and
921:and
897:The
849:1646
715:1645
618:York
566:1644
382:1643
284:1642
50:Date
1258:to
2674::
2632:42
2630:.
2449:^
1702:^
1687:^
1588:^
1573:^
917:,
2642:.
2621:.
2602:.
2583:.
2564:.
2545:.
2526:.
262:e
255:t
248:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
