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127:. There is a minor, secondary unbalanced rotational torque pulse in the plane of the pistons, when a piston pair at one end of the engine is at TDC and the other pair at BDC. The TDC pair creates a torque greater than the BDC pair, so the net unbalanced torque pulse is the difference. The difference in TDC vs BDC inertial forces is explained in the
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552:
was a factor in retaining the flat-four engine, since the shorter length of this engine assists in fitting the all-wheel drive components into the chassis. Although it is more expensive than an inline-four engine, the flat-four engine allows Subaru to build an all-wheel drive vehicle at little extra
1214:
Note: A low-revving engine is eminently suitable to drive a propeller, which is typically most effective at about 2,000 rpm. If a valve in a side-valve engine should stick open, it cannot hit the piston and cause engine failure; the engine will continue with just that cylinder inoperative. This is
515:
Two important engines designed during this period, but never saw the light of day in series production, were the Morris 800cc side valve engine by Alec
Issigonis in 1947 originally destined for the Morris Minor, and the Ferguson 2.2 litre SOHC engine by Claude Hill in 1966 as part of the R5 vehicle
575:
mid-engined sports cars downsized from a naturally aspirated flat-six engine to a turbocharged flat-four engine, Porsche's first flat-four since the mid-1970s. This engine is produced in displacements of 2.0–2.5 L (122–153 cu in) and produces up to 365 hp (272 kW). Several
313:
released its first car in 1901, which was powered by a flat-four engine. This engine was mounted longitudinally in the chassis, water-cooled, produced 9 hp (7 kW) and had a displacement of 2.4 L (146 cu in). Unusually for its day, the bore and stroke were equal, with each
206:
The downsides of boxer-four engines (compared with inline-four engines) are their extra width, the increased costs associated with having two cylinder heads instead of one, and the long exhaust manifold required to achieve evenly spaced exhaust pulses. Due to these factors,
317:
In 1902 the Buffum automobile was equipped with opposed four cylinder engines that were rated at 16 horsepower. Herbert H. Buffum produced an
American Automobile called the Buffum in Abington, Massachusetts from 1903 to 1907.
306:, based on Benz's 1897 "contra" flat-twin engine. This engine was used in Benz racing cars, produced 20 hp (15 kW), had a displacement of 5.4 L (330 cu in) and was designed by Georg Diehl.
269:
evenly spaced at 180 degrees. Traditionally, the exhausts from the two cylinders on each bank were merged, with the resulting uneven exhaust pulses causing a characteristic "flat-four burble" exhaust sound.
227:(unlike the unbalanced vertical forces produced by inline-four engines). Boxer-four engines are therefore better suited to displacements above 2.0 L (122 cu in), since they do not require
131:
section. Boxer-four engines have been used in cars since 1897, especially by
Volkswagen and Subaru. They have also occasionally been used in motorcycles and frequently in aircraft.
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273:
The other common exhaust configuration (such as used by Subaru since the mid-2000s) is to pair the cylinders with a firing interval offset of 360 degrees, in order to optimise the
265:
The typical firing order for a boxer-four engine is for the left bank of cylinders to ignite one after another, followed by the right bank of cylinders (or vice versa), with the
191:
successively moves inwards together and outwards together. The advantages of the boxer-four layout are perfect secondary vibration (resulting in minimal vibration), a low
1045:
1019:
711:, the massively over-square (1.295:1) D-Motor is a very simple, low-revving, compact, reliable lightweight aero-engine (without the heavy complication of
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959:
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expanded its model range from flat-twin engines to also include flat-four engines. Production of Jowett flat-four engines continued until 1954, when the
277:. This configuration requires long exhaust manifolds, in order to pair the cylinders on opposite banks, and results in a less distinctive exhaust sound.
123:
A boxer-four engine has perfect primary and secondary balance, however, the two cylinder heads means the design is more expensive to produce than an
707:. Although the side-valve format has long been abandoned for most automotive applications because its combustion chamber is a bar to high engine
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was the Czech company's first model powered by a flat-four engine. Tatra produced various flat-four engined model through the 1920s and 1930s.
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By 2000, most manufacturers had replaced flat-four engines with inline-four engines. A notable exception is Subaru, with the water-cooled
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with two banks of cylinders lying on opposite sides of a common crankshaft. The most common type of flat-four engine is the
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The so-called "boxer" configuration appears somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before a fight
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Thomson. Vibration Theory and
Applications. p. 190. Dynamics of reciprocating forces. Prentice Hall Inc., USA, 1965.
690:, flat-four engines with displacements of 40–50 cc (2.4–3.1 cu in) are produced by companies such as
671:
commonly use flat-four engines with displacements up to 6.4 L (390 cu in) from manufacturers such as
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349:
253:, causing a torsional vibration along the crankshaft axis. Such vibration, if excessive, may be minimised using a
57:
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564:(also called the "Subaru BRZ" and "Scion FR-S") rear-wheel drive sports coupe. This engine is water-cooled, has
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In a boxer engine, each cylinder is slightly offset from its opposing pair due to the distance between the
203:. In light aircraft, where lightness is of primary importance, air-cooling has traditionally been common.
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During the 1960s and 1970s, several manufacturers produced flat-four engines including the air-cooled
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car engine. Approximately 450 were built, with one quarter of these purchased by the French police.
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462:, which was produced from 1938 until 2006 and was most famously used in the rear-engined 1938–2003
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from
Austria, sporting a front boxer 4 engine with rear wheel drive. Also in 1936, English company
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pioneered the rear-engined, air-cooled flat-four, backbone chassis layout (later used by the
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As with all four-stroke engines of four cylinders or less, the lack of overlap in the
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470:. This air-cooled engine was designed by Porsche and was also used in the 1948–1965
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The equal and opposing forces generated in a boxer-four engine result in perfect
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1107:"Porsche 718 Cayman review – The entry-level Porsche punches above its weight"
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120:, each pair of opposed pistons moves inwards and outwards at the same time.
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1200:
1020:"How Boxer Engines Work, And Why You Should Care About Subaru's New FA20"
576:
reviewers criticised the
Boxster/Cayman for an uninspiring engine sound.
440:
322:
250:
235:
17:
701:
363: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1132:"2017 Porsche 718 Cayman First Drive Review: Performance Trumps Sound"
195:, and a short engine length. Flat-four engine have successfully used
188:
132:
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layout, however, several flat-four engine engines have been used in
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64:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
756:
Established manufacturers of such air-cooled aero-engines include
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are often used where larger displacements are required.
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are more common in cars than are flat-four engines, and
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Having previously produced flat-twin engines, the 1926
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439:), and at the same time, though unrelated, came the
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In 1900, the first flat-four engine was produced by
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600:Most motorcycles with four-cylinder engines use an
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249:results in a pulsating delivery of torque to the
27:Horizontally opposed four-cylinder piston engine
818:Wilson, Hugo (1995). "The A–Z of Motorcycles".
458:The longest production flat-four engine is the
881:Announcement on Forester exhaust in Japanese:
697:A notable recent flat-four aero-engine is the
556:In 2012, a naturally aspirated version of the
1236:
1215:an important safety feature for aero-engines.
1199:A modular variant of the LF26 is the 4-litre
907:Announcement on Impreza exhaust in Japanese:
238:journals. This offset gives rise to a slight
187:In a flat-four engine, each pair of opposing
8:
855:Announcement on Legacy exhaust in Japanese:
540:being available in turbocharged form in the
1044:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
960:"The engine that Benz built still survives"
1461:
1243:
1229:
1221:
858:"Fuji Heavy Industries, Press Information"
990:"Preview Drive: Three Ways to Get a Grip"
983:
981:
379:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1018:Bonk, Aaron (2013-02-07) (2013-02-07).
937:. Farber and Associates. Archived from
740:
1037:
96:ULPower UL360iS aircraft piston engine
910:"Fuji Heavy Industries, News Release"
884:"Fuji Heavy Industries, News Release"
7:
361:adding citations to reliable sources
988:Stepler, Richard (September 1994).
231:to reduce the secondary vibration.
1060:"Performance: The new 718 Boxster"
826:. London, UK: Dorling Kindersley.
822:The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle
778:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
548:counterpart. Subaru's adoption of
25:
782:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p.
455:sports models ended production.
413:
395:
337:
314:being 95 mm (3.7 in).
106:horizontally opposed-four engine
34:
348:needs additional citations for
1:
1788:Piston engine configurations
912:. 2007-06-05. Archived from
886:. 2005-01-27. Archived from
860:. 2003-05-23. Archived from
573:Porsche Boxster/Cayman (982)
460:Volkswagen air-cooled engine
1180:"GS & GSA boxer engine"
1156:Julian Marsh (2000-06-10).
553:cost from two-wheel drive.
502:Alfa Romeo flat-four engine
492:Volkswagen Transporter (T3)
167:planes use versions of the
139:use flat four engines from
60:the claims made and adding
1804:
583:
1081:"2019 Porsche 718 Cayman"
688:radio-controlled aircraft
566:gasoline direct injection
1158:"BFG and MF motorcycles"
498:Citroën flat-four engine
935:"The Buffum Automobile"
681:Franklin Engine Company
644:, using the air-cooled
506:Lancia flat-four engine
1384:Single-acting cylinder
1317:Double-acting cylinder
774:Nunney, M. J. (2007).
665:
597:
533:
490:was introduced in the
488:Volkswagen Wasserboxer
468:Volkswagen Transporter
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184:
97:
1252:Engine configurations
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544:sports sedan and its
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508:and the water-cooled
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182:
149:common civil aircraft
112:, is a four-cylinder
95:
1354:Oscillating cylinder
1085:www.caranddriver.com
357:improve this article
183:Boxer-four animation
1447:Two-and four-stroke
1349:Intake over exhaust
532:water-cooled engine
504:, the water-cooled
500:, the water-cooled
406:water-cooled engine
298:water-cooled engine
209:inline-four engines
151:in the world - the
1182:. Citroenet.org.uk
1160:. Citroenet.org.uk
1136:www.motortrend.com
964:The Globe and Mail
725:Inline-four engine
677:Continental Motors
666:
602:inline-four engine
598:
580:Use in motorcycles
534:
516:research project.
422:Porsche 550 Spyder
300:
281:Use in automobiles
185:
125:inline-four engine
104:, also known as a
98:
45:possibly contains
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1466:Inline / straight
1364:Overhead camshaft
793:978-0-7506-8037-0
646:Citroën flat-four
586:Motorcycle engine
464:Volkswagen Beetle
437:Volkswagen Beetle
424:air-cooled engine
389:
388:
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225:secondary balance
193:centre of gravity
118:boxer-four engine
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47:original research
16:(Redirected from
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1457:Cylinder layouts
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538:Subaru EJ engine
510:Subaru EA engine
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102:flat-four engine
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966:. 29 April 2010
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662:ULPower UL260i
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466:and 1950–1983
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157:Piper Cherokee
129:Engine balance
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70:December 2023
63:
59:
55:
49:
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43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
1783:Flat engines
1748:Split-single
1546:
1534:Flat / boxer
1394:Swing-piston
1210:
1204:D-Motor LF39
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
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1114:. Retrieved
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1024:the original
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914:the original
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888:the original
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862:the original
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715:valve-gear)
705:D-Motor LF26
696:
692:O.S. Engines
685:
667:
630:(air-cooled)
628:Wooler 500cc
616:(air-cooled)
614:Zündapp K800
599:
595:Honda GL1000
570:
555:
535:
520:2000–present
514:
495:
478:, 1965–1969
474:, 1953–1956
457:
430:
375:
366:
355:Please help
350:verification
347:
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147:in the most
128:
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110:boxer engine
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67:
44:
1437:Five-stroke
1432:Four-stroke
1389:Split cycle
1327:Free-piston
1270:Atmospheric
1141:1 September
1116:1 September
1091:1 September
970:1 September
762:Continental
638: [
606:shaft drive
484:Porsche 914
480:Porsche 912
476:Porsche 550
472:Porsche 356
451:saloon and
197:air cooling
145:Continental
1777:Categories
1442:Six-stroke
1427:Two-stroke
1344:Heron head
1302:Cam engine
1186:2011-12-06
1164:2011-12-06
1066:2016-11-01
1004:2011-10-23
945:2019-10-27
920:2013-12-16
894:2013-12-16
868:2013-12-16
736:References
699:side-valve
633:1981–1982
626:1955–1956
619:1974–1987
612:1938–1939
584:See also:
542:Subaru WRX
213:V6 engines
161:ultralight
153:Cessna 172
54:improve it
1030:8 January
730:V4 engine
571:The 2016
562:Toyota 86
530:Subaru FA
433:Tatra T97
431:The 1936
329:1936–1999
286:1900–1935
169:Rotax 912
58:verifying
18:Flat-four
1374:Pentroof
1322:Flathead
1312:Compound
1290:Rotative
1201:flat-six
1040:cite web
758:Lycoming
719:See also
635:BFG 1300
441:Steyr 50
323:Tatra 30
251:flywheel
236:crankpin
141:Lycoming
1582:V / Vee
1399:Uniflow
1332:Stelzer
1307:Camless
1285:Cornish
1000:(3): 44
702:Belgian
189:pistons
52:Please
1743:Radial
1733:Deltic
1379:Rotary
1297:Bourke
830:
790:
445:Jowett
175:Design
155:, and
133:Cessna
1726:Other
1409:Wedge
1275:Axial
642:]
420:1955
402:1952
294:1904
137:Piper
1404:Watt
1339:Hemi
1280:Beam
1263:Type
1254:for
1143:2019
1118:2019
1093:2019
1046:link
1032:2014
972:2019
828:ISBN
788:ISBN
760:and
686:For
679:and
163:and
143:and
135:and
1717:W30
1712:W24
1707:W18
1702:W16
1697:W12
1664:V24
1659:V20
1654:V18
1649:V16
1644:V14
1639:V12
1634:V10
1622:VR6
1610:VR5
1572:F16
1567:F12
1562:F10
1524:I14
1519:I12
998:245
713:ohv
709:rpm
359:by
165:LSA
108:or
56:by
1779::
1692:W8
1687:W6
1682:W3
1629:V8
1617:V6
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1600:V4
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