2076:. This despite the apparent policy of neutrality that made him a real judge between the two parties, at the time of deciding on peace. Neutrality, however, contested by both Malipiero and Sanudo, who not only report episodes of espionage by the duke, but also of open hostility towards the Venetians on the part of Ferrara, whose population "wore French wing cridando: Franza! Franza!" and he had attacked a servant of the Visdomino Giovan Francesco Pasqualigo on the road to Bologna, beating him ferociously. According to the two Venetian chroniclers, Duke Ercole would have warned Charles of the movements of the Collegati on the Taro, a favor for which his son Ferrante, who was in the pay of the French, would have been invested by the King of the Duchy of Melfi; moreover he would have been the instigator of the attempted assassination of his son-in-law Francesco Gonzaga five days before the battle of Fornovo: Sanudo only alludes to it, saying that the Marquis Francesco, invited by some Ferrara to attend a duel, found four crossbowmen with loaded crossbows, one of whom refused to unload the weapon and for this he was beheaded; following this he decreed that no one from Ferrara could live in Mantonavo territory and that within three hours they had to evacuate the town: "what was the reason, I leave it to the wise men who will read". Malipiero, on the other hand, says it clearly, arguing that a few months later, finding himself seriously ill in Fondi, the Marquis Francesco had recommended his family and the state to the Signoria of Venice, saying that he could not trust anyone else, since "the Duke of Ferrara, his father-in-law, tried to have him poisoned". But according to the same chronicler, Duke Ercole would have equally poisoned his wife Eleonora d'Aragona, since in her turn the woman had received a commission from her father Ferrante to poison her husband.
1861:
an envoy of the King of the Romans, the
Ambassador of Spain Juan Claver, the Marquis Francesco Gonzaga, the provveditori Melchiorre Trevisan and Luca Pisani with the Venetian ambassador, Ludovico Sforza with his wife Beatrice and finally an ambassador of the Duke of Ferrara. The negotiations lasted more than fifteen days and the agreement was signed on October 9. A safe conduct was established for the Duke of Orleans, which was taken from Novara and went to Vercelli, despite the opposition of the latter, who did not want peace. Duke Ercole d'Este also seemed to be of the same opinion: he sent, according to Comines, Count Albertino Boschetti to Vercelli, with the excuse of asking for safe conduct for the Marquis of Mantua and others who had to come to discuss peace. Received by the king, the count suggested instead to resist, "saying that the whole camp was in great fear and that soon they would leave." Despite the many discordant opinions, the French accepted peace out of necessity, lack of money and other reasons, while being aware that it would be short-lived. The Venetians were then given two months to accept the peace, but they refused it.
1467:
Galeazzo
Sanseverino, in case they wanted to force her, saying: "first I will kill myself, that never go to his presence of who goes to the ruin of the King my father!"; at a later time she went of her own free will to her husband's room, threw herself on her knees at the feet of King Charles and, showing him her son Francesco, begged him to protect his family from the aims of Ludovico Sforza and to renounce the conquest of his father's kingdom, all in the presence of Ludovico himself. The king was moved by that scene, and promised to protect his son, but replied that he could not stop a war that had begun. A month after this meeting Gian Galeazzo Sforza died, he said he was poisoned, and Ludovico il Moro became lord of Milan. The meeting of Charles VIII and Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Pavia in 1494, Pelagio Palagi. In front of her dying husband's bed, Duchess Isabella begs the sovereign Charles VIII on his knees not to want to continue the war against Alfonso her father and entrusts him with her son Francesco. Next to the king, with a shady face, stands Duke Ludovico, presumed responsible for the poisoning.
2050:
1701:
1441:
1332:. In December Ludovico led his wife to see him and promised her that, if he gave him a son, he would make her a lady and mistress of everything; conversely, dying him, she would have very little left. Already in January 1492 Beatrice predicted to the Florentine ambassador that within a year she and her husband would be dukes of Milan, and the hostility between the two cousins became so intense that in February Ludovico, strong of some rumors coming from France, accused King Ferrante of having spurred Charles VIII to wage war against him, in order to free Gian Galeazzo from his tyranny; he also refused to meet the Neapolitan orator, except behind a very large armed escort, claiming that he was sent by the Duke of Calabria to assassinate him. To make the suspicions more concrete was added, at the end of the year, the attempted poisoning, perpetrated by Isabella of Aragon rea confesses, against
1343:, eldest son of Moro and Beatrice: the possession of a legitimate descent was what was still missing for the spouses to be able to aspire to the ducal title. Rumors spread that Ludovico intended to appoint his son Count of Pavia – a title belonging exclusively to the heir to the duchy – in place of Isabella's son, Francesco. The latter, feeling threatened, asked for the intervention of her father Alfonso of Aragon, whose impetus was however restrained by the wiser King Ferrante, who repudiated the war by officially declaring: ""if the wife of the Duke of Milan is my nephew, the wife of the Duke of Bari is also my nephew". He, moreover, had been affectively very close to Beatrice, whom until 1485 he had raised as a daughter; he declared that he loved both granddaughters equally and urged them to be prudent, so that the situation remained stable until the king was alive.
1796:
1507:
2157:
2080:
1951:
1852:
the
Italians: the internal divisions. Even if Fornovo had not been a total victory, every European sovereign would have hesitated in the face of the prospect of fighting in a foreign land and against a rich coalition (as we know, war is also fought with money) such as the eventual one of Italian Principalities, Lordships and Republics. And in fact Charles VIII had begun his retreat from Naples not because he had been defeated in the field, but from the serious prospect of such an eventuality. In this respect, the Battle of Fornovo was a deadly defeat for all the states of the League.
1570:
1722:
2108:
abandoned his ally Venice for
Florence, a move that later marked his downfall, as it alienated him from the favors of the only power that could have helped him against the expansionist aims of the new king Louis XII, certainly not being able to count on his father-in-law Ercole d'Este, now clearly pro-French, nor on the Medici of Florence, nor on the new king of Naples Federico I, politically weak and in a precarious economic situation. Irreparably offended by the turnaround of '98, the Venetians thought of nothing but the annihilation of Ludovico.
1788:, a direct possession of Beatrice. The woman supervised the order of the troops and the camp, then returned to Vigevano, where she remained housed, so as to keep herself immediately informed of the operations. According to Sanudo, however, she was disliked by everyone for the hatred they brought to her husband Ludovico, who was safe in the castle of Milan and from there made his measures. Finally recovering from the disease, in early August the latter went with his wife Beatrice to the Camp of Novara, where they resided in the following weeks.
1393:, who in July 1494 arrived in the territories of the Duchy of Milan with the vanguards of the French army, benevolently welcomed in Vigevano by the Dukes of Bari Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este, then settled in his fief of Asti. Only on 3 September 1494 King Charles moved to Italy through Montgenèvre, with an army of about 30,000 troops, of which 5,000 were Swiss mercenaries, equipped with modern artillery. Arriving in Piedmont he was greeted festively by the Dukes of Savoy, and then joined his cousin in the controlled County of Asti.
1285:(died 1480), the last effective Angevin King of Naples until 1442. In 1488 the Neapolitans had already offered the crown of Naples to René II, who set an expedition to gain possession of the realm, but he was then halted by Charles VIII of France, who intended to claim Naples himself. Charles VIII was arguing that his grandmother Marie of Anjou, the sister of René of Anjou, had a closer connection than Rene II's mother Yolande, the daughter of René of Anjou, and therefore he came first in the Angevin line of Neapolitan succession.
1561:
mistakes made by his predecessors, it was insufficient to avoid the French conquest of Naples. Betrayed by his captains and a growing number of cities giving their allegiance to the invaders, Ferdinand made the drastic decision to abandon Naples in search of reinforcements. Before leaving, however, he made a public promise that he would return within 15 days, and that if he did not do so they could all be considered free from the oath of fidelity and obedience made to him. He went with the royal family to Ischia, then to
Messina.
1216:
2176:
1752:
Guicciardini's opinion is that if the latter had attempted the assault immediately, he would have taken Milan, since the defense resided only in
Galeazzo Sanseverino, but Beatrice's demonstration of strength was able to confuse him in making him believe the defenses superior to what they were, so that he did not dare to try his luck and retired to Novara. The hesitation was fatal to him, as it allowed Galeazzo to reorganize the troops and surround him, thus forcing him to a long and exhausting siege.
2142:
2097:
who, as
Machiavelli put it, "to buy two lands in Lombardy made the King of the third of Italy". Nor could Venice excuse an inextinguishable hatred against the Duke of Milan, as it flared between him and the King of Naples, because shortly before it had been his ally against Charles VIII, having then understood what later, blinded by an ambition unbridled, he disavowed: the main interest of Italy consisted in the union of all the states of the peninsula against the too powerful foreign sovereigns.
1733:, while the Serenissima sent Bernardo Contarini, provveditore of the stradiotti, to the rescue of Milan. However, in June the Lordship of Venice – according to Malipiero – had meanwhile discovered how the Duke of Ferrara, Beatrice's father, together with the Florentines kept King Charles informed every day of everything that was being done in Venice as in Lombardy, then secretly supplying the Duke of Orleans in Novara, as he sought the king's help in the recovery of the
1553:
1361:, he was supposed to meet Ludovico and Beatrice to persuade them to peace, but stopped in those days, he died on January 25, 1494, according to some more of sorrow than of illness. Ascending the throne, Alfonso I accepted the prayers of his daughter Isabella and occupied, as a first act of hostility, the city of Bari. From this came the reaction of Ludovico who, in order to respond to his threats, gave a free hand to the French monarch to go down to Italy.
1822:, on 6 July 1495. The result of the battle was however uncertain, and, in some ways, it still is today, because, despite the League having numerical superiority and the command of one of the most skilled leaders of the time, Francesco Gonzaga, the army of Charles VIII remained more powerful from a technological point of view, and in the number and quality of artillery. At the time both the Italians and the French claimed to have won.
1844:'s judgement was to award the palm of victory to the French. Privately, Gonzaga confessed to his wife that the battle was a near run thing and that if the French had turned on them, the League's forces would have been destroyed. A week later, Bernardino Fortebraccio spoke to the Venetian senate, stating the League's army could have defeated the French if their troops would have stayed in the battle and left the baggage train alone.
1540:. The agreement did not, however, spare Rome from the looting of French troops. To avoid a further stay in the city, on January 6, 1495, Alexander VI welcomed Charles VIII and authorized his passage through the Papal States towards Naples, alongside his son Cesare Borgia as cardinal legate. Charles VIII besieged and conquered the castle of Monte San Giovanni, killing 700 inhabitants, and Tuscania (Viterbo), destroying two
59:
1437:
the shot on the
Aragonese defeated them, forcing them to flee or surrender. The Orsini and the Campofregoso were taken prisoner. The Swiss also massacred those who intended to surrender and even the wounded, then sacked the city of Rapallo. This battle annihilated the Neapolitan fleet and opened the way to Liguria and central Italy to the army of Charles VIII.
1491:. After refusing to surrender, the fortress was bombarded, taken by French-Milanese forces, and the surviving inhabitants massacred. Caterina Sforza accused her Neapolitan allies of not having wanted to come to her rescue and therefore changed alliances, passing to the side of the French. Ferdinand and his whole army were forced to leave Cesena in a hurry.
1689:, had not followed Charles on his march to Naples, but had remained in his own fief of Asti, having fallen ill with malaria in September of the previous year. He now threatened to implement his plan to conquer the Duchy of Milan, which he considered his right, being a descendant of Valentina Visconti. On 11 June he occupied with his troops the city of
1499:
Sarzanello, demanding that they open the way to
Florence. Piero, having taken new counsel, went to meet the king to negotiate, and was forced to grant him the fortresses of Sarzanello, Sarzana and Pietrasanta, the cities of Pisa and Livorno with their ports useful to French ships in support of the army, and the green light for Florence.
1959:
Beatrice, a lofty and ambitious young girl, seeing her husband's despotic rule over the State, granting graces, dispensing honors and offices, and leaving her nephew only the bare title of Duke, she warned herself to imitate him, and, already in possession of his heart, he also wanted to take part in
1860:
It is known as the Peace of
Vercelli because the chapters were signed in Vercelli, where the king was located, but it was actually discussed in the Novara camp: on the French side Philip of Comines, the president of Ganay and Morvilliers bailiff of Amiens intervened as orators; for part of the allies
1851:
On the political level the States of the Holy League divided and resumed their policy against each other, (even within the States themselves) shortly after the clash, and this, regardless of how the military outcome of the battle of Fornovo had been, showed what and how great was the real weakness of
1791:
Meanwhile the city was decimated by famine and epidemics that decimated the enemy army. The Duke of Orleans, also ill with malarial fevers, urged his men to resist with the false promise that the king's help would soon come. He was finally forced to cede the city on 24 September 1495 at the behest of
1717:
Ludovico did not resist the tension and fell ill, perhaps due to a stroke (according to the hypothesis of some historians), since, as reported by the chronicler Malipiero, he had become paralytic of a hand, he never left the bedroom and was rarely seen. The government of the state was then taken over
1713:
and some members of the council convinced him to desist. However, the state was suffering from a severe financial crisis, there was no money to pay for the army and the people threatened the revolt. Comines writes that, if the Duke of Orleans had advanced only a hundred paces, the Milanese army would
1494:
Charles had at first intended to travel the Via Emilia to Romagna, but changed his plans and, after a stop in Piacenza, headed towards Florence. The city was traditionally pro-French, but the uncertain policy of its lord, Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, had deployed it in
1466:
Leaving Asti, Carlo was hosted in Vigevano by the Dukes of Bari, then in Pavia, where he wanted to meet Gian Galeazzo Sforza dying in bed. His wife Isabella of Aragon at first refused with absolute rigor to meet the king, threatening suicide with a knife in front of the astonished Ludovico Sforza and
1458:
On September 13, Duchess Beatrice had ordered a splendid feast to please the king, but on that same day Charles fell seriously ill with an evil that at that time was mistaken for smallpox, but which was more likely a first manifestation of syphilis. For this event the very continuation of the war was
1436:
Three days later, a French army commanded by Louis d'Orléans arrived in the city, consisting of French soldiers, 3,000 Swiss mercenaries and Milanese contingents. The Swiss attacked the Neapolitans but most of the fighting involved the Milanese and Neapolitans. The artillery French then concentrating
1432:
On September 5, 1494, the city of Rapallo in Liguria was reached by the Aragonese naval fleet that landed 4,000 Neapolitan soldiers commanded by Giulio Orsini, Obietto Fieschi and Fregosino Campofregoso: the intention was to raise the population of Rapallo against Genoa which at that time was subject
3323:
Most sources, both the rewriting of Italian and French, state clearly that the French won at Fornovo, a triumph celebrated in a rare engraving of the battle made shortly after the event by an anonymous French artist. The conclusion of French victory is based on two factors: the Italians did not stop
2236:
Most sources, both the rewriting of Italian and French, state clearly that the French won at Fornovo, a triumph celebrated in a rare engraving of the battle made shortly after the event by an anonymous French artist. The conclusion of French victory is based on two factors: the Italians did not stop
1994:
Although he was a lord of great talent and a valiant man, and thus lacked the cruelty and many vices that tyrants are accustomed to, and could in many considerations be called a virtuous man, yet these virtues were obscured and covered by many vices; but that because he found less compassion was an
1498:
The looming danger of looting and violence of the French army (emphasized by the impassioned sermons of Girolamo Savonarola) that heightened the resentment of most citizens against the Medici came to pass when Charles VIII entered Fivizzano on October 29. Later, Charles laid siege to the fortress of
1502:
Returning to Florence on November 8, Piero was forced to flee from citizens who accused him of a cowardly and servile attitude and proclaimed the Republic. At the same time the Florentines facilitated the invasion of Charles VIII, considering him restorer of their freedom and reformer of the Church
1428:
Charles VIII was aware that his army, advancing into the long Italian peninsula towards Naples, needed naval help to ensure logistical support from the sea. The Aragonese maneuver was instead precisely to prevent him from freedom of maneuver in the Tyrrhenian Sea; already in July a Neapolitan fleet
2107:
Finally, the Venetians proved to be good allies for Ludovico at least as long as the latter, under the benign influence of his pro-Venetian wife, maintained their friendship. Beatrice died in 1497, a revolution of alliances was feared which in fact happened with the Pisa war of 1498, when Ludovico
2087:
The suspicions of connivance and the obvious pro-French sympathies of Ferrara compromised for the following months the relations between the Duchy and the Serenissima. At the announcement of Fornovo's victory, a real anti-Ferrara sentiment had erupted in the lagoon city, clamoring for the Venetian
1760:
Loys duc d'Orleans en peu de jours mist en point une assez belle armée, avecques la quelle il entra dedans Noarre et icelle print, et en peu de jours pareillement eut le chasteau, laquelle chose donna grant peur à Ludovic Sforce et peu près que desespoir à son affaire, s'il n'eust esté reconforté
2096:
It is right, moreover, to recognize that they were not the main cause of our ruin, because after all the enterprise of Charles VIII, successful at first happily, failed because the Moor immediately understood the mistake made and quickly formed a league against that sovereign; but the Venetians,
1581:
On February 22, King Charles occupied Naples without a fight, and the Neapolitan nobles opened the doors to him and crowned him king of Naples. The French occupation, however, quickly incited the hatred of the Neapolitans, who suffered continuous abuses. By May, equipped with fresh troops and the
1444:
The meeting of Charles VIII and Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Pavia in 1494, Pelagio Palagi. In front of her dying husband's bed, Duchess Isabella begs the sovereign Charles VIII on his knees not to want to continue the war against Alfonso her father and entrusts him with her son Francesco. Next to the
1319:
Duke of Calabria, took effect. Isabella immediately realized that all power was reduced to the hands of Louis and suffered from the ineptitude of her husband, listless and totally disinterested in the government; nevertheless he endured in silence until, in 1491, Ludovico married Beatrice d'Este,
1768:
Louis Duke of Orleans in a few days he prepared a fairly fine army, with which he entered Novara and took it, and in a few days he also had the castle, which caused great fear to Ludovico Sforza and he was close to despair over his fate, had he not been comforted by his wife Beatrice O little
1864:
The Monarch French retired to France through Lombardy: in the following years he meditated on a new campaign in Italy, but his untimely death for hitting his head against a door prevented him from implementing it. The Duke of Orleans, for his part, did not stop for a moment to threaten a second
1560:
Knowing that he was deeply hated by the Neapolitan people and their allies, on January 22, 1495, Alfonso II decided to abdicate in favor of his more-popular son Ferdinand, in the hope that this would be enough to improve the political situation. Despite the efforts of the new king to remedy the
1454:
The French army camped in Asti on September 11, where Charles VIII received the homage of his supporters: first of all Duke Ludovico Sforza with his wife Beatrice d'Este and his father-in-law Ercole d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Margarita dè Solari, an eleven-year-old girl (in 1495 she dedicated Les
1748:, Galeazzo's brother, was accused of double game with the king of France. The suspicions were corroborated by the fact that the latter had responded with little respect to the Marquis Francesco Gonzaga, when the latter during a council of war accused him of not collaborating in war operations.
1514:
In Florence, however, a conflict immediately arose when the liberator Charles made a demand for a huge sum of money that the Florentine government refused. The French king threatened to order the looting of the city by the blowing of trumpets, to which the gonfalonier Pier Capponi replied that
1350:
to obtain the investiture to the Duchy of Milan, as well as the secret news just communicated to him that Charles VIII, signed the peace with the emperor, was determined to carry out his enterprise against the kingdom of Naples and to appoint Ludovico head and conductor of said enterprise. The
1751:
Not being able to count on her father's help, on June 27 Beatrice d'Este went alone, without her husband, to the military camp of Vigevano, both to supervise the order and to animate her captains to move against the Duke of Orleans, who in those days was constantly making raids in that area.
1603:
The speed of the French advance, together with the brutality of their sack of Mordano, left the other states of Italy in shock. Ludovico Sforza, realizing that Charles had a claim to Milan as well as Naples, and would probably not be satisfied by the annexation of Naples alone, turned to
1825:
Both parties strove to present themselves as the victors in the battle. The battle was reported in Venice as a victory, and was recorded and celebrated as such, which included the capture of Mathieu de Bourbon. Regardless of the self-proclamations of victory by League commanders,
1483:
who, although young, was endowed with exceptional qualities in both war and politics. In September and October he stopped with the troops in Romagna, where he sought the alliance of Caterina Sforza, lady of Forlì and Imola, to secure that important place of transit to Naples.
2091:
Some judge that the ambitious and fanatical Charles VIII would in any case have accomplished the feat of Italy even without the incitements of the Italian lords, although the latter were worth to take away any delay and to overcome the resistance of his advisers, almost all
1324:
and cousin of Isabella on her mother's side. Determined and ambitious young woman, Beatrice was soon associated by her husband with the government of the state, nor Isabella, "angry and desperate for envy", could bear to see herself surpassed in all honors by her cousin.
1865:
expedition against the Duchy of Milan, which had been on the alert since 1496. This followed, however, only in 1499, with the second descent of the French into Italy, when he became king with the name of Louis XII, and Ludovico Sforza found himself without more allies.
1094:
31 March 1495: several Italian states (including Naples, Venice, Florence, Milan, the Papal States, Genoa and Mantua), Spain and the Holy Roman Empire formed the League of Venice to expel the French army from Italy. Milan defected from France to join the League of
1936:
There between Isabella, wife of the Duke, and Beatrice, for wanting each of them to prevail over the other, both in position and ornament, as in anything else, so much competition and indignation arose, that at last they were the causes of the total ruin of their
1351:
spouses therefore wished to know the opinion of the Signoria in this regard, and indirectly asked for its support. The Venetians replied that what was reported was very serious and limited themselves to vague reassurances, keeping out of these maneuvers.
1462:
Duke Ercole d'Este counted, perhaps through the intercession of his daughter and son-in-law, to be appointed captain general of the army French, but since he realized that the project would not go through, on September 22 he left discontent for Ferrara.
1523:
Charles, however, fearful of antagonizing the European powers, did not intend to depose the Borgia from the papacy. He marched to Rome and first took Civitavecchia, and on December 31, 1494, taking advantage of a fortunate coincidence, he obtained from
1536:, had been taken prisoner by French soldiers while traveling from Bassanello to the Vatican with her mother-in-law Adriana Mila. Charles used them as bargaining chips: the women were freed within a month and the French army was able to parade into
1960:
the public administration of affairs. Isabella suffered so much insolence from her for some time, but even if finally from the indignation of her moved and from the suggestions pushed by her family, she began to complain highly of the injustice
2072:, Moro's father-in-law, seemed to have been among the inciters and then supporters of Charles VIII as well as his successor Louis XII, in order to regain, with the help French, the territories that the Venetians had taken from him during the
1970:
Neither one nor the other, however, recognize the importance of Beatrice's intervention in rejecting the French from Lombardy, nor her positive influence in the government of the Milanese state, to which some contemporary authors, such as
1608:, who was embroiled in a power game of his own with France and various Italian states over his attempts to secure secular fiefdoms for his children. The Pope formed an alliance of several opponents of French hegemony in Italy: himself;
1847:
The French had won their battle, fighting off superior numbers and proceeding on their march to Asti. The League took much higher casualties and could not prevent the French army from crossing Italian lands on its way back to France.
1307:, who both aspired to control of the Duchy of Milan and to the hereditary title for their children: since 1480 Ludovico Sforza ruled that duchy as regent of his little nephew Gian Galeazzo, not being therefore duke by right, but only
1667:, with a substantial garrison. After Ferdinand of Aragon had recovered Naples, with the help of his Spanish relatives with whom he had sought asylum in Sicily, the army of the League followed Charles's retreat northwards through
1459:
questioned: many members of the king's retinue wished to return to France. The indisposition, however, was short-lived: already on September 21 King Charles got out of bed, and Louis d'Orleans fell ill with double Quartan fever.
1718:
by the Duchess Beatrice, appointed for the occasion governor of Milan, who secured the support and loyalty of the Milanese nobles, took the necessary measures for the defense and abolished some taxes in hatred of the people.
1655:. Including most of the city-states of northern Italy, the League of Venice threatened to shut off King Charles's land route by which to return to France. Charles VIII, not wanting to be trapped in Naples, marched north to
1928:
Over the centuries, historians did not agree in attributing the blame for a conflict that would then start a series of wars spanning over half a century, as a result of which the Italian peninsula lost its independence.
1102:. League of Venice victory; the Genoese fleet defeated and captured the French fleet, and forced the French garrison of Rapallo to surrender. Much French war booty was lost, and Charles VIII's supply line was endangered.
1180:
9 October 1495: Charles VIII and Ludovico Sforza concluded the Peace of Vercelli between France and Milan. The Venetians and Spanish claimed they were not properly consulted, and objected strongly to Sforza's and
1708:
Ludovico il Moro then took refuge with his family in the Rocca del Castello in Milan but, not feeling equally safe, he meditated on abandoning the duchy to take refuge in Spain. The firm opposition of his wife
305:
2061:, both refugees at the court of France, had played a considerable part in inciting Charles VIII to descend into Italy, thus hoping to recover their possessions respectively against the Alfonso of Aragon and
2156:
1920:
The League was the first of its kind; there was no medieval precedent for such divergent European states uniting against a common enemy, although many such alliances would be forged in the future.
1455:
Louanges du Mariage to him), staying in her father's Palace in Asti, listened to his hatreds. He immediately recalled his cousin Luigi d'Orleans to Asti from Genoa, who arrived on 15 September.
2130:
occurred among the French troops. This outbreak was the first widely documented outbreak of the disease in human history, and eventually led to the Columbian theory of the origin of syphilis.
755:
1144:
6–7 July 1495: Neapolitan recapture of Naples. League of Venice victory; the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops defeated the French garrison of Naples, allowing Ferdinand II of Naples to return.
2625:"Ludovico Sforza detto il Moro e la Repubblica di Venezia dall'autunno 1494 alla primavera 1495", "Archivio Storico Lombardo", ser. III, 29–30, 1902–1903, pp. 249–317 e 33–109, 368–443,
3215:
513:
1141:. French tactical victory; the French army under Charles VIII managed to break through the forces of the League of Venice and march back to France, but lost nearly all the war booty.
298:
1635:, while its actual objective was French expulsion from Italy.) This alliance was known as the Holy League of 1495, or as the League of Venice, and was proclaimed on 31 March 1495.
1589:, Ferdinand's campaign ultimately proved to be a success. On July 7, after defeating the last French garrisons, he was able to return to Naples, welcomed by the festive population.
1932:
Historians of the importance of Bernardino Corio commonly attribute to Beatrice d'Este and Isabella of Aragon the cause of the extinction of the Sforza as of the Aragon of Naples:
1515:
Florence would respond by ringing the city bells to call the people to resist. Rather than face the dangerous threat of a revolt, Charles chose instead to continue towards Rome.
1582:
support of allies, Ferdinand II of Naples was able to return to the peninsula, acclaimed by cries of "Ferro! Ferro!" and began, from , the difficult reconquest of his kingdom.
1258:, the ruling family of Naples until 1442. Innocent later settled his quarrel with Ferdinand and revoked the bans before dying in 1492, but the offer to Charles remained an
407:
31:
2471:
Die Beziehungen der Mediceer zu Frankreich, während der Jahre 1434–1490, in ihrem Zusammenhang mit den allgemeinen Verhältnissen Italiens, di B. Buser, 1879, pp. 540–543.
2175:
1051:
Mid-November – 28 November 1494: tense French occupation of Florence. An anti-French revolt or a French sack of the city was averted, and Charles VIII marched on to Rome.
291:
3632:
1979:, and with much greater transport Vincenzo Calmeta, although not fully recognized until the advent of nineteenth-century historians, and forgotten by subsequent ones.
3617:
2088:
people to the Signoria to declare war on Hercules. Florence believed him to be the main instigator, but more guilty than him appeared the son-in-law Duke of Milan.
1346:
In May Ludovico Sforza sent his wife Beatrice as his ambassador to Venice and communicated to the Signoria, through her, some of his secret practices with Emperor
3612:
3582:
3366:
2749:
Cronaca di Genova scritta in francese da Alessandro Salvago e pubblicata da Cornelio Desimoni, Genova, tipografia del R. Istituto de' sordo-muti, 1879, pp. 71–72.
3587:
3572:
748:
2212:
The battle of Fornovo, by which Charles forced his way past the enemy who stood in his path, was not an indecisive action but a definite victory for France.
1982:
In a perspective that tends to conceal the presence of women in history, the blame was traditionally attributed only to Ludovico Sforza, as did for example
572:
506:
1328:
The Duchy of Milan was at the time the richest state in Italy after the Republic of Venice and its treasury amounted to as many as one and a half million
3567:
2232:
Florentine historian Francesco Guicciardini, in his History of Italy, states that “universal opinion awarded the palm of victory to the French.
2049:
1761:
par Beatrix sa femme O peu de gloire d'un prince, à qui la vertuz d'une femme convient luy donner couraige et faire guerre, à la salvacion de dominer!
3627:
3152:
Farhi, David; Dupin, Nicholas (September–October 2010). "Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies".
1814:
Charles, wanting to avoid being trapped in Campania, on May 20 left Naples and marched north to reach Lombardy, but met the army of the League in the
3592:
2162:
2012:, in his own tragedy, will in fact put in the mouth of Count Belgioioso words of harsh reproach for the Moro: Ciò ebbe molto seguito nella corrente
1831:
1652:
1182:
1105:
30 May 1495: Charles split his army, leaving half of it behind to garrison the Kingdom of Naples, and taking the other half to march back to France.
889:
741:
655:
234:
3622:
1336:, dear son-in-law and captain general of the Moro, as well as the danger that this was repeated against some other member of the ducal family.
1062:
499:
400:
3552:
3478:
3350:
2598:
2978:
624:
620:
616:
1700:
1440:
1300:
911:
3607:
3537:
2411:
Studi sulla crisi italiana alla fine del secolo XV, Paolo Negri, in Archivio storico lombardo, Società storica lombarda, 1923, pp. 35–37.
2377:
Studi sulla crisi italiana alla fine del secolo XV, Paolo Negri, in Archivio storico lombardo, Società storica lombarda, 1923, pp. 20–26.
2199:
If officially Italians celebrated the Battle of Fornovo as a victory – to the surprise of the French – privately, many were not so sure.
2141:
2069:
1321:
480:
3130:
Bernardino Zambotti, Diario Ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504, in Giuseppe Pardi (a cura di), Rerum italicarum scriptores, p. xxxiv
3065:
Bernardino Zambotti, Diario Ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504, in Giuseppe Pardi (a cura di), Rerum italicarum scriptores, p. xxiii
842:
230:
3521:
3247:
592:
393:
1134:
1 July 1495: Skirmish near Giarolo. Tactical League of Venice victory; Francesco II Gonzaga defeated a small French scouting force.
705:
660:
577:
3195:. Rerum italicarum scriptores, raccolta degli storici italiani dal Cinquecento al Millecinquecento, fasc. 1, vol. 24. Zanichelli.
1874:
1714:
have crossed the Ticino again, and he would have managed to enter Milan, since some noble citizens had offered to introduce him.
1620:
1347:
822:
1311:. The situation remained calm until 1489, when the marriage between Gian Galeazzo and Isabella of Aragon, granddaughter of King
1083:
fled the city to Sicily, but kept fighting the French army elsewhere. Charles VIII was crowned king of Naples, and he appointed
3642:
3430:
Luzio, Alessandro; Renier, Rodolfo (1890). "Francesco Gonzaga alla Battaglia di Fornovo (1495) Secondo I Documenti Mantovani".
2462:
Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, in Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, p. 328.
1947:
Others, on the other hand, such as Carlo Rosmini and Paolo Giovio, blame it entirely on Beatrice, absolving Isabella in this:
3562:
690:
785:
434:
2079:
3577:
1898:
1660:
1569:
1196:
1167:
1084:
884:
837:
685:
206:
983:
disputed the succession, and began preparations for an invasion of Italy to enforce his claim on the Neapolitan kingship.
815:
810:
805:
795:
780:
650:
645:
640:
469:
464:
459:
449:
3265:
1278:
1274:
990:. A land battle involving the French fleet. French victory; Neapolitans abandoned Rapallo, which the French army sacked.
790:
675:
635:
439:
3403:
1503:(whose Pope Alexander VI, who ascended to the papal throne on August 26, 1492, was considered unworthy by Savonarola).
1487:
The alliance, however, did not last long because, on 19 October a contingent of Charles' army besieged the fortress of
1123:. French tactical victory; the French garrisons defeated the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops of Ferdinand II of Naples and
2041:
2017:
1769:
glory of a prince, to whom the virtue of a woman must give him courage and make war, for the salvation of the domain!
800:
587:
454:
1995:
infinite ambition, which, to be arbiter of Italy, forced him to let King Charles pass and fill Italy with barbarians
1026:. Franco–Milanese victory; the French soldiers sacked Mordano, the Milanese soldiers tried to protect the civilians.
3602:
3597:
1009:
852:
1721:
1976:
710:
35:
2386:
3239:
A Renaissance Marriage: The Political and Personal Alliance of Isabella d'Este and Francesco Gonzaga, 1490–1519
2009:
1795:
1099:
349:
3204:
1170:, held out after the city of Naples was captured by the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops. League of Venice victory.
547:
210:
1897:) to reinforce the anti-French alliance between Austria and Spain. The son of Philip and Joanna would become
1799:
Probable portrait of Galeazzo Sanseverino, statue in the collection of the Great Museum of the Duomo of Milan
1357:
spoke at this point of a certain journey planned by King Ferrante to Genoa, where, accompanied by his nephew
1199:, was forced to surrender to the Neapolitan–Aragonese troops, and died in prison in Pozzuoli in October 1496.
3388:
3374:
827:
2020:, nella propria tragedia, metterà infatti in bocca al conte Belgioioso parole di duro biasimo per il Moro:
3051:
etc, Storia fiorentina, dai tempi di Cosimo de' Medici a quelli del gonfaloniere Soderini, 3, 1859, p. 217
2200:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1914:
1890:
1841:
1836:
1680:
1609:
1480:
1358:
1354:
1243:
1148:
1128:
1124:
1080:
980:
936:
665:
364:
222:
198:
3380:
I diarii di Marino Sanuto (MCCCCXCVI–MDXXXIII) dall'autografo Marciano ital. cl. VII codd. CDXIX–CDLXXVII
1738:
1506:
3637:
3557:
2221:
Santosuosso states the French had won the battle, both strategically and tactically, but not decisively.
1312:
1255:
1247:
1227:
1033:
972:
567:
339:
179:
3267:
Online supplementary appendix for "The King is Dead: Political Succession and War in Europe, 1000–1799"
2053:
Ludovico il Moro. Round from the Renaissance frieze torn from the Visconti castle of Invorio Inferiore,
612:
344:
3443:
Santosuosso, Antonio (1994). "Anatomy of Defeat in Renaissance Italy: The Battle of Fornovo in 1495".
1729:
The army of the league had meanwhile moved near Vigevano. Captain General of the Sforza army was then
1016:
334:
2948:
2057:
Today this opinion tends to be revised, recalling how even Prince Antonello Sanseverino and Cardinal
1730:
1476:
1333:
1316:
1304:
1267:
1037:
976:
582:
562:
557:
542:
238:
172:
1203:
374:
2391:
La corte di Lodovico il Moro: la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metà del Quattrocento
2117:
1894:
1882:
1088:
1073:
1045:
894:
874:
700:
607:
552:
243:
226:
3360:
1827:
1636:
1628:
1586:
1223:
1120:
537:
354:
152:
1710:
1365:
1292:
1152:
1002:
879:
680:
216:
1950:
1743:
3517:
3495:
3474:
3346:
3243:
3169:
3033:
2707:
2594:
2147:
2062:
1815:
1809:
1617:
1605:
1525:
1417:
1413:
1397:
1340:
1239:
1138:
1055:
987:
956:
944:
864:
523:
359:
329:
184:
168:
160:
156:
136:
116:
110:
3307:
3448:
3200:
3161:
2588:
1972:
1902:
1878:
1282:
1259:
869:
670:
143:
128:
1296:
1231:
1192:
1174:
998:
832:
715:
369:
3489:
3425:. Rerum Italicarum scriptores ordinata da Ludovico Antonio Muratori. Bologna: Zanichelli.
1339:
The point of definitive rupture, however, took place in January 1493, with the birth of
1021:
847:
3392:
1873:
An important consequence of the League of Venice was the political marriage arranged by
1032:
8–9 November 1494: Florentine revolt against de' Medici. Florentine republican victory;
1029:
26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano. French victory; the French army sacked the town.
3507:
3165:
2073:
2058:
1886:
1737:, stolen from him by the Venetians at the time of the Salt War. In addition the leader
1632:
1529:
1373:
1369:
1251:
940:
899:
164:
122:
1510:
Triumphal entry of Charles VIII in Florence, November 17, 1494, by Francesco Granacci.
1445:
king, with a shady face, stands Duke Ludovico, presumed responsible for the poisoning.
3546:
1598:
1533:
695:
597:
444:
3397:. Mancia del Commercio di M. Visentini. Venezia, Tip. del commercio di M. Visentini.
3334:
2013:
1401:
1163:
932:
904:
775:
720:
417:
148:
50:
3452:
3511:
3378:
3287:
3237:
3226:
3048:
3007:
17:
1901:
in 1519, succeeding Maximilian and controlling a Habsburg empire which included
1792:
King Charles, who was returning to France, and the enterprise ended in nothing.
1646:
1288:
1219:
Charles VIII King of France. Copy of the sixteenth century from a lost original.
3009:
Dell'istoria di Milano del cavaliere Carlo de' Rosmini roveretano. Tomo 1, 1820
1552:
1215:
30:"French invasion of Italy" redirects here. For the invasions of 1796–1797, see
3494:. Cambridge library collection. European History. Cambridge University Press.
2166:
1785:
1671:, which had been abandoned to the French by Pope Alexander VI on 27 May 1495.
1235:
857:
602:
3499:
3473:. Praeger illustrated military history series. Westport Connecticut: Osprey.
3324:
the northward march of the French, and the French sustained far fewer losses.
2237:
the northward march of the French, and the French sustained far fewer losses.
1686:
1409:
1405:
1390:
1156:
1113:
994:
202:
3173:
1479:
of Aragon, entrusted the general command of the Neapolitan army to his son
283:
58:
2402:
Luisa Giordano, Beatrice d'Este (1475–1497), vol. 2, ETS, 2008, pp. 76–77.
2181:
The Battle of Fornovo, Galleria delle carte geografiche, Vatican museums.
2127:
2123:
1965:
Dell'istoria di Milano del cavaliere Carlo de' Rosmini roveretano. Tomo 1
1830:
recognized that the League failed to stop the French from reaching Asti.
1734:
1694:
1656:
1541:
1266:
politics. Ferdinand died on 25 January 1494 and was succeeded by his son
1069:
2733:
2731:
1291:
of the conflict was the rivalry that arose between the Duchess of Bari,
1054:
31 December 1494 – 6 January 1495: peaceful French entry into Rome with
967:
This is an overview of notable events including battles during the war.
3513:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century
3319:
The Patron's Payoff: Conspicuous Commissions in Italian Renaissance Art
1910:
1664:
1631:. (Venice's ostensible purpose in joining the League was to oppose the
1488:
2931:
2929:
2102:
Giuseppe Pardi, Prefazione al Diario ferrarese di Bernardino Zambotti.
733:
3126:
3124:
1906:
1690:
1613:
1376:, who hoped to settle a score with the incumbent Pope, Alexander VI.
1109:
3462:
The 100 Most Influential Painters & Sculptors of the Renaissance
1429:
bombards the Genoese Porto Venere trying in vain to seize the base.
491:
1079:
22 February 1495: the French army captured Naples without a fight.
3491:
The Art of War in Italy 1494–1529: Prince Consort Prize Essay 1920
2078:
2048:
1954:
Lunette of Isabella of Aragon in the house of the Atellani, Milan.
1949:
1819:
1794:
1720:
1699:
1624:
1568:
1551:
1505:
1439:
1396:
Charles VIII gathered a large army of 25,000 men, including 8,000
1329:
1263:
1214:
1166:(Maschio Angioino) in Naples, where the French viceroy of Naples,
952:
948:
84:
3309:
Histoire de Louis XII: première partie. Louis d'Orléans. Tome III
2203:
verdict was that ‘general consent awarded the palm to the French’
214:
Gian Francesco Sanseverino and Gaspare Sanseverino (before 1495)
1668:
1537:
1246:, who had a remote claim to its throne because his grandfather,
737:
495:
389:
385:
287:
1776:—Cronaca di Genova scritta in francese da Alessandro Salvago
1754:
1036:(who had submitted to all the French demands) was ousted, the
2889:
2887:
3447:. 16, No. 2 (May) (2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 221–250.
3075:
3073:
3071:
2904:
2902:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2319:
2317:
2315:
1528:
a peaceful entry into the Eternal City. The pope's mistress
3331:
The History of the Popes, from the close of the Middle Ages
2665:
2663:
2661:
1230:
over Ferdinand's refusal to pay feudal dues to the papacy,
3217:
Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, 1471–1524
2502:
2500:
2498:
1573:
Entry of French troops in Naples, February 22, 1495, from
1195:. League of Venice victory; the French viceroy of Naples,
1087:
as his viceroy. Likely, the first documented outbreak of
2979:"The Book of Dates; or, Treasury of Universal Reference"
2480:
Samuele Romanin, Strenna Italiana, vol. 19, pp. 137–139.
2334:
2332:
1693:, which was given to him by treason, and went as far as
1173:
24 September 1495: king Charles VIII of France and duke
2874:
2872:
2648:
2646:
1127:(both Ferdinands were some of the last kings from the
2290:
2288:
3516:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
3438:(179). Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki s.r.l.: 205–246.
3317:
Nelson, Jonathan K.; Zeckhauser, Richard J. (2008).
2008:
This had a great following in the Romantic current.
1834:
claimed victory and the ordered the portrait of the
1416:
which allowed Charles to march his army through the
997:
arrived in Asti and concluded an alliance with duke
3421:Zambotti, Bernardino (1937). Giuseppe Pardi (ed.).
3286:Malipiero, Domenico (1843). Francesco Longo (ed.).
3022:
Niccolò Machiavelli, ''Istorie Fiorentine'', p. 432
2633:
2631:
1364:Charles was also being encouraged by his favorite,
34:. For the invasion at the end of World War II, see
3209:. Giorgio de' Cavalli. presso Giorgio de' Caualli.
2737:
2434:
2432:
2419:
2417:
2083:Ercole d'Este, in a sculpture by Sperandio Savelli
1990:, who calls him "author and engine of all evil".
1058:'s permission, but some French looting took place.
32:Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
3292:. Agostino Sagredo. Vol. 1. Francesco Longo.
3228:Storia di Piacenza dalle origini ai nostri giorni
1818:, 30 km (19 miles) southwest of the city of
1575:the Figurative Chronicle of the Fifteenth Century
3242:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 224.
3191:Anonimo ferrarese (1928). Giuseppe Pardi (ed.).
3035:Delle istorie d'Italia di Francesco Guicciardini
2935:
2920:
2709:Delle istorie d'Italia di Francesco Guicciardini
1238:of 11 September 1489. Innocent then offered the
1151:. League of Venice victory; troops commanded by
993:11 September 1494: French king Charles VIII and
2279:
2094:
2022:
1992:
1957:
1934:
1299:, known as the Moor, and the Duchess of Milan,
1061:? 1495: French conquest and destruction of the
43:
3471:Fornovo 1495: France's Bloody Fighting Retreat
3220:. Milan: Tipografia San Giuseppe. p. 366.
1273:A third claimant to the Neapolitan throne was
3405:Cronica de le cose geste nel Regno Napolitano
1644:
1091:occurred amongst the French troops at Naples.
749:
507:
401:
299:
8:
3423:Diario ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504
2453:, 1492–1495, Silvio Biancardi, 2009, p. 287.
1389:Charles was preceded in Italy by his cousin
2965:
2893:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2782:
2613:
2571:
2559:
2542:
2530:
2489:
2362:
2350:
2260:
2258:
2256:
27:First phase of the Italian Wars (1494–1497)
3383:. F. Visentini. Vol. 1. F. Visentini.
3365:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3297:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012).
3264:Kokkonen, Andrej; Sundell, Anders (2017).
1188:1496: England joined the League of Venice.
756:
742:
734:
514:
500:
492:
408:
394:
386:
306:
292:
284:
40:
3115:
3103:
2669:
1495:defense of the Aragonese King of Naples.
1281:(died 1483), the only surviving child of
1185:'s alleged unilateral diplomatic actions.
3633:15th century in the Republic of Florence
2681:
1725:Beatrice d'Este at the age of 18 (1494).
1704:Louis d'Orleans at the age of 36 (1498).
1653:Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua
1183:Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua
3049:Opere inedite di Francesco Guicciardini
2863:
2851:
2393:, vol. 1, Milano, Hoepli, 1913, p. 488.
2252:
2192:
2137:
1162:6 July – 8 December 1495: Siege of the
3618:15th century in the Republic of Venice
3358:
3273:. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg
3139:
3091:
3079:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2908:
2878:
2839:
2758:
2722:
2693:
2590:The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450–1919
2518:
2506:
2036:Che tu sul capo alla tua patria aduni.
2030:Saper non puoi; lo sveleranno i molti
1642:The League gathered an army under the
1412:victory over Neapolitan forces at the
1063:Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano
3613:15th century in the Kingdom of Naples
3583:Wars involving the Republic of Venice
3394:La spedizione di Carlo VIII in Italia
3343:Le guerre d'Italia : (1494–1530)
2770:
2637:
2582:
2580:
2438:
2423:
2338:
2323:
2306:
2294:
979:(who also laid claim to Milan). King
7:
3588:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
3573:Wars involving the Kingdom of Naples
3464:. Britannica Educational Publishing.
3312:. Vol. 3. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
3289:Annali veneti dall'anno 1457 al 1500
2652:
2373:
2371:
1942:Bernardino Corio, Historia di Milano
2981:(New & Revised ed.). 1866.
2955:. Giulio Einaudi. pp. 507–517.
2267:Historical Atlas of the Renaissance
2028:La servitù d'Italia, e quanto costa
1556:Alleged portrait of King Ferdinand.
3231:. V. Porta. Vol. 1. V. Porta.
3166:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011
2032:Secoli di sventura e di vergogna,
975:died and was succeeded by his son
25:
3568:Wars involving the Duchy of Milan
3432:Archivio Storico Italiano Serie V
3306:Maulde-La-Clavière, René (1891).
1008:17 October 1494: skirmishes near
959:, known as the League of Venice.
3628:15th century in the Papal States
3488:Taylor, Frederick Lewis (1921).
3445:The International History Review
3032:Guicciardini, Francesco (1818).
2706:Guicciardini, Francesco (1818).
2174:
2155:
2140:
2044:, Ludovico Sforza detto il Moro.
1875:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
1320:daughter of the Duke of Ferrara
1155:managed to defeat and drive out
1147:19 July – 21/24 September 1495:
1012:. Tactical Neapolitan victories.
95:Victory for the League of Venice
57:
3593:Wars involving the Papal States
3502:– via Archive Foundation.
3408:. Venice: Christoforo Cremonese
2996:. Dall'Oglio. pp. 172–173.
931:, was the opening phase of the
3623:1490s in the Holy Roman Empire
3460:Kuiper, Kathleen, ed. (2009).
3321:. Princeton University Press.
2593:. London: Longman. p. 3.
1840:, while the Italian historian
1784:On June 29, the camp moved to
1370:Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere
1250:, King of France, had married
1:
3453:10.1080/07075332.1994.9640674
1899:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1661:Gilbert, Count of Montpensier
1544:and killing 800 inhabitants.
1197:Gilbert, Count of Montpensier
1168:Gilbert, Count of Montpensier
1085:Gilbert, Count of Montpensier
3337:Saint Louis: B. Herder 1902.
3329:Pastor, Ludwig von (1902).
3301:. Pearson Education Limited.
3225:Giarelli, Francesco (1889).
2936:Nelson & Zeckhauser 2008
2921:Nelson & Zeckhauser 2008
1279:Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine
1108:11 June 1495: Occupation of
231:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
3402:Summaripa, Giorgio (1496).
3299:The Italian Wars: 1494–1559
2280:Kokkonen & Sundell 2017
2042:Giovanni Battista Niccolini
1639:joined the League in 1496.
1277:. He was the oldest son of
1234:and deposed Ferdinand by a
1177:of Milan concluded a truce.
3659:
3538:Charles VIII's Italian War
3341:Pellegrini, Marco (2009).
2387:Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri
2115:
1917:, thus encircling France.
1807:
1678:
1596:
1585:Despite his defeat in the
1228:King Ferdinand I of Naples
929:Charles VIII's Italian War
29:
3012:. 1820. pp. 148–149.
2696:, pp. 425, 438, 441.
2018:Giovan Battista Niccolini
2010:Giovan Battista Niccolini
1275:René II, Duke of Lorraine
771:
533:
478:
425:
325:
269:
249:
191:
103:
67:
56:
48:
36:Second Battle of the Alps
3553:Italian War of 1494–1495
2587:Anderson, M. S. (1993).
2451:La chimera di Carlo VIII
1877:for the son he had with
1659:on 20 May 1495, leaving
1548:Abdication of Alfonso II
1433:to the Sforza lordship.
1348:Maximilian I of Habsburg
1100:Battle of Rapallo (1495)
317:Italian War of 1494–1498
3469:Nicolle, David (2005).
3236:James, Carolyn (2020).
2966:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2828:Luzio & Renier 1890
2804:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2783:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2738:Maulde-La-Clavière 1891
2614:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2572:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2560:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2543:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2531:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2490:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2363:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2351:Mallett & Shaw 2012
2165:at the Battle of Taro,
1612:, who was also King of
1577:by Melchiorre Ferraiolo
1424:First Battle of Rapallo
1068:? 1495: French sack of
1010:Sant'Agata sul Santerno
3643:Charles VIII of France
3608:France–Italy relations
3345:. Il mulino. Bologna.
3214:Dina, Achille (1921).
3154:Clinics in Dermatology
2105:
2084:
2054:
2047:
2006:
2001:Francesco Guicciardini
1988:Francesco Guicciardini
1968:
1955:
1945:
1924:Liability for conflict
1915:Burgundian Netherlands
1891:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1842:Francesco Guicciardini
1837:Madonna della Vittoria
1800:
1766:
1758:
1726:
1705:
1681:Siege of Novara (1495)
1645:
1578:
1557:
1511:
1446:
1359:Ferdinand II of Naples
1355:Francesco Guicciardini
1244:Charles VIII of France
1220:
1149:Siege of Novara (1495)
1125:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1081:Ferdinand II of Naples
981:Charles VIII of France
971:25 January 1494: king
937:Charles VIII of France
223:Ferdinand II of Naples
192:Commanders and leaders
3563:Wars involving France
2773:, pp. 1095–1099.
2326:, pp. 1098–1099.
2082:
2059:Giuliano della Rovere
2052:
1953:
1798:
1724:
1703:
1572:
1555:
1509:
1443:
1218:
1034:Piero the Unfortunate
973:Ferdinand I of Naples
270:Casualties and losses
211:Louis de la Trémoille
180:Margraviate of Mantua
3578:Wars involving Spain
3206:L'Historia di Milano
2949:Philippe de Commines
2725:, pp. 438, 441.
2163:Francesco II Gonzaga
2003:, Storia fiorentina.
1731:Galeazzo Sanseverino
1475:The King of Naples,
1334:Galeazzo Sanseverino
1038:Republic of Florence
1015:19–21 October 1494:
986:5–8 September 1494:
977:Alfonso II of Naples
482:Full list of battles
239:Galeazzo Sanseverino
235:Francis II of Mantua
207:Count of Montpensier
173:Republic of Florence
131:(officially neutral)
3082:, pp. 484–486.
2992:Luciano Chiappini.
2938:, pp. 168–169.
2911:, pp. 493–494.
2818:, pp. 248–249.
2761:, pp. 438–441.
2740:, pp. 221–224.
2712:. pp. 10, 191.
2122:During this war an
2118:History of syphilis
1984:Niccolò Machiavelli
1895:Isabella of Castile
1883:Philip the Handsome
1685:The king's cousin,
1663:, in Naples as his
1610:Ferdinand of Aragon
1532:, wife of his ally
1341:Hercules Maximilian
1315:as the daughter of
1226:, in conflict with
1129:House of Trastámara
1089:syphilis in history
1074:Province of Viterbo
1046:Girolamo Savonarola
1040:restored under the
951:and an alliance of
765:Franco-Spanish wars
227:Frederick of Naples
3508:Setton, Kenneth M.
2574:, pp. 27, 29.
2085:
2055:
1956:
1828:Domenico Malipiero
1801:
1727:
1706:
1629:Republic of Venice
1587:Battle of Seminara
1579:
1565:Conquest of Naples
1558:
1512:
1471:Descent in Tuscany
1447:
1313:Ferrante of Naples
1301:Isabella of Aragon
1224:Pope Innocent VIII
1221:
1191:July–August 1496:
1121:Battle of Seminara
1076:). French victory.
939:, who had initial
153:Republic of Venice
3603:Conflicts in 1495
3598:Conflicts in 1494
3480:978-0-275-98850-0
3352:978-88-15-13046-4
3333:, third edition,
3201:Corio, Bernardino
2600:978-0-582-21232-9
2533:, pp. 19–20.
2509:, pp. 85–90.
2341:, pp. 85–86.
2167:Jacopo Tintoretto
2148:Battle of Fornovo
2112:Syphilis outbreak
2063:Pope Alexander VI
1856:Peace of Vercelli
1832:Francesco Gonzaga
1816:Battle of Fornovo
1810:Battle of Fornovo
1804:Battle of Fornovo
1782:
1781:
1606:Pope Alexander VI
1526:Pope Alexander VI
1418:Republic of Genoa
1414:Battle of Rapallo
1398:Swiss mercenaries
1240:Kingdom of Naples
1139:Battle of Fornovo
1065:. French victory.
1056:Pope Alexander VI
988:Battle of Rapallo
957:Pope Alexander VI
945:Holy Roman Empire
943:aid, against the
935:. The war pitted
925:First Italian War
920:
919:
731:
730:
525:Anglo-French Wars
489:
488:
440:League of Cambrai
383:
382:
282:
281:
185:Republic of Genoa
177:England (1496–98)
169:Holy Roman Empire
161:Kingdoms of Spain
157:Kingdom of Naples
137:Kingdom of Naples
117:Swiss mercenaries
111:Kingdom of France
99:
98:
44:First Italian War
18:First Italian War
16:(Redirected from
3650:
3527:
3503:
3484:
3465:
3456:
3439:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3326:
3313:
3302:
3293:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3232:
3221:
3210:
3196:
3193:Diario ferrarese
3178:
3177:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2894:Santosuosso 1994
2891:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2816:Santosuosso 1994
2813:
2807:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2656:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2178:
2159:
2144:
2103:
2045:
2004:
1973:Ludovico Ariosto
1966:
1943:
1879:Mary of Burgundy
1755:
1747:
1650:
1593:League of Venice
1519:Passage to Lazio
1408:He was aided by
1368:, as well as by
1260:apple of discord
1157:Louis of Orléans
1114:Louis of Orléans
1025:
1017:Siege of Mordano
995:Louis of Orléans
766:
758:
751:
744:
735:
528:
526:
516:
509:
502:
493:
455:League of Cognac
420:
410:
403:
396:
387:
320:
318:
308:
301:
294:
285:
244:Alfonso I d'Este
144:League of Venice
129:Duchy of Ferrara
69:
68:
61:
41:
21:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3524:
3506:
3487:
3481:
3468:
3459:
3442:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3387:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3316:
3305:
3296:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3235:
3224:
3213:
3199:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3069:
3064:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2640:, p. 1077.
2636:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:, p. 1057.
2437:
2430:
2426:, p. 1029.
2422:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2120:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2070:Ercole I d'Este
2046:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1967:
1964:
1944:
1941:
1926:
1871:
1858:
1812:
1806:
1771:
1763:
1741:
1711:Beatrice d'Este
1687:Louis d'Orléans
1683:
1677:
1675:Siege of Novara
1601:
1595:
1567:
1550:
1521:
1473:
1452:
1426:
1410:Louis d'Orleans
1391:Louis d'Orleans
1387:
1385:French invasion
1382:
1366:Étienne de Vesc
1322:Ercole I d'Este
1297:Ludovico Sforza
1293:Beatrice d'Este
1256:Angevin dynasty
1213:
1193:Siege of Atella
1175:Ludovico Sforza
1153:Beatrice d'Este
1019:
1003:Beatrice d'Este
999:Ludovico Sforza
965:
921:
916:
767:
764:
762:
732:
727:
529:
524:
522:
520:
490:
485:
474:
421:
416:
414:
384:
379:
321:
316:
314:
312:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:Ferrante d'Este
213:
209:
205:
203:Duke of Orléans
201:
187:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
139:
135:
126:
87:
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3532:External links
3530:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3504:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3457:
3440:
3434:(in Italian).
3427:
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3283:
3261:
3248:
3233:
3222:
3211:
3197:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3160:(5): 533–538.
3144:
3142:, p. 462.
3132:
3120:
3118:, p. 319.
3116:Malipiero 1843
3108:
3106:, p. 469.
3104:Malipiero 1843
3096:
3094:, p. 517.
3084:
3067:
3053:
3041:
3024:
3015:
2999:
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2970:
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2923:, p. 168.
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2896:, p. 222.
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2844:
2842:, p. 114.
2832:
2830:, p. 219.
2820:
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2751:
2742:
2727:
2715:
2698:
2686:
2684:, p. 252.
2674:
2672:, p. 389.
2670:Malipiero 1843
2657:
2655:, p. 366.
2642:
2627:
2618:
2606:
2599:
2576:
2564:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2521:, p. 672.
2511:
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2205:
2201:Guicciardini’s
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2150:, 6 July 1495.
2146:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2116:Main article:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2038:
1997:
1962:
1939:
1925:
1922:
1887:Joanna the Mad
1870:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1808:Main article:
1805:
1802:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1676:
1673:
1633:Ottoman Empire
1623:; Ludovico in
1594:
1591:
1566:
1563:
1549:
1546:
1530:Giulia Farnese
1520:
1517:
1472:
1469:
1451:
1448:
1425:
1422:
1400:and the first
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:Pope Julius II
1252:Marie of Anjou
1232:excommunicated
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:Siege of Ostia
1200:
1189:
1186:
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1171:
1160:
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1119:28 June 1495:
1117:
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1103:
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1059:
1052:
1049:
1044:leadership of
1030:
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984:
964:
961:
955:powers led by
918:
917:
915:
914:
909:
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907:
902:
897:
890:Coalition Wars
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769:
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761:
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753:
746:
738:
729:
728:
726:
725:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
610:
605:
600:
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262:
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252:
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219:
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165:Duchy of Milan
132:
123:Duchy of Milan
120:
119:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
83:
81:
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24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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3636:
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3616:
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3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3523:0-87169-127-2
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3476:
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3406:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:Sanudo, Marin
3386:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3375:Sanudo, Marin
3372:
3368:
3362:
3354:
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3320:
3315:
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3310:
3304:
3300:
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3291:
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3269:
3268:
3262:
3251:
3249:9780199681211
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3207:
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3141:
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3112:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:. p. 42.
3037:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2968:, p. 38.
2967:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2881:, p. 14.
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:, p. 84.
2865:
2860:
2857:
2854:, p. 83.
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2806:, p. 31.
2805:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:, p. 30.
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:Zambotti 1937
2678:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2616:, p. 29.
2615:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2562:, p. 28.
2561:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2545:, p. 22.
2544:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:, p. 19.
2491:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:, p. 12.
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:, p. 83.
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:, p. 85.
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:, p. 25.
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:. p. 64.
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:(daughter of
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1599:Italic League
1592:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:Orsino Orsini
1531:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1372:, the future
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:Gian Galeazzo
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:René of Anjou
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:6 July 1495:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
968:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
913:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
736:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
532:
527:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
497:
494:
484:
483:
477:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
419:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
392:
391:
388:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
289:
286:
277:
274:
273:
268:
264:
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
245:
242:
241:(after 1495)
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
183:
181:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
138:
133:
130:
127:
125:(before 1495)
124:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
108:
107:
102:
94:
91:
90:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:Italy in 1494
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3638:Holy Leagues
3558:Italian Wars
3512:
3490:
3470:
3461:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3404:
3393:
3379:
3342:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3288:
3275:. Retrieved
3266:
3253:. Retrieved
3238:
3227:
3216:
3205:
3192:
3185:Bibliography
3157:
3153:
3147:
3135:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3044:
3034:
3027:
3018:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2973:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2916:
2864:Nicolle 2005
2859:
2852:Nicolle 2005
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2745:
2718:
2708:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2621:
2609:
2589:
2567:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2407:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2358:
2353:, p. 8.
2346:
2302:
2275:
2266:
2265:Ritchie, R.
2235:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2195:
2169:, 1578–1579.
2121:
2106:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2067:
2056:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2007:
1993:
1981:
1977:Marin Sanudo
1969:
1958:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1872:
1869:Consequences
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1813:
1790:
1783:
1767:
1759:
1750:
1728:
1716:
1707:
1684:
1643:
1641:
1621:Maximilian I
1602:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1559:
1522:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:Camp in Asti
1435:
1431:
1427:
1395:
1388:
1363:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1327:
1308:
1287:
1272:
1222:
1164:Castel Nuovo
1098:2 May 1495:
1041:
966:
933:Italian Wars
928:
924:
922:
776:Italian Wars
630:
481:
429:
418:Italian Wars
315:
255:
221:
199:Charles VIII
197:
176:
149:Papal States
142:
121:
109:
104:Belligerents
51:Italian Wars
49:Part of the
3140:Sanudo 1879
3092:Sanudo 1883
3080:Sanudo 1883
2994:Gli Estensi
2909:Setton 1978
2879:Taylor 1921
2840:Kuiper 2009
2759:Sanudo 1883
2723:Sanudo 1883
2694:Sanudo 1883
2519:Sanudo 1883
2507:Sanudo 1883
2024:Hai compra
1742: [
1647:condottiero
1404:to include
1402:siege train
1289:Casus belli
1248:Charles VII
1020: [
350:2nd Rapallo
330:1st Rapallo
256:25,000 men
3547:Categories
2771:Corio 1565
2638:Corio 1565
2439:Corio 1565
2424:Corio 1565
2339:James 2020
2324:Corio 1565
2307:James 2020
2295:James 2020
2247:References
1913:, and the
1786:Cassolnovo
1679:See also:
1627:; and the
1597:See also:
1303:, wife of
1295:, wife of
1268:Alfonso II
275:13,000 men
3500:967401725
3361:cite book
2653:Dina 1921
2014:romantica
1481:Ferdinand
1406:artillery
900:1808–1814
895:1793–1795
885:1718–1720
880:1688–1697
875:1683–1684
870:1673–1678
865:1667–1668
858:1648–1653
853:1641–1659
848:1640–1659
843:1635–1659
838:1628–1631
828:1595–1598
823:1580–1583
816:1551–1559
811:1542–1544
806:1536–1538
801:1526–1529
796:1521–1526
791:1512–1516
786:1502–1504
781:1495–1498
716:1803–1814
711:1793–1802
706:1778–1783
701:1754–1763
696:1746–1763
691:1744–1748
686:1702–1713
681:1689–1697
676:1689–1815
666:1666–1667
661:1627–1629
656:1562–1563
651:1557–1559
646:1542–1546
641:1522–1526
636:1512–1514
631:1496–1498
625:1415–1453
621:1369–1389
617:1337–1360
613:1337–1453
603:1294–1303
598:1242–1243
583:1215–1217
578:1213–1214
573:1202–1204
568:1199–1200
563:1197–1199
558:1193–1196
548:1173–1174
543:1116–1120
538:1109–1113
470:1551–1559
465:1542–1546
460:1536–1538
450:1521–1526
435:1499–1504
430:1494–1498
340:Fivizzano
75:1494–1498
3510:(1978).
3412:22 April
3391:(1883).
3377:(1879).
3335:Volume V
3277:22 March
3203:(1565).
3174:20797514
2953:Memoires
2951:(1960).
2128:syphilis
2124:outbreak
2100:—
2092:opposed.
2074:Salt War
2039:—
1998:—
1963:—
1940:—
1885:married
1739:Fracasso
1735:Polesine
1695:Vigevano
1657:Lombardy
1542:terzieri
1380:Conflict
1309:de facto
1070:Tuscania
1042:de facto
963:Timeline
941:Milanese
355:Seminara
250:Strength
80:Location
2134:Gallery
1911:Austria
1903:Castile
1665:viceroy
1637:England
1618:Emperor
1489:Mordano
1477:Alfonso
1317:Alfonso
1264:Italian
1254:of the
1211:Prelude
1095:Venice.
953:Italian
360:Fornovo
335:Mordano
278:Unknown
265:Unknown
3520:
3498:
3477:
3349:
3255:1 June
3246:
3172:
2597:
1937:Empire
1907:Aragon
1691:Novara
1616:; the
1614:Sicily
1330:ducats
1202:1497:
1110:Novara
445:Urbino
370:Atella
365:Novara
345:Naples
92:Result
3271:(PDF)
2187:Notes
2068:Even
1820:Parma
1746:]
1625:Milan
1024:]
949:Spain
927:, or
375:Ostia
260:8,000
140:1495:
134:1494:
85:Italy
3518:ISBN
3496:OCLC
3475:ISBN
3414:2015
3367:link
3347:ISBN
3279:2022
3257:2022
3244:ISBN
3170:PMID
2595:ISBN
1986:and
1975:and
1893:and
1669:Rome
1538:Rome
1236:bull
1001:and
923:The
912:1823
905:1815
833:1625
721:1815
671:1678
608:1324
593:1230
588:1224
553:1189
72:Date
3449:doi
3162:doi
2126:of
1262:in
1242:to
1112:by
3549::
3363:}}
3359:{{
3168:.
3158:28
3156:.
3123:^
3070:^
3056:^
2928:^
2901:^
2886:^
2871:^
2790:^
2730:^
2660:^
2645:^
2630:^
2579:^
2550:^
2497:^
2431:^
2416:^
2389:,
2370:^
2331:^
2314:^
2287:^
2255:^
2234:""
2065:.
2016:.
1909:,
1905:,
1881::
1744:it
1697:.
1420:.
1270:.
1131:).
1022:it
947:,
623:,
619:,
3526:.
3483:.
3455:.
3451::
3436:6
3416:.
3369:)
3355:.
3281:.
3259:.
3176:.
3164::
2603:.
2239:"
2230:"
1206:.
1159:.
1116:.
1072:(
1048:.
1005:.
757:e
750:t
743:v
627:)
615:(
515:e
508:t
501:v
409:e
402:t
395:v
307:e
300:t
293:v
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
