2103:. At that Sunday, the prohibition to fight was absolute for Christians, but Otto decided to go on with the offensive, hoping to surprise the enemy while crossing the bridge. Philip's army was greatly surprised from the rear, but he quickly reorganized his troops before they could be engaged on the bridge. They quickly turned against the coalition. The French right wing fought against the Flemish knights, led by Ferdinand. At the center where fiercest of the fighting occurred, Philip and Otto fought in person. In the cavalry melee, Philip was unseated, and he fell, but his knights protected him, offered him a fresh horse, and the king resumed the assault until Otto ordered a retreat. Finally, on the left, the supporters of Philip ended the career of Renaud de Dammartin who was leading the knights from Brabant, as well as Longespée, both of whom were captured by the French after a long resistance. Fate had turned in favor of Philip, despite the numerical inferiority of his troops. The victory was decisive: the Emperor fled, Philip's men captured 130 prisoners, including five counts, including the reviled traitor, Renaud of Dammartin, and the Count of Flanders, Ferdinand.
2439:, who argued that Henry III had failed to protect the legal rights of the nobility under des Roches' administration. Henry struggled to gain a clear military advantage and became concerned that Louis of France might seize the opportunity to invade Brittany—as their truce was set to expire in 1234—while Henry was preoccupied with the conflict at home. By the time the truce with France ended, Henry agreed to make peace in the civil war. Despite this, Duke Peter of Brittany soon faced French military pressure. Henry could only send a small force to assist his vassal, and Brittany fell to the French in November. With this defeat, the Plantagenets lost their remaining control over northern France. After the dismissal of des Roches, Henry personally ruled the kingdom for the next 24 years, rather than relying on senior ministers.
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rivalry, remained. For the remainder of Henry's reign, the two kingdoms enjoyed a period of peace and stable relations. Initially for Henry, this was out of necessity in order to gain support against his rebellious barons. However, after meeting in person for the first time in 1254, the two kings became close friends, finding that they shared similar views on religion. Despite this friendship, Henry still frequently reminded Louis of his territorial claims until the treaty was finalized. The kings were on such amicable terms towards the end of their reigns that Louis gifted Henry
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1792:. An army led by John of England and William Marshal fell upon the besieging French army in an attempt to relieve the siege. Though the attack was initially successful, the convoluted battle plan led to the English being unable to achieve their objective. The French counterattack routed the English forces, leading John to retreat and invade Brittany instead in order to bait the French into withdrawing from the siege. Philip, understanding the importance of the castle for securing the rest of Normandy, refused to lift the siege. The defending garrison of the castle led by
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1338:, secretly traveled back to England to order an offensive on the rebels, and on his return counter-attacked Louis's army, massacring many of them and pushing the survivors back across the Norman border. In January 1174 the forces of Young Henry and Louis attacked again, threatening to push through into central Normandy. The attack failed and the fighting paused while the winter weather set in. Henry returned to England to face a potential invasion by the Flemish. This ruse allowed
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2488:, fearing further encroachment of the Capetians within the heart of France formed a coalition of nobles to resist the appointment of the king's cousin. By the early months of 1242, Capetian forces had seized many castles held by the rebellious coalition. Henry III took advantage of the situation and set out from England with his brother Richard to intervene in the conflict and support Hugh who, at this time, was his step-father by virtue of his marriage to Henry's mother
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1494:, paid two-thirds of the ransom, one hundred thousand marks, the balance to be paid later. Upon his return to England, John was forgiven by his brother and pardoned. Richard's reaction to the Capetian invasion was immediate. Determined to resist Philip's schemes on contested Angevin lands such as the Vexin and Berry, Richard poured all his military expertise and vast resources into the war on the French King. He organised an alliance with his father-in-law, King
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claim to the French throne, ultimately triggering the more famous
Hundred Years' War. The French invasion of England in 1216 also played a significant role in the rise of English nationalism, reinforcing a collective identity that distinguished the English from their French adversaries. The enduring fear of another French invasion in the 14th century further galvanized the lower classes, prompting widespread military preparedness, particularly in the use of the
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2666:. Despite Edmund Crouchback's best efforts to keep the peace and, on behalf of his brother Edward, show no intention of war by giving up Gascony's chief fortress, the French Parlement declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him again in Paris. In response, Edward renounced his vassalage to the French king and prepared for war. Little could be done about the French occupation of Gascony, however, Edward allied himself with
1354:. To put additional pressure on Louis, Henry mobilised his armies for war. The papacy intervened and, probably as Henry had planned, the two kings were encouraged to sign a non-aggression treaty in September 1177, under which they promised to undertake a joint crusade. The ownership of the Auvergne and parts of Berry were put to an arbitration panel, which reported in favour of Henry; Henry followed up this success by purchasing
2742:, daughter of Philip of France, to further resolve the tension between the two crowns. It is, however, during Edward's reign that the territorial extent of the Duchy of Aquitaine slowly dwindled due to a series of legal proceedings in an effort by the French crown and Parlement to take the last remaining Plantagenet foothold in the kingdom without any bloodshed. It is due to one of these legal proceedings that the town of
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1391:, from where he could escape into the safety of Normandy. Suddenly, Henry turned back south towards Anjou, against the advice of his officials. At Ballan, the two sides negotiated once again, resulting in the Treaty of Azay-le-Rideau on 4 July 1189, and the ill-stricken Henry had to recognize his son Richard as his sole heir. Two days later, Henry succumbed to his illness, possibly exacerbated by the betrayal of his son
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2059:. However, despite his significantly larger army, the English king was not prepared to fight, as he deemed his Poitevin allies, as well as his hired mercenaries, to be untrustworthy. He recrossed the Loire on July 3 and retreated to La Rochelle, with his rearguard suffering immensely at the hands of the French forces in the process. These actions constituted what is referred to as the
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distant regions, most combat involved the immediate stakeholders—local nobility and populace alike. As the
Plantagenets lost territory on the continent, their ability to wage war became increasingly strained. They had to rely on hired mercenaries for deeper offensive campaigns into France. This is all in contrast to the later "second" Hundred Years' War, during which the
1387:" took place in which Philip ordered the felling of an elm tree on the Norman border, under which both sides traditionally negotiated, signaling his intent to show no mercy to the English. By 1189, the conference broke up with war as Philip and Richard launched a surprise attack on Henry. Henry was caught by surprise at Le Mans but made a forced march north to
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983:, the actual power they held over many of their vassals, including the Plantagenets, was weak. The Capetian kings sought to expand the authority they had over their own kingdom. These reasons, in combination with the Plantagenet's hold on the sovereign kingdom of England adding to their strength, can be seen as the primary reasons for the conflict.
2345:. Expecting Henry of England to return with a relief force, the city's garrison held out against Louis for a month and engaged in several military confrontations. After it became clear that no relief force was coming, the garrison surrendered to Louis' forces. After the campaign, Louis focused his attention on capturing numerous cities in
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Around the turn of the 13th century, warfare in
Normandy was defined by slow but steady advances due to the high density of castles in the region. In September 1203, Philip dismantled the system of Norman castles around Château Gaillard, notably taking Le Vaudreuil. Once the immediate area around the
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located in the Vexin around this time. The French king took the town and was besieging the castle when
Richard stormed through French lines and made his way in to reinforce the garrison, while at the same time, another army was approaching Philip's supply lines. Against expectation, Richard laid down
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in 1259, the
English kings, in regards to their few remaining possessions on the continent, would remain vassals to the French kings and would become more English in nature. The Capetians were also able to consolidate their power, making the kingdom of France the wealthiest and most powerful state in
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in late
December, which again allowed the royal garrison to withdraw honourably with their horses and weapons. In early 1217, the prince decided to return to France for reinforcements. He had to fight his way to the south coast through loyalist resistance in Kent and Sussex, losing part of his force
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John was still determined to tie down as large a force as possible. When he heard Philip had departed, he at once faced about and re-entered Poitou in May. Rapidly passing the Loire, he again invaded Anjou and, after subduing many towns, laid siege to the strong castle of Roche-au-Moines on 19 June.
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starting in 1294, which were both initiated for mostly the same underlying reasons as are seen for the rest of the conflict. They are, however, both relatively minor, and the latter conflict is sufficiently distant in time to be considered separate from the overall conflict. It is also reasonable to
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resisted and were subsequently besieged by Louis' forces. But despite the warm welcome to Louis by a majority of
English bishops, the support of the pope to John remained firm, and Louis was excommunicated. The attitude of Philip Augustus towards this expedition was ambiguous; he did not officially
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as duchess of
Brittany and gave up the claim of Eleanor, who would end up in prison in 1241. The Capetian royal domain and the vast area north of the Loire enjoyed repose under the terms of the truce concluded in Chinon in 1215; originally for five years and then extended in 1220 with the guarantee
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who had recently taken
Vaudreuil, a key fortress on the Norman border. It was in August 1194 that Richard decreed for a 'nationalized' system of tournaments to be held in England in order to train the knights of his kingdom to be fiercer in war. As the campaign season was drawing to an end, the two
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to withdraw from
Toulouse, where he had been sent with an army to apply new pressure on Count Raymond, Philip Augustus's uncle. Philip Augustus threatened to invade Normandy if this did not happen and reopened the question of the Vexin. Philip Augustus invaded Berry and Henry mobilised a large army
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were relatively rare due to their typically decisive outcomes. However, this did not lessen the brutality or the death toll. In fact, this style of conflict spread the burden of war across a broader spectrum of society, impacting people of various statuses. While soldiers were often drawn from more
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The prosperity of the kingdom at the end of the reign of Philip Augustus is an established fact. It is estimated the annual surplus of the treasury was 25,210 livres in November 1221. On that date, the Treasury had in its coffers 157,036 livres, more than 80% of the total ordinary annual income of
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after her first marriage with Louis VII of France was annulled at the Council of Beaugency. As a result of this union, Henry had now possessed a larger proportion of France than Louis. Tensions between the two were revived. Louis organized a coalition against Henry including Stephen of England and
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The stage was set for another two-pronged invasion of France as many German nobles were in favor of a war; however, the Pope, intending to focus Henry's attention on Sicily, was pressuring him to make a permanent peace with France instead. Tensions were also escalating within the English realm as
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By the end of the minority of Henry III in 1226 in addition to the resolution of residual conflict from the First Barons' War, the king would prioritize the reconquest of what he saw as his "inheritance" and "legal claims" over the former Angevin territories now occupied by the Capetians. In 1225
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In mid-January 1199, the two kings met for a final meeting, Richard standing on the deck of a boat, and Philip on his horse on the banks of the Seine River. Shouting terms at each other, they could not reach an agreement on the terms of a permanent truce, but they did agree to further mediation,
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The significance of the conflict is often viewed in the context of the later Hundred Years' War, which spanned from 1337 to 1453. Ironically, the intermarriages between the two dynasties—resulting from various peace settlements from the conflict—played a direct role in the Plantagenets' dynastic
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The Treaty of Paris put an end to Henry's and any future king of England's ambitions to reestablish the former Angevin Empire which defined the previous hundred years of conflict and rivalry; however, contention over the remaining Plantagenet-held fiefs in France, as well as a general sense of
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The victory was complete on the continent, but Philip's ambitions did not stop there. Indeed, Philip Augustus wanted to go further against John of England. He thus argued that John should be deprived of the throne, recalling his betrayal of Richard in 1194, and the murder of his nephew Arthur.
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The incredible success of Philip Augustus soon brought all of his rivals to unite against him. The opposition formed in 1212. John allied with his nephew, Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who was currently facing an internal crisis within the Empire in which the French supported Otto's opposition,
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which at its peak covered around half of the territory within France. The ongoing conflict between the two dynasties resulted in the gradual "reconquest" of most of their kingdom by the Capetians, and later, the Plantagenet's attempts to retake what they believed to be their rightful claims in
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The conflict can generally be divided into three distinct phases. The first phase saw the Angevin Empire maintaining dominance over their Capetian rivals. In the second phase, the Angevin Empire experienced a sudden collapse at the hands of the Capetians, culminating in a Capetian invasion of
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After the untimely death of Louis VIII of France, much of the French nobility within former Angevin lands who still held strong ties with the Plantagenets rebelled against the new king Louis IX. It is within this context that in 1228, a group of the rebels called upon Henry to reclaim his
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The war resumed in 1195 when Philip besieged Vaudreuil after learning that Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire was conspiring with Richard to invade France, effectively nullifying the truce. According to English chroniclers, Richard met with Philip, who appeared to be stalling for time with
1682:. By autumn 1198, Richard had regained almost all that had been lost in 1193. With the warring sides in a deadlock, Philip offered a truce so that discussions could begin towards a more permanent peace, with the offer that he would return all of the territories except for Gisors. The new
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Although the time frame of the conflict is generally accepted to be from the beginning of the "40 years war" in 1159 to the 1259 Treaty of Paris, a few preliminary and residual instances of conflict have occurred between the two dynasties such as the Capetian invasion of Plantagenet-held
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However, the hostilities did not cease. Philip again took the cause of Arthur, and summoned John his vassal under the Treaty of Le Goulet for his actions in Aquitaine and Tours. John, naturally, did not present himself, and the court of France pronounced the confiscation of his fiefs.
1665:" in battle, meaning "God and my right" signifying that Richard was no longer willing to pay homage to Philip for his domain in France. Philip's forces withdrew and attempted to reach the fortress of Gisors. Bunched together, the French knights with king Philip attempted to cross the
1482:, his enemy. Despite Richard's best efforts during a trial convened by Henry, the emperor continued to detain him, possibly at the request of Philip of France. For the release of Richard, the emperor asked for a ransom of 100,000 marks, plus 50,000 marks to help him conquer Sicily.
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on the other hand chose to support John, which provided moral support, but no direct military advantage. The preparations of the conflict persisted: the initial project of Philip, who wanted to invade England, was thwarted when his fleet was attacked by the enemy coalition at the
2419:, and receiving homage from many lords on the way. However, the campaign was mostly ineffectual and Henry was forced to re-embark for his kingdom by the end of the campaign season, landing at Portsmouth on 27 October 1230 and having left a small force under Peter of Brittany and
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who led another invasion of England in the north allowed Henry to return to Normandy in August. Henry's forces fell upon the French army just before the final French assault on the city began; pushed back into France, Louis requested peace talks, bringing an end to the conflict.
1767:. Arthur of Brittany disappeared in the following months while in captivity, probably murdered in early 1203. Philip then provided support to vassals of Arthur and resumed his actions in Normandy in spring 1203. Philip ordered Eleanor be released, which John eventually refused.
1596:, then marching to Aumâle to relieve the siege. The English attacked the French at their camp around the castle, but were pushed back. Aumâle would surrender a week later. The year continued to go badly for Richard who was wounded in the knee by a crossbow bolt while beseiging
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his arms and negotiated with Philip, paying homage to him in the process. Philip's situation also became precarious as the arriving Angevin reinforcements meant that Richard's forces began to outnumber his own. As a result, Philip gave up most of his recent conquests in the
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which he claimed on Eleanor's behalf. When Henry and Louis discussed the matter of Toulouse, Henry left believing that he had the French king's support for military intervention. Henry invaded Toulouse and laid siege to the city by the same name, only to find Louis visiting
2288:, written in September 1222, confirms these figures, since the sum of its legacy amounted to 790,000 livres of Paris, nearly four years of revenue. This will was written while Philip was in a poor state of health and feared death. It will eventually occur ten months later.
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In 1187, Richard's renewed campaign into Toulouse undermined the truce between Henry and Philip. Both kings mobilized large forces in anticipation of war. In a peace conference held in November 1188, Richard publicly changed sides. It is also in 1188 that the symbolic
1221:. The resources at the disposal of Henry now far exceeded those of the king of France. In 1154 and in 1158, the two kings made a series of agreements to quell the tensions, including the concession of some minor territory to Henry, and the betrothing of Henry's son,
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In 1224, Louis invaded Poitou. Henry's army in the region was poorly supplied and lacked support from the Poitevin barons, many of whom felt abandoned during the years of Henry's minority; as a result, the province fell quickly. Further, Philip took the cities of
1317:, where Louis kept his main military arsenal, burning the town to the ground and forcing Louis to abandon his allies and make a private truce. After the short war, Henry continued his campaign against the Bretons, and would later see the capitulation of Toulouse.
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negotiations while his engineers were secretly undermining the walls. When the walls suddenly collapsed, Richard realized Philip's deception and ordered his forces to attack the French. Philip narrowly escaped, and Richard captured what remained of Vaudreuil.
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loomed as the English barons sought to reassert the authority of Magna Carta, which the king had been overstepping for decades. Seeking to restore his position in a seemingly desperate situation, in 1259 Henry purchased the support of Louis of France by the
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and the Crusaders. Philip Augustus refused to intervene and focused on the English danger. He gathered his barons in Soissons on 8 April 1213, ordering his son Louis to lead the expedition against England and won the support of all his vassals, except one,
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and eventually landed in Brittany. The French army shadowed much of the English army's movements in an attempt to repel them, however the English were able to campaign as far south as Bordeaux, capturing a few castles, notably taking the castle of
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broke Philip's ongoing siege of Verneuil, which was initially promised to Philip by John, and harassed the retreating French army, capturing their siege engines in the process. Philip struck back by sacking the city of Évreux held by John and
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Despite this, Louis consolidated his position by strengthening his alliances and became more vigorous in opposing Henry's increasing power in Europe. Meanwhile, Henry strengthened his grip on the Duchy of Brittany and secured it for his son
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Although Henry II wielded much stronger authority within his lands and commanded far greater resources than his Capetian rivals, there was a considerable division in his territories between his sons. Eager to inherit, his three eldest sons
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Henry, having then conquered much of southern Poitou, then moved south to meet up with Hugh's forces and do battle with the French army stationed in the region headed by Louis of France. The two forces set up camp on opposing sides of the
2027:. Making a great display of his troops, John overran Poitou in March, then crossed the Loire and invaded Anjou, the ancient patrimony of his house. As he expected, the King of France marched to check the invasion, taking with him his son,
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Now crowned king of France, Louis VIII claimed that the English court had not fulfilled all the conditions of the treaty of 1217. Taking advantage of the minority of Henry III, he decided to seize the last English possessions in France.
2774:, the son of Isabella and Edward II, would later use his position as grandson of Philip the Fair to claim the Kingdom of France. Therefore, the marriage settlements that sealed the end of the First Hundred Years' War would lead to the
1213:(or Treaty of Winchester), he was recognized as the successor of King Stephen of England. When the latter died on 25 October 1154, he ascended the throne of England under the name of Henry II. On Sunday, December 19, he was crowned at
1166:, as a pretender to the duchy of Normandy and launched a military campaign to remove Henry from the province. Peace was made in 1151 in which Henry accepted Louis as his feudal lord in response for recognition as the duke of Normandy.
1694:(Limousin) held by a rebel garrison in 1199, Richard was hit by another crossbow bolt in the left shoulder, near his neck. He succumbed to his injuries a few days later, on April 6, forty-one years old and at the height of his glory.
2393:, was commissioned by the English parliament to lead a campaign to recapture Gascony. By 1227, the campaigns were successful, likely in part due to the death of Louis VIII halfway through the endeavour and being succeeded by his son
1657:. Philip, believing that Courcelles was still holding out, went to its relief. Discovering what was happening, Richard decided to attack the French king's forces, catching Philip by surprise, resulting in an English victory at the
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against his brother Richard and profited from the absence of the latter to negotiate a very advantageous treaty for France. Hoping to acquire the English crown with the support of the King of France, John paid homage in 1193. The
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was created in 1200 which aimed to settle the claims the Angevin kings of England had on French lands, with the exception of Aquitaine, in order to end the constant dispute over Normandy. The treaty was sealed by the marriage of
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River on a bridge that promptly collapsed under their weight, almost drowning Philip in the process. He was dragged out of the river and shut himself up in Gisors, having successfully evaded Richard and reinforced the fortress.
1522:, Richard was able to further push back Philip who barely survived, almost drowning in a river. As a result of this battle, Richard captured a wealth of treasure and numerous written records from Philip, which he secured in the
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was fought. Louis pressed his advantage and laid siege to Saintes. Though it is unclear that any armed conflict happened in the siege, eventual Capetian occupation of the city brought an end to the English intervention in the
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by bribing German electors. In 1256, Henry successfully managed to get his brother Richard the title, though in reality, the title was still mostly nominal. Henry also became increasingly involved in a joint scheme with Pope
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The final confrontation between the armies of Philip and the coalition led by Otto, was now inevitable, after several weeks of approach and avoidance. Otto's army had a sizeable English contingent on the right-wing led by
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While he was in Pacy, Philip decided to attend an ecclesiastical assembly in Paris to prepare for a new crusade against the advice of his doctors. He did not survive the fatigue of travel and died on 14 July 1223 at
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invaded Gascony with very little resistance in August 1324. This humiliation was partially what led to Edward's downfall back in England. On 13 March 1325, Gascony was handed back to the Plantagenets after a truce.
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in the city. Henry was not prepared to directly attack Louis, who was still his feudal lord, and withdrew, contenting himself with ravaging the surrounding county, seizing various castles and taking the province of
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from 1337 to 1453 as it is seen as a precursor to the later conflict, involving many of the same belligerents and dynasties. Like the "second" Hundred Years' War, this conflict was not a single war, but rather a
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of the Holy Roman Empire plotting to attain an alliance with him and potentially renew a joint expedition into France. After Frederick's death in 1250, Henry influenced the election for the appointment of a new
1379:, before papal intervention brought a truce. During the negotiations, Philip Augustus suggested to Richard that they should ally against Henry, marking the start of a new strategy to divide the father and son.
2296:. His body was brought to Paris, and his funeral was quickly organized, in Saint-Denis, in the presence of the great men of the kingdom. For the first time, the body of the King of France dressed in all the
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Philip soon planned a new offensive, launching destructive raids into Normandy and again targeting Évreux. Richard countered Philip's thrust with a counterattack in the Vexin, while Mercadier led a raid on
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inheriting his father's vast territories and still commanding much more power than the Capetian monarchy, remaining no less a threat to the Capetians. After the coronation, Richard immediately left for the
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The extent of the French, Scottish, Welsh, and rebel occupation of England in May 1217 during the First Barons' War. Louis the Lion's occupation can be seen in the south-east, overlapping London, in light
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to fortify Normandy from further invasions which was mostly complete by 1198. The castle was ahead of its time, featuring innovations that would be adopted in castle architecture nearly a century later.
2662:"the Fair" of France. However, by 1293, an informal war had broken out between English, Gascon, Norman, and French sailors which resulted in the sacking of La Rochelle which was a part of the Capetian
2508:. In response, the French successfully countered the maneuver with a charge of knights, thus exposing the flank of the rest of the English army. The English fought a successful rearguard action led by
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on 3 April. By those operations, John had drawn Philip far to the south. Philip, however, refused to pursue John any farther and, after ravaging the revolted districts of Poitou, marched homewards. At
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who died in 1186. Philip Augustus supported this rivalry, and while he had taken the position of John against Richard, this time he took the position of Arthur against John. Philip received the
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was partially "... driven by competition with, and fear of, the Capetians". Situating another Plantagenet on a foreign throne would have brought great prestige to the royal house of England.
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By this point, France's economic and military superiority was clear. Henry was increasingly limited in his ability to reassert his claims in France. As a result, Henry adopted what historian
1550:, burning the English ships in the harbor while repulsing an attack by Richard at the same time. Philip now marched southward into the Berry region. His primary objective was the fortress of
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Arguing a questionable interpretation also of the genealogy of his wife Blanche of Castile, Prince Louis "the Lion" of France, at the request of the English barons in rebellion during the
2758:, of perpetrating the crime by association. Despite Edward's best efforts to diplomatically resolve the crisis caused by his vassal over the course of almost a year, a French army led by
1870:, it was then necessary to stabilize these rapid conquests. Since 1204, Philip published an order imposing the use of Norman, instead of Angevin, currency. Philip Augustus also built the
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If the conquests by arms ceased, Philip nevertheless extended his influence by taking advantage of problematic cases of inheritance. This was the case in Champagne on the accession of
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1615:, Richard's nephew, who put additional pressure on Philip and threatened an invasion into France. Finally, many Norman lords were switching sides and returning to Richard's camp.
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to bring an end to the ongoing 40-year war between Aquitaine and Toulouse, thus securing Richard's southern border. As part of the settlement, Raymond married Richard's sister,
1005:, which merely served as the justification for military action. The Hundred Year's War from 1337 to 1453 is also not accepted as part of the same conflict due to the differing
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2039:, he endeavoured to cut off John's line of retreat towards Aquitaine. However, abandoning Anjou, the English king hastened rapidly southward, and, evading the enemy, reached
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After the events at Vaudreuil, Richard besieged Arques. Philip now pressed his advantage in northeastern Normandy, where he, at the head of 600 knights, conducted a raid at
1194:, among a group of other nobles in France. Fighting broke out along the borders of Normandy, and Louis launched a campaign into Aquitaine. In England, Stephen laid siege to
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England. The third phase occurred with the Capetian kings now dominant on the continent, while the Plantagenets sought to reclaim the Angevin Empire through various means.
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fell to the French in the same year. Then, as Philip Augustus attacked the possessions of the Plantagenets, John gave to the French king eastern Normandy (except Rouen),
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However, Philip's fortunes would not last. The situation slowly turned against Philip over the course of the next three years. In October 1196, Richard negotiated with
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and were saved from starvation only by the arrival of a French fleet. Upon his return to England, his forces were decisively routed by William Marshal's troops at the
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2658:, who continued to keep peaceable relations with the kings of France during the beginning of his reign. In 1286, Edward visited France to pay homage to the new king
1470:, likely driven by the urgent matters awaiting him in his own kingdom, and set sail back for England in October 1192. Winter storms overtook him. Forced to stay at
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1294:, capturing Theobald's castle after a successful siege. Another peace was negotiated in the autumn of 1161, followed by a second peace treaty in 1162 overseen by
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support it and even criticized his son's strategy for the conquest of England, but it is unlikely that he had not given his consent to it, at least privately.
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The coalition was dissolved after its defeat. On 18 September 1214, in Chinon, Philip signed a truce for five years. John returned to England in 1214. By the
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extend the start of the conflict to 1154, when the formation of the Angevin Empire can be seen as the true root of the conflict, rather than the dispute over
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In 1167, the two kings were at war once again. Louis allied himself with the Welsh, Scots, and Bretons, and attacked Normandy. Henry responded by attacking
2595:, agreeing to accept the loss of the lands in France that had been seized from him and from his father by Louis and his predecessors since 1202, and to do
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2710:, and landed an army in northern France in late August 1297 to support his Flemish allies. However, the French had already beaten back the Flemish at the
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This article is about the Anglo–French dispute from 1159 to 1259, sometimes known as the First Hundred Years' War. For the dispute from 1337 to 1453, see
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has described as a "European strategy" by venturing to regain his lands in France through diplomacy rather than force. Henry wrote frequently to
655:
2248:. The French attempted to send reinforcements and supplies across the English Channel, but were obliterated in another decisive battle in the
2179:
on May 1216. At the head of numerous troops (1,200 knights, plus many English rebels), Louis conquered much of the English kingdom, including
2436:
1503:
2095:, the illegitmate son of Henry II and half brother to John. On Sunday 27 July 1214 the army of Philip, pursued by the coalition, arrived at
1534:. In mid-July, while Richard was distracted with this rebellion, Philip won a thorough victory against an Anglo-Norman army led by John and
967:
were considered to be more important than their insular ones, covering an area significantly greater than the territories controlled by the
780:
776:
772:
3140:
2723:
1151:
1913:, daughter of Renaud, he continued to negotiate with the enemy camp. The suspicions of Philip took shape when the count began to fortify
1827:
fell immediately after, completing the success of Philip, who had conquered Normandy in two years of campaign. Philip then turned to the
1611:. Richard also won over Count Baldwin, switching sides in 1197. The same year, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI died and was succeeded by
2268:, which allowed him to reestablish his suzerainty. This was the case especially when the king recovered certain lands such as Issoudun,
2884:
2131:
returned to the royal domain, which then covered a third of France, greatly enlarged and free from external threat. John acknowledged
1358:
from the local count. This expansion of Henry's empire once again threatened French security, and promptly put the new peace at risk.
2051:
He had lain in front of it for fifteen days when Prince Louis marched to it with his relief army, reinforced by Angevin levies under
1330:
against him in 1173 with the help of Louis of France. Young Henry and Louis invaded the Vexin intending to reach the Norman capital,
3065:
3032:
2986:
2836:
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1526:
and would use against Philip in the wars to come. Richard then moved south to capture AngoulĂŞme from an rebellious alliance between
748:
1709:
861:
816:
733:
469:
3105:
3090:
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to seek the support of Otto and England, where he paid homage to John. Hostilities between Philip and John resumed immediately.
1502:, who raided Philip's lands from the south. In May 1194, at the head of an English army dispatched from Portsmouth, Richard and
3145:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3150:
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2501:
1764:
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Richard continued the crusade after the departure and seeming betrayal of Philip: he retook the main Palestinian ports up to
846:
605:
1793:
2634:
3135:
3130:
1958:
1604:
1303:
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and Évreux, by written agreement, in January 1194. By his military and diplomatic finesse, Philip kept his rival at bay.
806:
801:
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2743:
1963:
1898:
1789:
1479:
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791:
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From 1206 to 1212, Philip Augustus strove to strengthen his territorial conquests. Capetian domination was accepted in
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2300:
is exposed for the veneration of the people before his burial in a solemn rite based on that of the kings of England.
2151:
2079:
1339:
743:
129:
Rise and confirmation of Capetian supremacy in regional politics; ascendancy of the Kingdom of France in Europe under
1719:
John Lackland succeeded his brother Richard. The succession was not unopposed: facing John was his nephew, the young
1851:
48:
An illumination from a 14th century AD manuscript of the "Grandes Chroniques de France", depicting a battle between
3115:
2715:
2513:
1724:
1581:
1475:
1314:
1287:
2216:
Finally, John died suddenly of illness on 19 October 1216. The former allies of John then hastily crowned his son
3120:
2747:
2407:
2249:
2132:
1191:
866:
579:
2447:
2183:, where he settled and proclaimed himself as King of England with the support of the English rebel barons. Only
1408:
241:
2750:
was upset by the decision and raided Saint-Sardos, razing it to the ground. The French government then accused
2691:
2341:, in a quick campaign. To control the trade of the region, the French laid siege to the strategic port city of
2245:
1967:
1690:
which resulted in a five-year truce that held. The situation ended abruptly. During the siege of the castle of
1159:
919:
569:
2517:
2489:
1995:
1511:, the latter of which would soon after be captured by the French while attempting to retake his own castle in
1203:
1198:
which was held by Henry's forces at the time. Henry responded by stabilizing the Norman border, pillaging the
1102:
703:
1342:, and Louis to invade Normandy and reach Rouen, laying siege to the city. However, the defeat and capture of
2679:
2060:
490:
61:
2703:
2667:
2592:
2273:
1999:
King John of England in battle with the Francs (left), Prince Louis VIII of France on the march (right). (
1531:
1291:
1083:
821:
105:
57:
1966:, whom he himself had installed two years earlier. Philip then sought further support, particularly with
1580:
Political and military conditions seemed promising for Philip at the start of 1196 when Richard's nephew
2767:
2604:
2505:
2452:
2265:
1495:
1392:
1370:. In 1186, Philip demanded that he be given the Duchy of Brittany and insisted that Henry order his son
1242:
1210:
1122:
723:
636:
353:
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2256:
on 11 September 1217, while getting in return a large sum of money and reconciliation with the Church.
1926:
1519:
939:
768:
20:
2224:
continued to defend the loyalists. The bishops soon withdrew their support from Louis and the rebels.
1946:. Renaud de Dammartin was the real architect of the coalition. He had nothing to lose when he went to
1253:, thereby controlling communications between the northwest and south-west France. In 1158, he annexed
1206:. Louis soon fell ill and withdrew the campaign, and Geoffrey was forced to come to terms with Henry.
339:
329:
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2759:
2755:
2735:
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who was still in his minority. Gascony would remain in Plantagenet hands for over another 200 years.
2217:
2172:
2145:
2028:
2024:
1741:
1646:
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1491:
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1416:
1371:
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915:
738:
718:
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538:
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123:
1800:
on the enemy, until 6 March 1204 when the attackers finally reached the inner bailey of the castle.
1275:. The episode proved to be a long-running point of dispute between the two kings and the chronicler
56:(r. 1180 - 1223 AD). Both kings are recognizable by their coats of arms; Philip II is identified by
2707:
2659:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2624:
2469:
In 1241, another dispute arose out of France as a result of the appointment of king Louis' cousin,
2458:
2386:
2322:
2316:
A letter from the mayor of Bordeaux informing Henry III of Louis VIII's invasion of Gascony in 1224
2252:. Louis agreed to negotiate peace in June and renounced his claims to the throne of England by the
2020:
1954:
1886:
1780:
1736:
1627:
1589:
1568:
1567:
in December 1195. During this relatively longer period of peace, Richard began construction on the
1412:
1367:
1355:
1327:
1276:
1155:
1139:
1096:
1059:
931:
856:
763:
708:
333:
297:
287:
181:
173:
53:
3009:
2646:. The scene took place in a hall of the royal palace in the presence of the court. Taken from the
950:
to encompass dynastically related conflicts revolving around the dispute over the Angevin Empire.
2739:
2719:
2675:
2578:
2551:
2530:
2474:
2410:. By 1230, after a long period of preparation for the invasion, Henry embarked with an army from
2394:
2232:
2184:
2096:
2075:
2052:
1820:
1760:
1745:
1720:
1564:
1527:
1499:
1384:
1295:
1195:
1117:
1041:, siege assaults, siege reliefs, raids, and skirmishes. This was largely due to two factors: the
1022:
1002:
993:
923:
693:
495:
421:
317:
255:
235:
130:
89:
2136:
of Louis, an association which marked the beginning of Philip's transition to his son and heir.
836:
251:
2473:, as the Count of Poitiers, a title still nominally held in contention by Richard of Cornwall.
1438:
Returning early from the crusade in December 1191, Philip Augustus encouraged the rebellion of
1261:. In 1159, Henry continued to act on his expansionist policy by setting his eyes on the county
43:
3061:
3028:
2982:
2880:
2832:
2699:
2671:
2564:
2560:
2477:
2390:
2253:
2221:
2056:
1971:
1824:
1804:
1683:
1662:
1452:
1427:
1290:, mobilized his forces on behalf of Louis, however, Henry responded with a surprise attack on
1214:
1178:
1147:
1046:
911:
679:
245:
208:
145:
85:
49:
35:
2063:. But the coalition was not yet lost: everything depended on the eastern theatre of the war.
2746:
switched hands in 15 October 1323. The following day, a local lord named Raymond-Bernard of
2711:
2695:
2556:
2497:
2481:
2432:
2188:
2124:
1943:
1732:
1658:
1623:
1343:
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1062:
gained momentum, allowing for pitched battles to become more common, and the growing use of
980:
964:
903:
826:
574:
153:
2714:, forcing Edward to move south and support Henry's raids into France instead. In 1299, the
2435:, leading the English government and backed by the Poitevin faction, and the rebels led by
2047:, he handed over a few thousand troops to his son and returned with the rest to the north.
1134:
In 1150, amidst a period of civil war in England over the succession of the crown known as
261:
16:
A series of conflicts between the Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties during the Middle Ages
2608:
2596:
2542:
2285:
2228:
2128:
2112:
2000:
1976:
1902:
1867:
1856:
1728:
1523:
1217:. This marked the beginning of what is referred to by historians in the modern day as the
1170:
1143:
1018:
968:
895:
871:
564:
485:
265:
157:
2349:
as part of a separate conflict. While returning from the campaign, Louis became ill with
2269:
3003:
1874:, an imposing fortress of Philippian style and the locus of Capetian power in Normandy.
1037:
The conflict occurred during a period when the majority of warfare was characterized by
975:
of the former in regards to the continental lands. Indeed, while the Capetian's nominal
3125:
2791:
2586:
Henry's endeavors in Sicily were evidently becoming a costly fiasco. The prospect of a
2231:
but allowed the defending knights to leave with their horses and weapons. He then took
2100:
2044:
1906:
1775:
1650:
1376:
1218:
1054:
944:
927:
907:
559:
224:
117:
111:
2423:, to act against the French in Normandy and Brittany. A 4 year truce was agreed upon.
2204:
1843:
in 1205. The failures of John were not received well by the nobility back in England.
1112:
506:
359:
349:
231:
220:
3079:
2687:
2522:
2368:
2357:
Efforts to restore the Angevin Empire and final settlement under Henry III: 1225-1259
2209:
2116:
1979:
in May 1213. The following month saw Philip and Louis strive against the counties of
1930:
1512:
1466:
although the city itself eluded him. He eventually negotiated a five-year truce with
1439:
1432:
1420:
1351:
1335:
1282:
Despite initial attempts to repair relations, diplomacy broke down. Henry seized the
947:
851:
753:
622:
185:
2071:
1554:, which had just been captured by Richard's mercenary commander and right hand man,
2683:
2161:
2140:
Invasion of England and further conquests in France under Louis the Lion: 1215-1224
1871:
1828:
1448:
1014:
876:
554:
313:
303:
293:
283:
204:
2533:
who sided with the rebel coalition. Richard conceded Poitou around December 1243.
2312:
2175:, led an expedition to attempt the conquest of England. The landing took place in
1819:
surrendered 24 June 1204, despairing the aid of John Lackland, who did not come.
1796:
continued to stubbornly resist French advances, reportedly going as far as using
2900:
2777:
2525:. After the English defeat, the war continued into 1243 between Louis and count
2504:. On July 21 a wing of the English army advanced over the bridge leading to the
2326:
2012:
2007:
John crossed to Aquitaine with his force at a very unusual season. Sailing from
1654:
1135:
1008:
1350:
Tension resurfaced between the two kings in the late 1170s over the control of
2663:
2620:
2451:
King Louis IX the Saint (depicted on a white horse) in the first phase of the
2411:
2241:
2008:
1797:
1686:, who wanted to set up a new crusade, also pushed the two kings to negotiate.
1593:
1388:
1154:. In response to the looming threat of a united England, Normandy, and Anjou,
997:
976:
758:
1202:
and then striking south into Anjou against Geoffrey, capturing the castle of
2570:
2350:
2346:
2330:
1947:
1878:
1675:
1555:
1237:
1063:
1042:
437:
373:
177:
1691:
1013:
used to initiate the war, and the fact that the two families involved were
1661:(sometimes called Courcelles). In this battle, Richard reportedly yelled "
1426:
In 3 September 1189, Richard the Lionheart was crowned King of England in
2416:
2334:
2277:
2120:
2115:, John Lackland abandoned all his possessions to the north of the Loire:
1984:
1980:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1832:
1559:
1551:
1399:
Preservation of the Angevin Empire under Richard the Lionheart: 1189-1199
1307:
1262:
1258:
1186:
972:
590:
161:
149:
2829:
Studies on Capetian France, from Louis VI to the sons of Philippe le Bel
2825:
Etudes sur la France capétienne, de Louis VI aux fils de Philippe le Bel
2406:
sought-after territories. Among these rebels was the Duke of Brittany,
2338:
2297:
2040:
2016:
1918:
1914:
1863:
1618:
1612:
1597:
1467:
1334:. Henry, who had been in France in order to receive absolution for the
1250:
1076:
169:
1310:, and continued to apply pressure on Toulouse in a military campaign.
2485:
2293:
2180:
2036:
2032:
1922:
1917:, in western Normandy. In 1211, Philip went on the offensive, taking
1840:
1836:
1812:
1756:
1755:
In the spring of 1202 Philip attacked Normandy while Arthur attacked
1679:
1585:
1547:
1272:
1254:
1050:
1049:, and the defensive advantage provided by the widespread presence of
165:
1803:
Normandy was now open for the taking. Philip pressed his advantage;
647:
2633:
2569:
2237:
2203:
2192:
2070:
1850:
1816:
1617:
1471:
1459:
1331:
1283:
1236:
1199:
1038:
2220:, aged nine. Pope Innocent III also just died, but his successor
2019:
to reinforce him and marched into Poitou, where he was joined by
1600:, and Nonancourt was recaptured following the battle at Aumâle.
1588:
at the head of a large army, including a contingent led by Count
2176:
1808:
1666:
1279:
called the ensuing conflict with Toulouse a "forty years' war."
1053:. Consequently, warfare was more localized in nature and large
902:; 1159–1259) was a series of conflicts and disputes during the
651:
594:
510:
441:
377:
2782:
that was employed to declare the "second" Hundred Years' War.
1082:
After the Plantagenet claims to western France ended with the
938:
The First Hundred Years' War is retroactively named after the
2831:] (in French) (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 11–35.
1490:
Richard was finally released on 2 February 1194. His mother,
2353:, and died on 8 November 1226, thus ending his short reign.
2031:, and the pick of the feudal levies of his realm. Moving by
1763:, and taken prisoner with his troops as well as his sister
1045:
structure of both kingdoms which hindered the formation of
3005:
A history of England from the first invasion by the Romans
2512:
allowing the army to withdraw south to the nearby city of
1169:
When Geoffrey died in September 1151, Henry inherited the
1698:
Fall of the Angevin Empire under John Lackland: 1199-1214
3027:. Royal Historical Society: Boydell Press. p. 147.
2722:, along with Edward's marriage to Philip's half-sister,
1678:. The problem was compounded by the Flemish invasion of
1286:
and forced a marriage between Young Henry and Margaret.
1066:
began to undermine the strategic importance of castles.
1017:
of the Capetian, and eventually, Plantagenet dynasties (
963:
During the conflict, the continental possessions of the
3058:
1204, Normandy between the Plantagenets & Capetians
2563:. The historian Björn Weiler argues that the so-called
2212:
accompanying an account of the Second Battle of Lincoln
1759:, but the young duke was surprised by King John in the
3025:
Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216–1272
2260:
French supremacy in the later reign of Philip Augustus
1584:
ended up in his hands. In July 1196, Philip besieged
2015:
on 15 February 1214. He called the feudal levies of
3052:HĂ©richer, Anne-Marie Flambard; et al. (2007),
3054:1204, La Normandie entre Plantagenêts et Capétiens
2431:In 1232, a civil war broke out in England between
1987:. The northern cities were almost all devastated.
1901:, became a primary concern. Despite the favors of
1142:, a claimant to the throne by right of his mother
1478:, who put him in the hands of the German Emperor
1241:The Angevin Empire in 1154 in shades of red, the
926:. The conflict emerged over the Plantagenet-held
1957:, led by French barons, saw the quarrel between
2850:
2848:
28:
1953:At the same time, the first operations of the
1592:. Richard countered the manuever by capturing
126:claims to much of western France are abandoned
1862:John and Philip finally agreed to a truce in
663:
606:
522:
453:
389:
8:
1091:Angevin ascendancy under Henry II: 1154-1189
58:three pale gold fleur-de-lis on a blue field
2775:
2337:. Louis seized all territory as far as the
1404:Third Crusade and Philip Augustus' betrayal
1362:Philip Augustus' first attempts at conquest
1006:
2559:to secure the Sicilian throne for his son
2516:where on July 22, where the more decisive
1991:1214 campaign of John Lackland in the west
1779:An artists impression of how the siege of
1645:In 1197 Richard invaded the Vexin, taking
1485:
1306:. Elsewhere, Henry attempted to seize the
670:
656:
648:
613:
599:
591:
529:
515:
507:
460:
446:
438:
396:
382:
374:
25:
2734:In 1307, Edward was succeeded by his son
2654:In 1272, Henry was succeeded by his son,
2537:European Strategy and the Treaty of Paris
1933:, and was no longer an immediate threat.
1723:(12 years old), son of his elder brother
1366:In 1180, Louis was succeeded by his son,
1361:
2446:
2311:
2160:
1994:
1774:
1539:kings agreed to the Truce of Tillières.
1407:
1111:
979:extended far beyond the small domain of
2812:
1704:French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204)
1249:In 1156, Henry seized the viscounty of
2875:Gillingham, John (December 31, 1999).
2599:for those that remained in his hands.
2421:Ranulf de Blondeville, Earl of Chester
2389:, Henry's brother and recently styled
1899:Renaud de Dammartin, Count of Boulogne
1855:Territorial evolution of France under
2157:Intervention in the First Barons' War
1788:castle was secured, Philip began the
1079:, as a means of defending the realm.
7:
2977:Charles, Victoria; Tzu, Sun (2015).
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
1486:Richard's retaliation against Philip
62:three pale gold lions on a red field
1847:Consolidation of Capetian conquests
1715:Dispute over the Angevin succession
1321:Revolt over the Angevin inheritance
1257:from the semi-independent duchy of
1929:. Renaud de Dammartin fled to the
120:regain hegemony over their vassals
14:
2738:. In 25 January 1308, he married
2363:English invasion of France (1230)
1181:in right of his wife by marrying
3060:] (in French), Caen: CRAHM,
2965:Chronique rimée, éd. Reiffenberg
2240:, with the remainder pursued to
1233:Outbreak of the Forty Years' War
922:or the Angevins), rulers of the
358:
348:
338:
328:
312:
302:
292:
282:
260:
250:
240:
230:
219:
203:
42:
2284:the monarchy. The testament of
1375:which confronted the French at
1108:Formation of the Angevin Empire
2650:, illuminated by Jean Fouquet.
2227:On 6 December 1216 Louis took
1905:, who married in 1210 his son
1765:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany
1:
2099:to cross the bridge over the
1959:Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse
2648:Grandes Chroniques de France
2084:Grandes Chroniques de France
1964:Ferdinand, Count of Flanders
1710:Anglo-French War (1213–1214)
1536:William d'Aubigny of Arundel
1268:Raymond V, Count of Toulouse
1245:(Ile-de-France) in dark blue
1047:professional standing armies
3141:Warfare in medieval England
3023:Weiler, Björn K.U. (2006).
2981:. Parkstone International.
2615:Further disputes: 1293-1325
2152:Siege of La Rochelle (1224)
1771:Fall of Normandy and Poitou
1209:On 6 November 1153, by the
1177:. On 18 May 1152 he became
1158:of France put forward King
900:Première guerre de Cent Ans
3167:
2618:
2401:1230 campaign of Henry III
2372:
2366:
2360:
2149:
2143:
1866:, on 13 October 1206. For
1783:in 1204 would have looked.
1725:Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany
1707:
1701:
1582:Arthur I, Duke of Brittany
1474:, he was captured by Duke
1288:Theobald V, Count of Blois
1152:Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
1100:
1094:
18:
2879:. Yale University Press.
2061:Battle of Roche-au-Moines
1970:. After some hesitation,
1790:Siege of Château Gaillard
1636:Chroniques de Saint-Denis
1462:, and restored the Latin
1340:Philip, Count of Flanders
1087:medieval Western Europe.
689:
632:
550:
481:
417:
273:
196:
68:
41:
33:
2003:, Royal 16 G VI f. 385)
1968:Henry I, Duke of Brabant
1190:Henry's younger brother
892:First Hundred Years' War
52:(r. 1199 - 1216 AD) and
29:First Hundred Years' War
3106:13th century in England
3091:12th century in England
2480:"le Brun", Seigneur de
1435:alongside King Philip.
1403:
996:in 1152, or during the
971:who, however, were the
3146:Wars involving England
3111:13th century in France
3101:13th-century conflicts
3096:12th century in France
3086:12th-century conflicts
3002:Lingard, John (1825).
2776:
2651:
2582:
2466:
2380:Reclamation of Gascony
2317:
2274:Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
2213:
2167:
2087:
2025:Hervé, Count of Nevers
2004:
1889:, but the counties of
1859:
1784:
1642:
1423:
1246:
1225:, to Louis' daughter,
1131:
1007:
899:
274:Commanders and leaders
3151:Wars involving France
3008:. J Mawman. pp.
2821:Bautier, Robert-Henri
2716:Treaties of Montreuil
2637:
2573:
2506:Battle of Taillebourg
2490:Isabella of AngoulĂŞme
2453:Battle of Taillebourg
2450:
2315:
2207:
2164:
2074:
1998:
1937:Anti-French coalition
1854:
1778:
1632:Richard the Lionheart
1621:
1558:. John also captured
1417:Richard the Lionheart
1411:
1372:Richard the Lionheart
1243:Crown lands of France
1240:
1211:Treaty of Wallingford
1123:Topographia Hibernica
1120:of Henry II from the
1115:
344:Richard the Lionheart
3136:House of Plantagenet
3131:Geopolitical rivalry
2756:Seneschal of Gascony
2593:1259 Treaty of Paris
1835:in August 1204, and
1653:before returning to
1647:Courcelles-sur-Seine
1492:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1476:Leopold V of Austria
1464:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1183:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1140:Henry II Plantagenet
916:House of Plantagenet
364:Henry III of England
308:Louis VIII of France
2730:War of Saint-Sardos
2708:king of the Germans
2644:Philip IV of France
2640:Edward I of England
2625:War of Saint-Sardos
2387:Richard of Cornwall
2208:An illustration by
2021:Hugh IX of Lusignan
1955:Albigensian Crusade
1737:Treaty of Le Goulet
1590:Baldwin of Flanders
1569:Château de Gaillard
1532:Ademar of Angouleme
1509:Robert of Leicester
1344:William of Scotland
1277:William of Newburgh
1103:Revolt of 1173–1174
1097:Henry II of England
1060:infantry revolution
932:Henry II of England
918:(also known as the
334:Henry II of England
288:Louis VII of France
60:, while John wears
54:Philip II of France
2967:, t.II, p. 431-432
2963:Philippe Mouskès,
2797:Hundred Years' War
2652:
2588:Second Barons' War
2583:
2579:Louis IX of France
2552:King of the Romans
2467:
2375:Second Barons' War
2318:
2250:Battle of Sandwich
2233:Berkhamsted Castle
2214:
2200:English resurgence
2168:
2156:
2088:
2076:Battle of Bouvines
2067:Battle of Bouvines
2053:William des Roches
2005:
1897:remain reluctant.
1860:
1785:
1761:Battle of Mirebeau
1746:Blanche of Castile
1721:Arthur of Brittany
1643:
1628:Philip II Augustus
1565:Treaty of Louviers
1528:Geoffrey de Rancon
1520:Battle of Fréteval
1424:
1385:cutting of the elm
1296:Pope Alexander III
1247:
1232:
1196:Wallingford Castle
1162:of England's son,
1132:
994:Duchy of Aquitaine
940:Hundred Years' War
924:Kingdom of England
298:Philip II Augustus
256:Duchy of Aquitaine
236:Kingdom of England
21:Hundred Years' War
3116:Anglo-French wars
2760:Charles of Valois
2577:paying homage to
2565:Sicilian Business
2518:Battle of Saintes
2510:Simon De Montfort
2254:Treaty of Lambeth
2246:Battle of Lincoln
2222:Pope Honorius III
2173:First Baron's War
2146:First Barons' War
2093:William Longespée
2057:Amaury I de Craon
2011:, they landed at
1972:Pope Innocent III
1684:Pope Innocent III
1663:Dieu et mon droit
1576:Resumption of war
1445:Château de Gisors
1428:Westminster Abbey
1315:Chaumont-sur-Epte
1215:Westminster Abbey
1179:Duke of Aquitaine
1148:Duchy of Normandy
945:historiographical
912:Kingdom of France
906:during which the
887:
886:
681:Anglo-French Wars
645:
644:
588:
587:
540:First Barons' War
504:
503:
435:
434:
372:
371:
246:Duchy of Normandy
209:Kingdom of France
192:
191:
146:Kingdom of France
101:Capetian victory
50:John I of England
36:Anglo-French Wars
3158:
3121:Capetian dynasty
3070:
3039:
3038:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2952:Philippe Auguste
2948:
2942:
2939:Philippe Auguste
2935:
2929:
2926:Philippe Auguste
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2872:
2859:
2856:Philippe Auguste
2852:
2843:
2842:
2817:
2781:
2771:
2712:Battle of Furnes
2638:On 5 June 1286,
2459:Eugène Delacroix
2455:21st July 1242.
2433:Peter des Roches
2427:Loss of Brittany
2236:in an ambush at
2113:Treaty of Chinon
2107:Capetian success
1944:Philip of Swabia
1831:, where he took
1781:Château-Gaillard
1748:, John's niece.
1733:Duke of Brittany
1659:Battle of Gisors
1626:, 1198, between
1624:Battle of Gisors
1150:from his father
1129:
1012:
965:Kings of England
935:western France.
910:, rulers of the
904:High Middle Ages
684:
682:
672:
665:
658:
649:
627:
615:
608:
601:
592:
545:
541:
531:
524:
517:
508:
476:
472:
471:Anglo-French War
462:
455:
448:
439:
427:Château Gaillard
412:
408:
407:Anglo-French War
398:
391:
384:
375:
362:
352:
342:
332:
316:
306:
296:
286:
264:
254:
244:
234:
223:
207:
70:
69:
46:
26:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2788:
2769:
2732:
2642:paid homage to
2632:
2627:
2619:Main articles:
2617:
2609:Seventh Crusade
2543:Michael Clanchy
2539:
2445:
2437:Richard Marshal
2429:
2403:
2391:Count of Poitou
2382:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2306:
2286:Philip Augustus
2262:
2229:Hertford Castle
2202:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2109:
2086:, 14th century)
2078:: Philip faces
2069:
2001:British Library
1993:
1977:Battle of Damme
1939:
1903:Philip Augustus
1872:castle of Rouen
1868:Philip Augustus
1857:Philip Augustus
1849:
1773:
1742:Louis of France
1717:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1641:, 14th century)
1578:
1524:Tower of London
1504:William Marshal
1488:
1419:(right) at the
1413:Philip Augustus
1406:
1401:
1364:
1323:
1235:
1171:County of Anjou
1156:Louis VII Capet
1146:, received the
1144:Empress Matilda
1127:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1084:Treaty of Paris
1072:
1055:pitched battles
1035:
1025:respectively).
989:
969:Kings of France
961:
956:
888:
883:
685:
680:
678:
676:
646:
641:
628:
625:
621:
619:
589:
584:
546:
543:
539:
537:
535:
505:
500:
477:
474:
470:
468:
466:
436:
431:
413:
410:
406:
404:
402:
368:
322:
266:County of Anjou
140:
106:Treaty of Paris
92:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3015:
2994:
2987:
2969:
2956:
2950:John Baldwin,
2943:
2937:John Baldwin,
2930:
2924:John Baldwin,
2917:
2892:
2886:978-0300079128
2885:
2860:
2844:
2837:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2792:Angevin Empire
2787:
2784:
2731:
2728:
2631:
2628:
2616:
2613:
2538:
2535:
2498:Charente river
2444:
2441:
2428:
2425:
2408:Peter de Dreux
2402:
2399:
2381:
2378:
2373:Main article:
2367:Main article:
2361:Main article:
2358:
2355:
2333:, and part of
2305:
2302:
2261:
2258:
2201:
2198:
2158:
2155:
2150:Main article:
2144:Main article:
2141:
2138:
2108:
2105:
2068:
2065:
1992:
1989:
1938:
1935:
1907:Philip Hurepel
1848:
1845:
1772:
1769:
1731:of Arthur, as
1716:
1713:
1708:Main article:
1702:Main article:
1699:
1696:
1651:Boury-en-Vexin
1639:(ou de France)
1577:
1574:
1530:and the count
1487:
1484:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1363:
1360:
1322:
1319:
1234:
1231:
1219:Angevin Empire
1109:
1106:
1101:Main article:
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1071:
1068:
1034:
1031:
1015:cadet branches
988:
985:
960:
957:
955:
952:
928:Angevin Empire
920:House of Anjou
908:House of Capet
885:
884:
882:
881:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
690:
687:
686:
677:
675:
674:
667:
660:
652:
643:
642:
640:
639:
633:
630:
629:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
586:
585:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
560:Windsor Castle
557:
551:
548:
547:
536:
534:
533:
526:
519:
511:
502:
501:
499:
498:
493:
491:Roche-au-Moine
488:
482:
479:
478:
467:
465:
464:
457:
450:
442:
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
418:
415:
414:
403:
401:
400:
393:
386:
378:
370:
369:
367:
366:
356:
346:
336:
325:
323:
321:
320:
310:
300:
290:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
269:
268:
258:
248:
238:
225:Angevin Empire
216:
215:
214:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
142:
136:
135:
134:
133:
127:
121:
118:Capetian kings
114:
112:Angevin Empire
108:
98:
94:
93:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3163:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3069:
3067:9782902685356
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3034:0-86193-280-3
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2988:9781783107797
2984:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:9780860783060
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:royal demesne
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:Saintonge war
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:and Count of
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2443:Saintonge War
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2369:Saintonge War
2364:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2210:Matthew Paris
2206:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1931:county of Bar
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:Roger De Lacy
1791:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1440:John Lackland
1436:
1434:
1433:Third Crusade
1429:
1422:
1421:Third Crusade
1418:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Becket affair
1333:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1116:Contemporary
1114:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1004:
999:
995:
986:
984:
982:
981:ĂŽle-de-France
978:
974:
970:
966:
958:
953:
951:
949:
948:periodisation
946:
941:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:, fought the
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:
683:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
654:
653:
650:
638:
635:
634:
631:
624:
623:Saintonge War
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
593:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:
542:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
512:
509:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
473:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
443:
440:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:
409:
399:
394:
392:
387:
385:
380:
379:
376:
365:
361:
357:
355:
354:John Lackland
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
326:
324:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
228:
227:
226:
222:
217:
213:
212:
211:
210:
206:
201:
200:
195:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
137:
132:
128:
125:
122:
119:
115:
113:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3057:
3053:
3045:Bibliography
3024:
3018:
3004:
2997:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2909:. Retrieved
2905:Tour Blanche
2904:
2895:
2876:
2855:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2766:Ironically,
2765:
2752:Ralph Basset
2744:Saint-Sardos
2733:
2653:
2647:
2601:
2584:
2547:Frederick II
2540:
2494:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2430:
2404:
2383:
2319:
2307:
2290:
2282:
2263:
2226:
2215:
2169:
2110:
2089:
2083:
2049:
2029:Prince Louis
2006:
1952:
1940:
1876:
1861:
1829:Loire Valley
1802:
1786:
1754:
1750:
1718:
1688:
1672:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1602:
1579:
1545:
1541:
1517:
1489:
1457:
1449:Le Vaudreuil
1437:
1425:
1381:
1365:
1349:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1281:
1248:
1208:
1168:
1133:
1121:
1081:
1073:
1070:Significance
1036:
1027:
990:
962:
937:
891:
889:
555:Dover Castle
218:
202:
197:Belligerents
110:Fall of the
100:
34:Part of the
2907:(in French)
2854:Jean Flori
2778:casus belli
2605:an elephant
2557:Innocent IV
2527:Raymond VII
2502:Taillebourg
2343:La Rochelle
2272:, Alençon,
2266:Theobald IV
2045:Châteauroux
2013:La Rochelle
1630:(left) and
1415:(left) and
1377:Châteauroux
1223:Young Henry
1136:the Anarchy
1023:Lancastrian
1009:casus belli
637:Taillebourg
318:Saint Louis
139:Territorial
124:Plantagenet
3080:Categories
2979:Art of War
2911:2024-06-18
2901:"Histoire"
2803:References
2630:Gascon War
2621:Gascon War
2412:Portsmouth
2304:Poitou War
2242:Winchelsea
2009:Portsmouth
1798:Greek fire
1605:Raymond VI
1594:Nonancourt
1204:Montsoreau
998:Gascon War
987:Time frame
977:suzerainty
930:formed by
2877:Richard I
2808:Citations
2748:Montpezat
2736:Edward II
2680:Henry III
2660:Philip IV
2607:from the
2575:Henry III
2486:La Manche
2482:Luisignan
2351:dysentery
2347:Languedoc
2331:Angoumois
2323:Saintonge
2218:Henry III
1948:Frankfurt
1927:Dammartin
1879:Champagne
1676:Abbeville
1634:(right) (
1556:Mercadier
1496:Sancho VI
1368:Philip II
1356:La Marche
1130:1186–1188
1118:miniature
1064:gunpowder
973:overlords
872:1803–1814
867:1793–1802
862:1778–1783
857:1754–1763
852:1746–1763
847:1744–1748
842:1702–1713
837:1689–1697
832:1689–1815
822:1666–1667
817:1627–1629
812:1562–1563
807:1557–1559
802:1542–1546
797:1522–1526
792:1512–1514
787:1496–1498
781:1415–1453
777:1369–1389
773:1337–1360
769:1337–1453
759:1294–1303
754:1242–1243
739:1215–1217
734:1213–1214
729:1202–1204
724:1199–1200
719:1197–1199
714:1193–1196
704:1173–1174
699:1116–1120
694:1109–1113
626:1242–1243
575:Rochester
544:1215–1217
475:1213–1214
411:1202–1204
178:Angoumois
174:Saintonge
148:acquires
76:1159–1259
2954:, p. 445
2941:, p. 421
2928:, p. 283
2823:(1992).
2786:See also
2740:Isabella
2724:Margaret
2720:Chartres
2676:Flanders
2531:Toulouse
2478:Lusignan
2471:Alphonse
2417:Mirebeau
2395:Louis IX
2335:Bordeaux
2327:PĂ©rigord
2278:Ponthieu
2121:Touraine
2097:Bouvines
1985:Flanders
1981:Boulogne
1895:Flanders
1891:Boulogne
1887:Auvergne
1883:Brittany
1833:Poitiers
1825:Verneuil
1560:Gamaches
1552:Issoudun
1480:Henry VI
1453:Verneuil
1328:rebelled
1308:Auvergne
1304:Geoffrey
1292:Chaumont
1263:Toulouse
1259:Brittany
1227:Margaret
1192:Geoffrey
1187:Poitiers
1003:Toulouse
954:Overview
580:Sandwich
565:Hertford
496:Bouvines
422:Mirebeau
182:Auvergne
162:Touraine
150:Normandy
131:Louis IX
81:Location
2700:Holland
2514:Saintes
2339:Garonne
2298:regalia
2189:Lincoln
2185:Windsor
2080:Otto IV
2041:Limoges
2023:and by
2017:Guyenne
1919:Mortain
1915:Mortain
1911:Matilda
1864:Thouars
1805:Falaise
1613:Otto IV
1598:Gaillon
1518:In the
1500:Navarre
1468:Saladin
1389:Alençon
1251:Thouars
1164:Eustace
1160:Stephen
1077:longbow
1051:castles
1033:Warfare
959:Origins
570:Lincoln
170:Thouars
141:changes
90:England
3064:
3031:
2985:
2883:
2858:, p.68
2835:
2770:
2768:Edward
2754:, the
2702:; and
2692:John I
2656:Edward
2597:homage
2561:Edmund
2475:Hugh X
2462:, 1837
2294:Mantes
2181:London
2101:Marque
2037:Chinon
2033:Saumur
1923:Aumale
1885:, and
1841:Chinon
1837:Loches
1821:Arques
1815:, and
1813:Bayeux
1757:Poitou
1729:homage
1692:Châlus
1680:Artois
1586:Aumâle
1548:Dieppe
1273:Quercy
1255:Nantes
1043:feudal
1039:sieges
1019:Valois
896:French
166:Poitou
97:Result
86:France
3126:Feuds
3056:[
3012:–132.
2827:[
2704:Adolf
2696:count
2684:Count
2672:Count
2500:near
2270:Bully
2238:Lewes
2193:Dover
2129:Anjou
2125:Maine
2117:Berry
1817:Rouen
1655:Dangu
1472:Corfu
1460:Jaffa
1352:Berry
1332:Rouen
1284:Vexin
1200:Vexin
1175:Maine
486:Damme
186:Berry
158:Anjou
154:Maine
3062:ISBN
3029:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2718:and
2623:and
2276:and
2191:and
2177:Kent
2166:red.
2133:Alix
2127:and
2055:and
2035:and
1983:and
1925:and
1893:and
1839:and
1823:and
1809:Caen
1744:and
1667:Epte
1649:and
1622:The
1609:Joan
1513:Pacy
1393:John
1173:and
1021:and
890:The
877:1815
827:1678
764:1324
749:1230
744:1224
709:1189
184:and
144:The
116:The
73:Date
3010:131
2772:III
2698:of
2688:Bar
2686:of
2674:of
2668:Guy
2529:of
2492:.
1909:to
1498:of
1185:in
3082::
2903:.
2863:^
2847:^
2706:,
2694:,
2690:;
2682:,
2678:;
2670:,
2611:.
2329:,
2325:,
2280:.
2187:,
2123:,
2119:,
1921:,
1881:,
1811:,
1807:,
1515:.
1451:,
1395:.
1298:.
1229:.
1138:,
1128:c.
1126:,
898::
779:,
775:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
88:,
3071:.
3037:.
2991:.
2914:.
2889:.
2841:.
2581:.
2464:)
2457:(
2082:(
1383:"
894:(
783:)
771:(
671:e
664:t
657:v
614:e
607:t
600:v
530:e
523:t
516:v
461:e
454:t
447:v
397:e
390:t
383:v
188:.
64:.
23:.
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