298:
484:
536:
516:
573:
101:
500:
468:
49:
285:
Thus, the original meaning of waving a white flag was deeply tied to feudal custom, acknowledging and pledging loyalty or sanctuary to a specific lord and his noble standard. By the later Middle Ages, however, the distinct connection of the white symbol to House Capet and French royalty diminished as
265:
castle in 1194, the
English knights defending the castle "came clad in white tunics, barefoot, holding up white cloths" to King Philip and his invading army to indicate their surrender. The color white, synonymous with the royal Capet flag, demonstrated the way medieval visual symbolism intertwined
293:
During the renaissance the white flag was widely used in
Western Europe to indicate an intent to surrender. The color white was not used as the colors of the king of France anymore but instead to generally indicate a person was exempt from combat; heralds bore white wands, prisoners or hostages
400:
The white color was also used as a symbol of military command, by the commanding officer of a French army. It would be featured on a white scarf attached to the regimental flag as to recognize French units from foreign ones and avoid friendly fire incidents. The French troops fighting in the
281:
expanded the royal domain. Matthew Paris notes how during a 1231 rebellion against King Henry II of
England in Wales, the princes pleading for mercy "came before him bearing the king's white banner". This correlated the white flag with signaling transition of land or rulership.
289:
Through diffusion over time and across Europe, the white flag of the Capets, became divorced from a strict embodiment of
Capetian suzerainty in war. Regardless of its shifting meaning, the basis of the tradition itself clearly originated in 12th century medieval France.
431:
was adopted as the official national flag. The white flag quickly became a symbol of French royalists. (The white part of the French
Tricolor is itself originally derived from the old Royal flag, the tricolor having been designed when the revolution still aimed at
139:. A white flag signifies to all that an approaching negotiator is unarmed, with an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. Persons carrying or waving a white flag are not to be fired upon, nor are they allowed to open fire. The use of the flag to request
334:(On the Law of War and Peace), one of the foundational texts in international law, recognized the white flag as a "sign, to which use has given a signification"; it was "a tacit sign of demanding a parley, and shall be as obligatory, as if expressed by words".
161:
who is authorized by one of the belligerents to enter into communication with the other, and who carries a white flag. He has a right to inviolability, as well as the trumpeter, bugler, or drummer, the flag-bearer, and the interpreter who may accompany
1078:
535:
238:
and in a political environment centered on oaths, participating in another lord's banner or standard signified changing allegiance and loyalty. Thus, armies would waive the banner of the opposite side to signal surrender.
420:. Smaller ships might have used other standards, such as a fleur-de-lis on white field. Commerce and private ships were authorized to use their own designs to represent France, but were forbidden to fly the white ensign.
810:
This quote lacks provenance. Marc Morris (2015) nowhere discusses the oriflamme, and
Gillingham, J. (2004). Richard I (New Haven, US: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 60, previously cited, is a duff reference.
585:
515:
499:
483:
868:
The
Flanders peasant revolt against French rule in 1323-1328 involved rebels carrying white crosses and flags to induce talks or passage without being attacked (TeBrake, 1993, p. 65).
832:
Paris, Matthew. Vaughan, Richard. (1958). The
Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris: Observations of Thirteenth-Century Life (Cambridge, UK: Corpus Christi College, 1958), p. 370.
294:
captured in battle would attach a piece of white paper to their hat or helmet, and garrisons that had surrendered and been promised safe passage would carry white batons.
1052:
762:
850:
Verbruggen, J.F. (1997). The Art of
Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, p. 243.
297:
112:
258:
for several generations. "Its very name - a derivation of 'golden flame' - shows that it was intended from its inception to represent the French crown".
627:
467:
1140:
the Afghan
Taliban used a plain white flag between 1996 and 1997 and a white flag with the Islamic credo in black letters from 1997 on until today.
461:
refused to accept the Tricolore. He demanded the return of the white flag before he would accept the throne, a condition that proved unacceptable.
1008:
The Ismaili Shi'ite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the Abbasid enemy.
1126:
1088:
1001:
261:
This meaning is affirmed a few years later during a subsequent conflict between the French monarchy and the English throne. At the siege of
226:
mentions a white flag of surrender in CE 109. Before that time, Roman armies would surrender by holding their shields above their heads.
286:
it gained wider currency as a gesture indicating any general surrender or truce between opposing armies regardless of feudal loyalties.
680:
144:
1183:
1178:
1033:
904:
600:
in London. The white flag was used to represent Antarctica on at least two occasions on the voyage to Antarctica. On 1 August 1929,
596:(a flag used as a token of respect by vessels while in foreign waters) for a continent without a flag of its own. It is now in the
971:
664:
440:
685:
490:
302:
31:
690:
402:
541:
705:
553:
549:
597:
458:
394:
167:
100:
1163:
577:
433:
1173:
888:
658:
330:
859:
Huizinga, Johan (1996). The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p. 123.
572:
56:
758:
1168:
506:
320:, dispatched negotiators bearing a "white cloth tied to a stick", "as a sign of peace", to his enemy
135:, since it is often the weaker party that requests negotiation. It is also flown on ships serving as
132:
1158:
735:"The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); July 29, 1899"
631:
251:
108:
977:
910:
567:
1105:
1040:...white was also the color associated with the Fatimid caliphs, the opponents of the Abbasids.
1020:
Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1999). "Art and Architecture: Themes and Variations". In
841:
DelbrĂĽck, Hans (1990). Medieval Warfare. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, p. 286-287.
1122:
1084:
1029:
997:
940:
918:
900:
878:
653:
630:
between September 1996 and October 1997. It is sometimes used as an unofficial variant of the
611:
526:
424:
223:
1114:
892:
767:
694:
545:
474:
417:
378:
243:
947:
mandou hum seu Bramane em huma almadia com hum pano branco atado e um páu per sinal de paz
772:
675:
522:
451:
362:
343:
278:
255:
120:
48:
963:
936:
734:
428:
413:
382:
351:
309:
105:
254:
adopted a single white flag as the family's emblem, still closely identified with the
1152:
1021:
819:
Power, D. (2004). The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries.
670:
593:
589:
321:
274:
246:
utilized a prominent white banner during this period, referred to at the time as the
158:
136:
967:
959:
793:
712:
436:
rather than a republic; this aspect of the Tricolor was, however, soon forgotten.)
390:
325:
277:
continued to proliferate after many French victories and across medieval Europe as
270:
219:
178:
69:
991:
882:
189:. There have been numerous reported cases of such behavior in conflicts, such as
409:
262:
235:
215:
443:, the white flag replaced the Tricolore, which by then was seen as a symbol of
700:
607:
214:
The first mention of the usage of white flags to surrender is made during the
198:
190:
170:, Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague II); July 29, 1899
61:
993:
A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen
27:
Symbol with different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale
17:
820:
602:
317:
247:
194:
182:
128:
92:
have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale.
1118:
922:
444:
366:
347:
301:
Australian soldier looking for wounded under protection of a white flag,
273:, the precedent of utilizing white flags and banners to surrender to the
65:
308:
Its use may have expanded across continents, e.g. Portuguese chronicler
1113:. Studying Jihadism. Vol. 2. V & R unipress GmbH. p. 44.
914:
647:
635:
623:
313:
210:
First mentions before widespread, Early Imperial China and Roman Empire
186:
389:
became a plain white flag as a symbol of purity, sometimes covered in
386:
140:
1080:
The Voyages of the Discovery: An Illustrated History of Scott's Ship
996:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 97.
896:
610:
at her forepeak, the white Antarctic flag at the foremast, and the
505:
French ships (left), flying the white flag of the Monarchy, at the
571:
358:
312:(writing in the 1550s), claims that in 1502, an Indian ruler, the
296:
124:
99:
945:. Vol. 1. Typ. da Academia Real das Sciencias. p. 300.
586:
British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
393:
when in the presence of the king or bearing the ensigns of the
346:(661–750) used white as their symbolic color as a reminder of
457:
In 1873, an attempt to reestablish the monarchy failed when
172:
Annex to the Convention, Section II, Chapter III, Article 32
529:
in 1781. The French (left) are displaying the white ensign.
454:, with the definitive use of the blue, white and red flag.
230:
Widespread adoption in the Middle Ages, the Capet Dynasty
197:
to approach and attack enemy combatants, or killings of
576:
Original flag flown by the 'Discovery', stored at the
1053:"White Flag of Antarctica - National Maritime Museum"
1028:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 215–267.
266:
with feudal expressions of submission and dominance.
131:, and for negotiation. It is also used to symbolize
75:
55:
201:attempting to surrender by carrying white flags.
177:The improper use of the flag is forbidden by the
794:"Kingdom of France: The oriflamme (Middle Ages)"
763:"Why Do Surrendering Soldiers Wave White Flags?"
119:The white flag is an internationally recognized
1107:Jihadism: Online Discourses and Representations
149:
8:
622:The white flag was the official flag of the
37:
450:It was finally abandoned in 1830, with the
650:, a musical equivalent of a flag of truce
592:used white cotton sheeting to improvise a
381:, starting in the early 17th century, the
369:, who used black as their dynastic color.
823:, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 505.
681:List of flags by color combination#White
939:; de Lima Felner, Rodrigo José (1858).
726:
463:
459:Henri of Artois, the Count of Chambord
36:
365:also used white in opposition to the
7:
606:noted that "the ship was flying the
473:French white regimental flag at the
638:written in black on a white field.
427:, in 1794, the blue, white and red
884:The Laws of War in the Middle Ages
145:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
104:A white flag displayed during the
25:
489:A French ship of the line at the
151:CHAPTER III -- On Flags of Truce
79:29 July 1899 (Hague Convention I)
534:
514:
498:
482:
466:
47:
1104:Lohlker, RĂĽdiger, ed. (2013).
628:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
618:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
157:An individual is considered a
1:
1077:Savours, Ann (4 April 2013).
665:White flags over Port Stanley
405:fought under the white flag.
218:dynasty (CE 25–220). In the
1026:The Oxford History of Islam
973:The Rights of War and Peace
686:Black Flag (disambiguation)
303:Western Front (World War I)
32:White flag (disambiguation)
1200:
976:. Vol. 3 – via
691:Blue flag (disambiguation)
565:
403:American Revolutionary War
250:. As head of House Capet,
29:
706:Red flag (disambiguation)
550:French Revolutionary Wars
377:During the period of the
83:
46:
42:
1184:Henri, Count of Chambord
1179:Flags introduced in 1899
659:"White Flag" (Dido song)
598:National Maritime Museum
584:In 1929, members of the
395:Order of the Holy Spirit
338:Early Islamic caliphates
168:Hague Convention of 1899
1083:. Seaforth Publishing.
990:Hathaway, Jane (2003).
889:Routledge & K. Paul
578:Royal Museums Greenwich
434:constitutional monarchy
373:Ancien RĂ©gime in France
193:using white flags as a
1119:10.14220/9783737000680
581:
331:De jure belli ac pacis
305:
175:
116:
109:surrender of Jerusalem
1057:collections.rmg.co.uk
575:
300:
103:
507:battle of Chesapeake
491:Battle of Martinique
30:For other uses, see
739:avalon.law.yale.edu
634:which includes the
548:ensign, during the
441:Bourbon Restoration
412:used a plain white
143:is included in the
39:
978:Liberty Fund, Inc.
879:Keen, Maurice Hugh
761:(March 21, 2003).
582:
568:Flag of Antarctica
562:Flag of Antarctica
554:battle of Quiberon
306:
181:and constitutes a
117:
115:on 9 December 1917
1128:978-3-8471-0068-3
1090:978-1-84832-702-3
1022:Esposito, John L.
1003:978-0-7914-5883-9
759:Koerner, River I.
654:White Flag (band)
521:Surrender of the
425:French Revolution
418:ships of the line
224:Cornelius Tacitus
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
1191:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1135:
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798:www.crwflags.com
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
731:
538:
518:
502:
486:
475:battle of Denain
470:
244:Capetian dynasty
222:, the historian
173:
96:Contemporary use
51:
40:
21:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
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989:
988:
984:
964:Barbeyrac, Jean
958:
957:
953:
942:Lendas da ĂŤndia
937:Correia, Gaspar
935:
934:
930:
907:
897:10.2307/2851422
891:. p. 291.
877:
876:
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867:
863:
858:
854:
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845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
818:
814:
809:
805:
792:
791:
787:
777:
775:
773:The Slate Group
757:
756:
752:
743:
741:
733:
732:
728:
723:
695:Blue Revolution
676:Diplomatic flag
644:
620:
614:at the stern."
612:Australian flag
594:courtesy ensign
570:
564:
557:
544:used the white
539:
530:
519:
510:
503:
494:
487:
478:
471:
452:July Revolution
375:
363:Fatimid dynasty
344:Umayyad dynasty
340:
279:Philip Augustus
256:Kings of France
232:
212:
207:
174:
171:
166:
121:protective sign
98:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Types of flags
1161:
1151:
1150:
1145:
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1127:
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1044:
1034:
1012:
1002:
982:
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928:
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619:
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566:Main article:
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560:
559:
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540:
533:
531:
520:
513:
511:
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497:
495:
488:
481:
479:
472:
465:
383:royal standard
374:
371:
352:battle at Badr
339:
336:
310:Gaspar Correia
231:
228:
211:
208:
206:
203:
164:
97:
94:
85:
84:
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72:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1196:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:White symbols
1172:
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1156:
1154:
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1037:
1035:0-19-510799-3
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999:
995:
994:
986:
983:
979:
975:
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969:
968:Tuck, Richard
965:
961:
960:Grotius, Hugo
955:
952:
948:
944:
943:
938:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
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908:
906:9781317397588
902:
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674:
673:
672:
671:List of flags
669:
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639:
637:
633:
629:
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599:
595:
591:
590:RRS Discovery
587:
579:
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569:
561:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Royalist army
537:
532:
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524:
517:
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388:
384:
380:
379:Ancien RĂ©gime
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:Vasco da Gama
319:
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169:
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159:parlementaire
155:
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114:
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95:
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82:
78:
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71:
67:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
33:
19:
18:Flag of truce
1139:
1132:. Retrieved
1106:
1099:
1079:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1039:
1025:
1015:
1007:
992:
985:
972:
954:
946:
941:
931:
883:
873:
864:
855:
846:
837:
828:
815:
806:
797:
788:
776:. Retrieved
766:
753:
742:. Retrieved
738:
729:
713:Racing flags
632:current flag
621:
601:
583:
456:
449:
438:
422:
407:
399:
391:fleur-de-lis
376:
356:
341:
329:
326:Hugo Grotius
307:
292:
288:
284:
271:13th century
269:Through the
268:
260:
241:
233:
220:Roman Empire
213:
179:rules of war
176:
156:
153:
150:
118:
89:
88:
70:naval ensign
1169:White flags
552:(here, the
439:During the
423:During the
410:French Navy
324:. In 1625,
242:The French
236:Middle Ages
234:During the
216:Eastern Han
154:Article 32
90:White flags
1159:Law of war
1153:Categories
1062:26 October
887:. London:
744:2022-09-02
721:References
701:Green flag
608:Union Jack
199:combatants
191:combatants
38:White flag
962:(2005) .
821:Cambridge
778:22 August
603:The Times
429:Tricolore
350:'s first
252:Philip II
248:oriflamme
183:war crime
133:surrender
129:ceasefire
1134:24 April
970:(eds.).
881:(1965).
642:See also
556:, 1795).
527:Yorktown
445:regicide
367:Abbasids
361:and the
348:Muhammad
263:Fréteval
165:—
66:war flag
1024:(ed.).
915:1339392
648:Chamade
636:Shahada
626:-ruled
624:Taliban
546:Bourbon
523:British
509:(1781).
493:(1780).
477:(1712).
318:Calicut
314:Zamorin
187:perfidy
137:cartels
113:British
111:to the
106:Ottoman
76:Adopted
1125:
1087:
1032:
1000:
923:507262
921:
913:
903:
525:after
414:ensign
387:France
275:French
205:Origin
141:parley
1111:(PDF)
911:JSTOR
768:Slate
359:Alids
125:truce
62:Civil
1136:2022
1123:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1064:2020
1030:ISBN
998:ISBN
919:OCLC
901:ISBN
780:2018
416:for
408:The
357:The
342:The
195:ruse
162:him.
64:and
1115:doi
893:doi
588:on
385:of
328:in
316:of
185:of
127:or
123:of
57:Use
1155::
1138:.
1121:.
1055:.
1038:.
1006:.
966:;
917:.
909:.
899:.
796:.
771:.
765:.
737:.
447:.
397:.
354:.
147::
68:,
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