Flavian dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

1066:

loyal to Vitellius. He also restructured the Senatorial and Equestrian orders, removing his enemies and adding his allies. Executive control was largely distributed among members of his family. Non-Flavians were virtually excluded from important public offices, even those who had been among Vespasian's earliest supporters during the civil war. Mucianus slowly disappears from the historical records during this time, and it is believed he died sometime between 75 and 77. That it was Vespasian's intention to found a long-lasting dynasty to govern the Roman Empire was most evident in the powers he conferred upon his eldest son Titus. Titus shared

359: 47: 770: 1521:

mutinous address found on Caecina's body a forgery by Titus. When faced with real conspiracies however, Vespasian and Titus treated their enemies with lenience. "I will not kill a dog that barks at me," were words expressing the temper of Vespasian, while Titus once demonstrated his generosity as Emperor by inviting men who were suspected of aspiring to the throne to dinner, rewarding them with gifts and allowing them to be seated next to him at the games.

1948:, present a highly favourable view towards Titus. His character has especially prospered in comparison with that of his brother Domitian. In contrast to the ideal portrayal of Titus in Roman histories, in Jewish memory "Titus the Wicked" is remembered as an evil oppressor and destroyer of the Temple. For example, one legend in the Babylonian Talmud describes Titus as having had sex with a whore on a Torah scroll inside the Temple during its destruction. 1453:, while personally donating large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year. The city was lost for nearly 1700 years before its accidental rediscovery in 1748. Since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire, frozen at the moment it was buried. The 1185: 444: 1548:, rebelled against the Roman Empire with the aid of the Chatti. The precise cause for the rebellion is uncertain, although it appears to have been planned well in advance. The senatorial officers may have disapproved of Domitian's military strategies, such as his decision to fortify the German frontier rather than attack, his recent retreat from Britain, and finally the disgraceful policy of 1390:, and finally managed to defeat Decebalus late in 88, at the same site where Fuscus had previously been killed. An attack on Dacia's capital was abandoned, however, when a crisis arose on the German frontier, forcing Domitian to sign a peace treaty with Decebalus which was severely criticized by contemporary authors. For the remainder of Domitian's reign Dacia remained a relatively peaceful 662: 810:. During the night, he was joined by his relatives, including Domitian. The armies of Mucianus were nearing Rome, but the besieged Flavian party did not hold out for longer than a day. On 19 December, Vitellianists burst onto the Capitol, and in the resulting skirmish, Sabinus was captured and executed. Domitian himself managed to escape by disguising himself as a worshipper of 856: 872:, aided by Vespasian's son Domitian. Modern historians believe that Vespasian remained there in order to consolidate support from the Egyptians. In mid-70, Vespasian first came to Rome and immediately embarked on a widespread propaganda campaign to consolidate his power and promote the new dynasty. His reign is best known for financial reforms following the demise of the 1722: 1319: 1568:. From Spain, Trajan was summoned, whilst Domitian himself came from Rome with the Praetorian Guard. By a stroke of luck, a thaw prevented the Chatti from crossing the Rhine and coming to Saturninus' aid. Within twenty-four days the rebellion was crushed, and its leaders at Mainz savagely punished. The mutinous legions were sent to the front in 523:. By all appearances, imperial favour for the Flavians was high throughout the 40s and 60s. While Titus received a court education in the company of Britannicus, Vespasian pursued a successful political and military career. Following a prolonged period of retirement during the 50s, he returned to public office under Nero, serving as 1291:. He had given refuge to an exiled Irish king whom he hoped he might use as the excuse for conquest. This conquest never happened, but some historians believe that the crossing referred to was in fact a small-scale exploratory or punitive expedition to Ireland. The following year Agricola raised a fleet and pushed beyond the 814:, and spent the night in safety with one of his father's supporters. By the afternoon of 20 December, Vitellius was dead, his armies having been defeated by the Flavian legions. With nothing more to be feared from the enemy, Domitian came forward to meet the invading forces; he was universally saluted by the title of 1750:(probably after the nearby statue), was begun in 70 under Vespasian and finally completed in 80 under Titus. In addition to providing spectacular entertainments to the Roman populace, the building was conceived as a gigantic triumphal monument to commemorate the military achievements of the Flavians during the 1932:

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor; his reign is best known for financial reforms following the demise of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Vespasian was noted for his mildness and for loyalty to the people. For example, much money was spent

1769:

The bulk of the Flavian construction projects were carried out during the reign of Domitian, who spent lavishly to restore and embellish the city of Rome. Much more than a renovation project, however, Domitian's building programme was intended to be the crowning achievement of an Empire-wide cultural

1733:

The Flavian dynasty is perhaps best known for its vast construction programme in the city of Rome, intended to restore the capital from the damage it had suffered during the Great Fire of 64, and the civil war of 69. Vespasian added the Temple of Peace and the Temple to the Deified Claudius. In 75 a

1014:

by the Roman Senate, with which he had a notoriously difficult relationship throughout his reign. Senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories after his death, propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant. Modern history has rejected these

1592:. Some of these men were executed as early as 83 or 85, however, lending little credit to Tacitus' notion of a "reign of terror" late in Domitian's reign. According to Suetonius, some were convicted for corruption or treason, others on trivial charges, which Domitian justified through his suspicion. 1065:

The Flavian approach to government was one of both implicit and explicit exclusion. When Vespasian returned to Rome in mid-70, he immediately embarked on a series of efforts to consolidate his power and prevent future revolts. He offered gifts to the military and dismissed or punished those soldiers

1605:

Since the reign of Tiberius, the rulers of the Julio-Claudian dynasty had legitimized their power through adopted-line descent from Augustus and Julius Caesar. Vespasian could no longer claim such a relation, however. Therefore, a massive propaganda campaign was initiated to justify Flavian rule as

1145:

to the Neronian standard of 65, but this was still higher than the level which Vespasian and Titus had maintained during their reign, and Domitian's rigorous taxation policy ensured that this standard was sustained for the following eleven years. Coin types from this era display a highly consistent

806:, but at the last minute retraced his steps to the imperial palace. In the confusion, the leading men of the state gathered at Sabinus' house, proclaiming Vespasian Emperor, but the multitude dispersed when Vitellian cohorts clashed with the armed escort of Sabinus, who was forced to retreat to the 1920:

The Flavians, although a relatively short-lived dynasty, helped restore stability to an empire on its knees. Although all three have been criticised, especially based on their more centralised style of rule, they issued reforms that created a stable enough empire to last well into the 3rd century.

1520:

attempted to incite the Praetorian Guard to mutiny against Vespasian, but the conspiracy was thwarted by Titus. According to the historian John Crook, however, the alleged conspiracy was in fact a calculated plot by the Flavian faction to remove members of the opposition tied to Mucianus, with the

1102:

were issued governing the smallest details of everyday life and law, while taxation and public morals were rigidly enforced. Nevertheless, Domitian did make concessions toward senatorial opinion. Whereas his father and brother had virtually excluded non-Flavians from public office, Domitian rarely

827:

and lawlessness pervaded in the first days following the demise of Vitellius. Order was properly restored by Mucianus in early 70, who headed an interim government with Domitian as the representative of the Flavian family in the Senate. Upon receiving the tidings of his rival's defeat and death at

317:

The Flavians also initiated economic and cultural reforms. Under Vespasian, new taxes were devised to restore the Empire's finances, while Domitian revalued the Roman coinage by increasing its silver content. A massive building programme was enacted by Titus, to celebrate the ascent of the Flavian

1115:

One of Vespasian's first acts as Emperor was to enforce a tax reform to restore the Empire's depleted treasury. After Vespasian arrived in Rome in mid-70, Mucianus continued to press Vespasian to collect as many taxes as possible, renewing old ones and instituting new ones. Mucianus and Vespasian

1575:

Both Tacitus and Suetonius speak of escalating persecutions toward the end of Domitian's reign, identifying a point of sharp increase around 93, or sometime after the failed revolt of Saturninus in 89. At least twenty senatorial opponents were executed, including Domitia Longina's former husband

1621:

The Flavians also controlled public opinion through literature. Vespasian approved histories written under his reign, assuring biases against him were removed, while also giving financial rewards to contemporary writers. The ancient historians that lived through the period such as

1606:

having been predetermined through divine providence. At the same time, Flavian propaganda emphasised Vespasian's role as a bringer of peace following the crisis of 69. Nearly one-third of all coins minted in Rome under Vespasian celebrated military victory or peace, while the word

569:

of 65. Some modern historians theorize that Titus divorced his wife because of her family's connection to the conspiracy. He never remarried. Titus appears to have had multiple daughters, at least one of them by Marcia Furnilla. The only one known to have survived to adulthood was

1283:, between 77 and 84. In 82 Agricola crossed an unidentified body of water and defeated peoples unknown to the Romans until then. He fortified the coast facing Ireland, and Tacitus recalls that his father-in-law often claimed the island could be conquered with a single 729:(modern Spain), as Emperor of Rome. Rather than continue his campaign, Vespasian decided to await further orders and send Titus to greet the new Emperor. Before reaching Italy, however, Titus learnt that Galba had been murdered and replaced by Otho, the governor of 789:

by Vitellius, as a safeguard against future Flavian aggression. Support for the old emperor was waning, however, as more legions throughout the empire pledged their allegiance to Vespasian. On 24 October 69 the forces of Vitellius and Vespasian clashed at the

741:

Otho and Vitellius realised the potential threat posed by the Flavian faction. With four legions at his disposal, Vespasian commanded a strength of nearly 80,000 soldiers. His position in Judaea further granted him the advantage of being nearest to the vital

1204:

The most significant military campaign undertaken during the Flavian period was the siege and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 by Titus. The destruction of the city was the culmination of the Roman campaign in Judaea following the Jewish uprising of 66. The

370:

Decades of civil war during the 1st century BC had contributed greatly to the demise of the old aristocracy of Rome, which was gradually replaced in prominence by a new Italian nobility during the early part of the 1st century AD. One such family were the

931:

and other contemporary historians. In this role he is best known for his public building program in Rome, and completing the construction of the Colosseum in 80, but also for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the

557:. His first wife, Arrecina Tertulla, died two years after their marriage, in 65. Titus then took a new wife of a more distinguished family, Marcia Furnilla. However, Marcia's family was closely linked to the opposition to Emperor Nero. Her uncle 3214: 794:, which ended in a crushing defeat for the armies of Vitellius. In despair, he attempted to negotiate a surrender. Terms of peace, including a voluntary abdication, were agreed upon with Titus Flavius Sabinus II, but the soldiers of the 1061:

monarch. The civil war of 69 had made it abundantly clear that real power in the Empire lay with control over the army. By the time Vespasian was proclaimed emperor in Rome, any hope of restoring the Republic had long dissipated.

1244:

describes a procession with large amounts of gold and silver carried along the route, followed by elaborate re-enactments of the war, Jewish prisoners, and finally the treasures taken from the Temple of Jerusalem, including the

1235:

of victory, and instead "disclaimed any such honor to himself, saying that it was not himself that had accomplished this exploit, but that he had merely lent his arms to God." Upon his return to Rome in 71, Titus was awarded a

1638:

speak suspiciously well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors that came before him. Tacitus admits that his status was elevated by Vespasian, Josephus identifies Vespasian as a patron and savior, and Pliny dedicated his

832:, the new Emperor at once forwarded supplies of urgently needed grain to Rome, along with an edict or a declaration of policy, in which he gave assurance of an entire reversal of the laws of Nero, especially those relating to 888:

and Germania, and reportedly survived several conspiracies against him. Vespasian helped rebuild Rome after the civil war, adding a temple to peace and beginning construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the

1428:

Although his administration was marked by a relative absence of major military or political conflicts, Titus faced a number of major disasters during his brief reign. On 24 August 79, barely two months after his accession,

1329:

The military campaigns undertaken during Domitian's reign were usually defensive in nature, as the Emperor rejected the idea of expansionist warfare. His most significant military contribution was the development of the

737:

had risen in revolt, and prepared to march on Rome, intent on overthrowing Otho. Not wanting to risk being taken hostage by one side or the other, Titus abandoned the journey to Rome and rejoined his father in Judaea.

867:

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was Emperor. Vespasian spent his first year as a ruler in Egypt, during which the administration of the empire was given to

258:

officially declared Vespasian emperor, thus commencing the Flavian dynasty. Although the dynasty proved to be short-lived, several significant historic, economic and military events took place during their reign.

1828:

Both Titus and Domitian were fond of gladiatorial games, and realised its importance to appease the citizens of Rome. In the newly constructed Colosseum, the Flavians provided for spectacular entertainments. The

1153:, of which over one-third would presumably have been spent on maintaining the Roman army. The other major area of expenditure encompassed the vast reconstruction programme carried out on the city of Rome itself. 836:. In early 70, Vespasian was still in Egypt, however, continuing to consolidate support from the Egyptians before departing. By the end of 70, he finally returned to Rome, and was properly installed as Emperor. 1056:

dictatorial regime, while maintaining the formal framework of the Roman Republic. Most Emperors upheld the public facade of democracy, and in return the Senate implicitly acknowledged the Emperor's status as a

1645:

to Vespasian's son, Titus. Those that spoke against Vespasian were punished. A number of Stoic philosophers were accused of corrupting students with inappropriate teachings and were expelled from Rome.

1089:

Domitian's approach to government was less subtle than his father and brother. Once Emperor, he quickly dispensed with the Republican facade and transformed his government more or less formally into the

1965:

were less restrictive, but, in reality, their policies differed little from Domitian's. Much more than a gloomy coda to the 1st century, the Roman Empire prospered between 81 and 96, in a reign which

802:—considered such a resignation disgraceful, and prevented Vitellius from carrying out the treaty. On the morning of 18 December, the emperor appeared to deposit the imperial insignia at the 3208: 1219:

and much of the population killed or dispersed. Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of which a majority were Jewish. 97,000 were captured and enslaved, including

1103:

favoured his own family members in the distribution of strategic posts, admitting a surprisingly large number of provincials and potential opponents to the consulship, and assigning men of the

1936:

Titus's record among ancient historians stands as one of the most exemplary of any emperor. All the surviving accounts from this period, many of them written by his own contemporaries such as

1240:. Accompanied by Vespasian and Domitian, he rode into the city, enthusiastically saluted by the Roman populace and preceded by a lavish parade containing treasures and captives from the war. 1398:, in 106, that a decisive victory against Decebalus was procured. Again, the Roman army sustained heavy losses, but Trajan succeeded in capturing Sarmizegetusa and, importantly, annexed the 1552:

towards Decebalus. At any rate, the uprising was strictly confined to Saturninus' province, and quickly detected once the rumour spread across the neighbouring provinces. The governor of

762:, the governor of Syria, against Vitellius. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus, while Vespasian himself traveled to 1951:

Although contemporary historians vilified Domitian after his death, his administration provided the foundation for the peaceful empire of the 2nd century, and the culmination of the

503:

in 43. Nevertheless, ancient sources allege poverty for the Flavian family at the time of Domitian's upbringing, even claiming Vespasian had fallen into disrepute under the emperors

1770:

renaissance. Around fifty structures were erected, restored or completed, a number second only to the amount erected under Augustus. Among the most important new structures were an

754:

of Rome. Tensions among the Flavian troops ran high, but as long as Galba and Otho remained in power, Vespasian refused to take action. When Otho was defeated by Vitellius at the

1904:, music and acting. Domitian himself supported the travels of competitors from the whole empire and attributed the prizes. Innovations were also introduced into the regular 5729: 5452: 758:, however, the armies in Judaea and Egypt took matters into their own hands and declared Vespasian emperor on 1 July 69. Vespasian accepted, and entered an alliance with 1746:, was finished on Vespasian's orders, and he also dedicated a stage of the theater of Marcellus. Construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, presently better known as the 1472:

During Titus' second visit to the disaster area, a fire struck Rome which lasted for three days. Although the extent of the damage was not as disastrous as during the

1677:, a shrine dedicated to the worship of his deified father and brother. To memorialize the military triumphs of the Flavian family, he ordered the construction of the 893:. Vespasian died of natural causes on 23 June 79, and was immediately succeeded by his eldest son Titus. The ancient historians that lived through the period such as 340:

The Flavian dynasty was unique among the four dynasties of the Principate Era, in that it was only one man and his two sons, without any extended or adopted family.

5724: 405:

in 48 BC. Nevertheless, Petro managed to improve his status by marrying the extremely wealthy Tertulla, whose fortune guaranteed the upward mobility of Petro's son

1516:

Suetonius claims that Vespasian was continuously met with conspiracies against him. Only one conspiracy is known specifically. In 78 or 79, Eprius Marcellus and

3130: 1997: 30:"Flavian Dynasty" redirects here. For the Roman imperial dynasty beginning with Constantine the Great, sometimes referred to as the "Neo-Flavian" Dynasty, see 1015:

views, instead characterising Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political programme provided the foundation for the

2281: 1830: 1819: 820:, and the mass of troops conducted him to his father's house. The following day, 21 December, the Senate proclaimed Vespasian emperor of the Roman Empire. 406: 619:

where they later gave themselves up to the Romans. Nero appointed Vespasian to put down the rebellion, and dispatched him to the region at once with the

574:, perhaps Titus's child by Arrecina, whose mother was also named Julia. During this period Titus also practiced law and attained the rank of quaestor. 1086:. Because Titus effectively acted as co-emperor with his father, no abrupt change in Flavian policy occurred during his brief reign from 79 until 81. 189: 1888:, which had been reduced to a simple distribution of food under Nero, while he invested large sums on entertainment and games. In 86, he founded the 5709: 876:, such as the institution of the tax on urinals, and the numerous military campaigns fought during the 70s. The most significant of these was the 318:

dynasty, leaving multiple enduring landmarks in the city of Rome, the most spectacular of which was the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the

5445: 1912:

gladiator fights. Finally, he added two new factions, Gold and Purple, to chariot races, besides the regular White, Red, Green and Blue teams.

5158: 4015: 1577: 4950: 2320: 433: 982:, expanded the border defenses of the Empire, and initiated a massive building programme to restore the damaged city of Rome. In Britain, 974:

the day after Titus' death, commencing a reign which lasted more than fifteen years—longer than any man who had governed Rome since

1791: 1696: 1489: 1430: 1415: 1258: 1146:

degree of quality, including meticulous attention to Domitian's titulature, and exceptionally refined artwork on the reverse portraits.

933: 511:(54–68). Modern history has refuted these claims, suggesting these stories were later circulated under Flavian rule as part of a 2906: 1933:

on public works and the restoration and beautification of Rome: a new forum, the Temple of Peace, the public baths and the Colosseum.

1307:. Although the Romans inflicted heavy losses on the Caledonians, two-thirds of their army managed to escape and hide in the Scottish 515:

campaign to diminish success under the less reputable Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and maximize achievements under Emperor

5704: 5484: 5438: 5203: 5184: 4939: 4920: 4901: 4748: 4707: 4670: 4064: 4049: 3647: 3399: 3381: 2890: 2700: 2482: 1990: 1589: 1581: 3354: 721:—successively vied for the imperial power. News of Nero's death reached Vespasian as he was preparing to besiege the city of 381:, which rose from relative obscurity to prominence in just four generations, acquiring wealth and status under the emperors of the 3997: 3979: 3471: 747: 612: 4287: 936:, and the fire of Rome of 80. Titus continued his father's efforts to promote the Flavian dynasty. He revived practice of the 1921:

However, their background as a military dynasty led to further marginalisation of the Senate, and a conclusive move away from

1098:, Domitian openly rendered the Senate's powers obsolete. He became personally involved in all branches of the administration: 1002:

by court officials, and with him the Flavian dynasty came to an end. The same day, he was succeeded by his friend and advisor

2899: 1585: 635:. With a strength of 60,000 professional soldiers, the Romans quickly swept across Galilee, and by 68 marched on Jerusalem. 4445: 3249: 1691:. In order to further justify the divine nature of Flavian rule, Domitian also emphasized connections with the chief deity 5719: 5664: 3722: 3701: 3237: 1803: 1674: 941: 254:

tilted the balance decisively in favor of the Flavian forces, who entered Rome on 20 December, and the following day, the

182: 5284: 5296: 1983: 1893: 1654: 1394:, but Decebalus used the Roman money to fortify his defenses, and continued to defy Rome. It was not until the reign of 1288: 937: 4798: 4382: 4321: 3622: 3334: 5506: 5548: 5420: 5290: 334: 161: 1433:, resulting in the almost complete destruction of life and property in the cities and resort communities around the 5714: 5652: 4793: 4377: 3717: 3696: 3617: 1665:, were likewise enrolled among the gods. To foster the worship of the imperial family, Domitian erected a dynastic 1569: 1533: 1466: 791: 251: 1766:. Construction of this building was hastily finished to coincide with the completion of the Flavian Amphitheatre. 5554: 5536: 4285:

The exact number of casualties is unknown; however, estimates of the population of Pompeii range between 10,000 (

1175: 755: 698: 666: 644: 601: 500: 231: 150: 5699: 5578: 4244: 1657:, which had fallen somewhat out of use under Vespasian. Significantly, Domitian's first act as Emperor was the 1216: 426: 175: 132: 56: 4229: 1729:(in Italian Colosseo). Its construction was begun by Vespasian, and ultimately finished by Titus and Domitian. 1508:

similarly struck during the fire. The nature of the disease, however, as well as the death toll, are unknown.

4777: 4343: 4274: 4259: 3671: 4034: 2747: 1641: 1465:

remain surprisingly well preserved. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy and a

1378:, which resulted in the destruction of a legion during an ill-fated expedition into Dacia. Their commander, 1304: 1179: 1171: 1007: 927:

ruled to great acclaim following the death of Vespasian on 23 June 79, and was considered a good emperor by

670: 291: 5229: 499:

in 51, the year Domitian was born. As a military commander, he gained early renown by participating in the

5670: 5530: 5474: 5405: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 1751: 1565: 1524:

Domitian appears to have met with several conspiracies during his reign, one of which led to his eventual

1504:

among others. Once again, Titus personally compensated for the damaged regions. According to Suetonius, a

1462: 1272: 1167: 983: 877: 873: 743: 726: 694: 581: 562: 382: 299: 295: 262:

The reign of Titus was struck by multiple natural disasters, the most severe of which was the eruption of

211: 3128: 5628: 5622: 2707: 1615: 1517: 1091: 472: 31: 1116:

increased the tribute of the provinces, and kept a watchful eye upon the treasury officials. The Latin

398: 358: 3126: 5646: 5520: 5516: 1866: 1787: 1716: 1679: 1614:. Construction projects bore inscriptions praising Vespasian and condemning previous emperors, and a 632: 310:. In addition, the Empire strengthened its border defenses by expanding the fortifications along the 250:

stationed in the eastern provinces, who declared their commander Vespasian emperor in his place. The

2740: 1725:

The most enduring landmark of the Flavian dynasty was the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the

1386:

of the Praetorian Guard lost. In 87, the Romans invaded Dacia once more, this time under command of

46: 4012: 2500: 2335: 2113: 1692: 566: 456: 448: 402: 386: 5634: 5137: 5129: 5100: 5071: 5063: 5034: 5026: 4994: 4973: 4500: 4492: 4133: 4125: 3865: 3808: 1473: 1312: 1104: 1079: 944:, which was finished by Domitian. After barely two years in office, Titus unexpectedly died of a 620: 410: 3217:

from the original on May 7, 2023 – via University of Michigan Library Digital Collections.

1857:. During the games, wooden balls were dropped into the audience, inscribed with various prizes ( 769: 475:(born in 45). Domitilla the Elder died before Vespasian became emperor. Thereafter his mistress 5392: 5317: 5265: 1449:, killing thousands of citizens. Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise and coordinate the 5590: 5199: 5180: 5154: 4935: 4916: 4897: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4713: 4703: 4676: 4666: 3643: 2725: 2152: 1810:, and the Colosseum, to which he added a fourth level and finished the interior seating area. 1647: 1553: 1529: 1497: 1011: 803: 624: 3127: 5658: 5604: 5572: 5278: 5121: 5092: 5055: 5018: 4965: 4484: 4117: 3857: 3800: 2754: 1889: 1823: 1771: 1743: 1541: 1505: 1450: 1387: 1379: 1331: 1322: 1315:, ultimately preventing Agricola from bringing the entire British island under his control. 1246: 1197: 1122: 1083: 971: 795: 751: 311: 287: 1484:

records a long list of important public buildings that were destroyed, including Agrippa's

302:

between AD 77 and 83, while Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against King

5584: 5560: 4019: 2943: 1966: 1945: 1901: 1795: 1700: 1635: 1557: 1545: 1224: 1220: 906: 863:

depicting the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Top to bottom: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian.

807: 578: 528: 363: 1334:, which encompassed a vast network of roads, forts and watchtowers constructed along the 4659: 4465:

M. Arrecinus Clemens may have been exiled instead of executed, see Jones (1992), p. 187

2288: 1897: 1783: 1763: 1383: 1371: 1295:

into Caledonia. To aid the advance, an expansive legionary fortress was constructed at

1262: 1134: 1037: 979: 816: 585: 480: 422: 263: 1184: 1023:

were less restrictive, but in reality their policies differed little from Domitian's.

855: 5693: 5598: 5461: 5141: 5075: 5038: 4977: 4696: 4504: 4433: 4154: 4137: 4079: 3636: 1807: 1779: 1688: 1684: 1670: 1454: 1434: 1403: 1375: 1265: 1254: 1237: 1228: 1206: 1189: 558: 554: 414: 4306:), with at least a thousand bodies currently recovered in and around the city ruins. 5479: 5379:

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

5360:

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

5341:

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

2919: 2520: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1662: 1501: 1493: 1391: 1284: 1075: 1071: 1044:

had largely eroded under the quasi-monarchical system of government established by

1041: 953: 786: 702: 682: 628: 571: 496: 443: 437: 275: 255: 247: 207: 4304: 4291: 697:

came to an end. Chaos ensued, leading to a year of brutal civil war known as the

206:, lasting from AD 69 to 96, was the second dynastic line of emperors to rule the 5430: 5224: 5006: 4773: 4768: 3667: 3662: 3139: 1941: 1755: 1549: 1528:

in 96. The first significant revolt arose on 1 January 89, when the governor of

1481: 1442: 1423: 1338:

river to defend the Empire. Nevertheless, several important wars were fought in

1292: 1268:, which stands at one entrance to the Forum, memorializes the victory of Titus. 1142: 593: 520: 377: 271: 17: 1370:

around 84 or 85, wreaking considerable havoc and killing the Moesian governor,

750:. His brother, Titus Flavius Sabinus II, as city prefect, commanded the entire 5501: 5125: 2342: 1953: 1880: 1850: 1658: 1355: 1296: 1150: 1049: 1016: 949: 829: 763: 661: 608: 604: 512: 5374: 5336: 4717: 1833:

lasted for a hundred days and were said to be extremely elaborate, including

298:

of 66. Substantial conquests were made in Great Britain under the command of

5616: 5273: 4788: 4680: 4654: 4517:

Jones, William "Some Thoughts on the Propaganda of Vespasian and Domitian",

4372: 3712: 3691: 3612: 3581: 2490: 1937: 1905: 1874: 1834: 1747: 1726: 1712: 1666: 1627: 1363: 1299:. In the summer of 84, Agricola faced the armies of the Caledonians, led by 1276: 1211: 1193: 1127: 928: 909:

speak well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors that came before him.

898: 890: 881: 850: 799: 774: 730: 722: 718: 714: 674: 656: 597: 524: 460: 401:. His military career ended in disgrace when he fled the battlefield at the 390: 319: 303: 246:

became emperor in mid 69. His claim to the throne was quickly challenged by

243: 227: 215: 79: 1721: 1469:. On-going excavations reveal new insights into Roman history and culture. 994:, Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory in the war against the 940:, deified his father, and laid foundations for what would later become the 5355: 4993:(2). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Inc.: 67–70. 4969: 4456:

For a full list of senatorial victims, see Jones (1992), pp. 182–188

1126:" ("Money does not smell") may have been created when he had introduced a 5511: 5309: 5261: 2929: 2762: 2531: 1909: 1858: 1838: 1631: 1525: 1300: 1280: 1241: 1138: 1045: 999: 987: 975: 965: 902: 869: 759: 734: 550: 516: 504: 484: 468: 418: 326: 283: 223: 103: 1318: 725:. Almost simultaneously the Senate had declared Galba, then governor of 5304: 5104: 4998: 3812: 3682:

Jones, Brian W. The Emperor Titus. New York: St. Martin's P, 1984. 143.

1885: 1799: 1775: 1759: 1623: 1561: 1477: 1458: 1438: 1419: 1359: 1209:

was completely demolished, after which Titus's soldiers proclaimed him

1117: 1067: 995: 894: 833: 824: 690: 616: 589: 546: 492: 372: 307: 267: 122: 5133: 5112:

Wellesley, Kenneth (1956). "Three Historical Puzzles in Histories 3".

5067: 5030: 4496: 4129: 3869: 1884:, throughout Domitian's reign. He also revived the practice of public 1962: 1735: 1611: 1485: 1395: 1367: 1347: 1343: 1257:, after which the procession closed with religious sacrifices at the 1232: 1020: 860: 778: 532: 488: 476: 394: 5096: 3804: 1149:

Jones estimates Domitian's annual income at more than 1,200 million

1094:

he believed it to be. By moving the centre of power to the imperial

5059: 5022: 4530:

Aqueduct and roads dedication speak of previous emperors' neglect,

4488: 4121: 3861: 1661:

of his brother Titus. Upon their deaths, his infant son, and niece

1572:, while those who had assisted in their defeat were duly rewarded. 884:

by Titus. In addition, Vespasian faced several uprisings in Egypt,

5009:(1930). "The Imperial Finances under Domitian, Nerva and Trajan". 3595: 3593: 2715: 1958: 1908:

games, such as naval contests, night-time battles, and female and

1720: 1537: 1351: 1335: 1317: 1308: 1250: 1183: 1137:

to the standard of Augustus, increasing the silver content of the

1099: 1095: 1003: 991: 945: 924: 918: 854: 768: 706: 660: 648: 464: 442: 357: 330: 325:

Flavian rule came to an end on 18 September 96, when Domitian was

235: 219: 91: 4108:

Reed, Nicholas (1971). "The Fifth Year of Agricola's Campaigns".

1610:

was removed from coins as to not remind the public of rebellious

733:(modern Portugal). At the same time, Vitellius and his armies in 329:. He was succeeded by the longtime Flavian supporter and advisor 5054:(1 & 2). Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 54–62. 4739:(First ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 1862: 1739: 1446: 1399: 1339: 885: 811: 710: 686: 652: 508: 279: 239: 5434: 4985:

Sullivan, Philip B. (1953). "A Note on the Flavian Accession".

1969:

described as the sombre but intelligent despotism of Domitian.

531:

in 63, and accompanying the emperor during an official tour of

5153:. Roman Imperial Biographies. London: Routledge. p. 272. 3125: 1754:. Adjacent to the amphitheatre, within the precinct of Nero's 1650:, a pro-Republic philosopher, was executed for his teachings. 669:(69 CE). Blue areas indicate provinces loyal to Vespasian and 4698:

Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning

3638:

Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning

1560:, moved to the region at once, assisted by the procurator of 1192:

depicts Roman soldiers carrying treasures from the Temple of

4764: 4762: 4760: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 290:. On the military front, the Flavian dynasty witnessed the 766:, leaving Titus in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion. 3535:

Sullivan, Phillip (1953). "A Note on Flavian Accession".

701:, during which the four most influential generals in the 4932:

Suetonius: The Flavian Emperors: A Historical Commentary

3391: 3389: 1790:. The most important building Domitian restored was the 4894:

Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of 96 CE–99

3210:

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology

1869:), which could then be traded for the designated item. 479:

was his wife in all but name until she died in 74. The

1758:, Titus also ordered the construction of a new public 1019:

of the peaceful 2nd century. His successors Nerva and

409:. Sabinus himself amassed further wealth and possible 4958:

Transactions of the American Philological Association

3989: 3987: 1200:. The city was besieged and destroyed by Titus in 70. 978:. Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the 4316: 4314: 4312: 3791:

Waters, K. H. (1963). "The Second Dynasty of Rome".

3599:"Otho, Vitellius, and the Propaganda of Vespasian", 1786:, which was designed by Domitian's master architect 1695:, most significantly through the restoration of the 1653:

Titus and Domitian also revived the practice of the

1461:, many houses, and some out-of-town villas like the 1141:

by 12%. An imminent crisis in 85, however, forced a

5083:Waters, K. H. (1964). "The Character of Domitian". 5046:Townend, Gavin (1961). "Some Flavian Connections". 1271:The conquest of Britain continued under command of 681:On 9 June 68, amidst the growing opposition of the 447:Flavian family tree, indicating the descendants of 4732: 4695: 4658: 3635: 3181: 3179: 823:Although the war had officially ended, a state of 565:were among those who were killed after the failed 1253:. Leaders of the resistance were executed in the 4665:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. 1872:An estimated 135 million sestertii was spent on 880:, which ended in the destruction of the city of 4702:(First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 3799:(3). Classical Association of Canada: 198–218. 3642:(First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1669:on the site of Vespasian's former house on the 986:expanded the Roman Empire as far as modern day 3436: 3434: 3213:. Boston: Little, Brown and co. p. 1248. 785:In Rome, meanwhile, Domitian was placed under 266:in AD 79, which saw the surrounding cities of 5446: 5091:(1). Classical Association of Canada: 49–77. 4964:(1). University of Western Ontario: 147–157. 3848:Crook, John A. (1951). "Titus and Berenice". 3564: 3562: 3548: 3546: 1991: 1798:, which was said to have been covered with a 923:Despite initial concerns over his character, 183: 8: 5120:(3/4). Cambridge University Press: 207–214. 4628: 4626: 4091: 4089: 4087: 1580:and three of Domitian's own family members, 1052:. The Principate allowed the existence of a 3950: 3948: 3946: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3319: 3317: 3304: 3302: 1831:Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre 1820:Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre 5496: 5453: 5439: 5431: 5399: 1998: 1984: 1976: 1476:, crucially sparing the many districts of 1275:, who expanded the Roman Empire as far as 1133:Upon his accession, Domitian revalued the 673:. Green areas indicate provinces loyal to 425:he allied himself to the more prestigious 190: 176: 36: 5730:90s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 3278:Jones & Milns (2002), pp. 95–96 1078:, and perhaps most remarkably, was given 5356:"Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 79–81)" 5337:"Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 69–79)" 1802:roof. Among those he completed were the 294:by Titus in AD 70, following the failed 226:. The Flavians rose to power during the 127: 5375:"Titus Flavius Domitianus (A.D. 81–96)" 4930:Jones, Brian W.; Milns, Robert (2002). 4475:Charleswroth, M.P. (1938). "Flaviana". 3341:; with Jones and Milns, pp. 95–96 3151: 1231:. Titus reportedly refused to accept a 1107:order to run the imperial bureaucracy. 113: 72: 39: 5725:60s establishments in the Roman Empire 1445:were buried under metres of stone and 1366:, the Dacians invaded the province of 5299:, Latin text with English translation 5293:, Latin text with English translation 5287:, Latin text with English translation 5196:Vespasian (Roman Imperial Biographies 3103: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2889: 2861: 2859: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2729: 2724: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2112: 2086: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1578:Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus 970:Domitian was declared emperor by the 483:of Vespasian included the offices of 459:, the daughter of an equestrian from 432:, ensuring the elevation of his sons 282:. One year later, Rome was struck by 7: 4951:"M. Cocceius Nerva and the Flavians" 4735:Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide 2006:FLAVIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree 27:Roman imperial dynasty (r. AD 69–96) 4934:. London: Bristol Classical Press. 1892:, a quadrennial contest comprising 1849:for which the theatre was flooded, 1416:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 998:. On 18 September 96, Domitian was 1374:. Domitian immediately launched a 627:. He was later joined by Titus at 421:(modern Switzerland). By marrying 292:siege and destruction of Jerusalem 25: 3850:The American Journal of Philology 1778:, and an expansive palace on the 582:revolted against the Roman Empire 5671:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica 5653:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors 4949:Murison, Charles Leslie (2003). 3525:Sullivan (1953), pp. 67–70 1227:. Many fled to areas around the 1070:with his father, received seven 455:Around 38 AD, Vespasian married 51:The Flavian family, depicted on 45: 5710:1st century in the Roman Empire 4657:(1997). "Life of Vespasian 9". 4010:The Life of Apollonius of Tyana 3927:Jones (1992), pp. 178–179 3918:Jones (1992), pp. 163–168 1925:, or first citizen, and toward 1837:, fights between wild animals ( 1006:, who founded the long-lasting 413:status through his services as 5179:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 4869:Babylonian Talmud (Gittin 56b) 4444:Suetonius, "Life of Domitian" 1618:was constructed in the forum. 471:(born in 51), and a daughter, 1: 5151:The Year of the Four Emperors 3491:Wellesley (2000), p. 189 3482:Wellesley (2000), p. 166 3449:Wellesley (2000), p. 126 1804:Temple of Vespasian and Titus 1675:Temple of Vespasian and Titus 942:Temple of Vespasian and Titus 934:Mount Vesuvius eruption of 79 596:, was forced to retreat from 539: 333:, who founded the long-lived 214:, encompassing the reigns of 5393:"A Gallery of Flavian Coins" 5373:Donahue, John (1997-10-10). 5354:Donahue, John (2004-10-23). 5335:Donahue, John (2004-09-23). 5149:Wellesley, Kenneth (2000) . 5048:The Journal of Roman Studies 5011:The Journal of Roman Studies 4579:The Life of Flavius Josephus 3428:Wellesley (2000), p. 45 3419:Wellesley (2000), p. 44 3269:Jones (1992), pp. 9–11 3248:Suetonius, Life of Domitian 3236:Suetonius, Life of Domitian 3207:Smith, William, ed. (1867). 948:on 13 September 81, and was 665:The Roman Empire during the 545:to 59, Titus was a military 5507:Crisis of the Third Century 4794:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 4661:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 4562:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 4378:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 3836:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 3718:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 3697:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 3618:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 3570:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 3554:The Lives of Twelve Caesars 385:. Vespasian's grandfather, 274:be completely buried under 5746: 5279:On the Life of the Caesars 4892:Grainger, John D. (2003). 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4632: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4095: 3954: 3778: 3365: 3308: 3185: 3170: 3158: 1817: 1710: 1534:Lucius Antonius Saturninus 1467:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1413: 1165: 963: 916: 848: 792:Second Battle of Bedriacum 642: 519:(41–54) and his son 252:Second Battle of Bedriacum 242:died in quick succession, 29: 5494: 5469: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5126:10.1017/S0009838800020188 4731:Claridge, Amanda (1998). 4320:Suetonius, Life of Titus 3769:Jones (1992), pp. 138–142 3742:Jones (1992), pp. 127–144 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2903: 2896: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2833: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2779: 2758: 2744: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2567: 2565: 2545: 2543: 2497: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2435: 2411: 2409: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2353: 2339: 2285: 2270: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2240: 2238: 2212: 2208: 2190: 2188: 2170: 2168: 2117: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 1536:, and his two legions at 1215:in honor of the victory. 1176:Roman conquest of Britain 756:First Battle of Bedriacum 699:Year of the Four Emperors 667:Year of the Four Emperors 645:Year of the Four Emperors 501:Roman invasion of Britain 465:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 232:Year of the Four Emperors 5705:Roman imperial dynasties 5194:Levick, Barbara (1999). 5175:Jones, Brian W. (1984). 4911:Jones, Brian W. (1992). 4694:Roth, Leland M. (1993). 4477:Journal of Roman Studies 3634:Roth, Leland M. (1993). 3516:Wellesley (1956), p. 213 1590:Marcus Arrecinus Clemens 1582:Titus Flavius Sabinus IV 1010:. Domitian's memory was 631:, bringing with him the 495:, and culminated with a 469:Titus Flavius Domitianus 434:Titus Flavius Sabinus II 133:Category:Flavian dynasty 57:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema 40:Roman imperial dynasties 5533:(27 BC–AD 68) 5114:The Classical Quarterly 4954:(subscription required) 3751:Jones (1992), pp. 79–88 3733:Jones (1992), pp. 73–75 2748:Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo 1900:, and competitions for 1685:Temple of Fortuna Redux 1305:Battle of Mons Graupius 1172:Siege of Jerusalem (70) 1040:, the authority of the 1008:Nervan-Antonian dynasty 845:Vespasian (69–79) 760:Gaius Licinius Mucianus 746:, which controlled the 671:Gaius Licinius Mucianus 577:In 66, the Jews of the 407:Titus Flavius Sabinus I 306:in the war against the 230:of AD 69, known as the 5647:Western Roman emperors 5579:Year of the 6 Emperors 5555:Year of the 5 Emperors 5549:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 5537:Year of the 4 Emperors 5531:Julio-Claudian dynasty 5475:List of Roman emperors 5421:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 5406:Julio-Claudian dynasty 4564:, Life of Vespasian 18 3586:Life of Vespasian 23.4 3556:, Life of Vespasian 25 3440:Sullivan (1953), p. 68 3410:Sullivan (1953), p. 69 1730: 1566:Titus Flavius Norbanus 1463:Villa of the Mysteries 1431:Mount Vesuvius erupted 1382:, was killed, and the 1326: 1273:Gnaeus Julius Agricola 1201: 1168:First Jewish-Roman War 1036:Since the fall of the 984:Gnaeus Julius Agricola 960:Domitian (81–96) 878:First Jewish-Roman War 874:Julio-Claudian dynasty 864: 782: 727:Hispania Tarraconensis 695:Julio-Claudian dynasty 678: 553:, and later served in 452: 417:in Asia and banker in 383:Julio-Claudian dynasty 367: 335:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 300:Gnaeus Julius Agricola 162:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 5665:Emperors of Trebizond 5629:Valentinianic dynasty 5623:Constantinian dynasty 5322:, English translation 5314:, English translation 5270:, English translation 5256:, English translation 5250:, English translation 5244:, English translation 5238:, English translation 5198:. London: Routledge. 4987:The Classical Journal 4970:10.1353/apa.2003.0008 4915:. London: Routledge. 4896:. London: Routledge. 4581:72; Pliny the Elder, 4519:The Classical Journal 4288:"Pompeii Engineering" 3838:, Life of Vespasian 8 3601:The Classical Journal 3572:, Life of Vespasian 9 3537:The Classical Journal 3296:Townend (1961), p. 57 3197:Townend (1961), p. 62 2900:Titus Flavius Clemens 2891:Titus Flavius Sabinus 2708:Domitilla the Younger 2701:Titus Flavius Sabinus 2483:Titus Flavius Sabinus 2282:Titus Flavius Sabinus 1938:Suetonius Tranquillus 1724: 1711:Further information: 1586:Titus Flavius Clemens 1518:Aulus Caecina Alienus 1350:frontier against the 1321: 1188:This relief from the 1187: 1012:condemned to oblivion 858: 772: 664: 607:. The pro-Roman king 463:. They had two sons, 446: 436:and Vespasian to the 361: 331:Marcus Cocceius Nerva 32:Constantinian dynasty 5720:96 disestablishments 5521:Eastern Roman Empire 5517:Western Roman Empire 4913:The Emperor Domitian 4420:Jones (1992), p. 149 4411:Jones (1992), p. 146 4402:Jones (1992), p. 145 4393:Jones (1992), p. 144 4363:Crook (1963), p. 169 4354:Crook (1963), p. 168 4062:The Wars of the Jews 4047:The Wars of the Jews 3995:The Wars of the Jews 3977:The Wars of the Jews 3909:Jones (1992), p. 107 3825:Jones (1992), p. 164 3760:Jones (1992), p. 131 3458:Waters (1964), p. 54 3379:The Wars of the Jews 3352:The Wars of the Jews 3287:Jones (1992), p. 168 1717:Rabirius (architect) 1687:, and completed the 1673:, and completed the 1217:Jerusalem was sacked 1180:Trajan's Dacian Wars 798:—the imperial 748:grain supply to Rome 53:The Triumph of Titus 5267:The War of the Jews 4644:Jones (1992), p. 99 4620:Jones (1992), p. 87 3900:Jones (1992), p. 22 3891:Jones (1992), p. 20 3882:Jones (1992), p. 18 3781:, pp. 196–198 3721:, Life of Domitian 3700:, Life of Domitian 3603:(1965), pp. 267–269 3507:Jones (1992), p. 14 3397:The War of the Jews 3323:Jones (1992), p. 38 2501:Domitilla the Elder 2336:Agrippina the Elder 2114:Titus Flavius Petro 1973:Flavian family tree 1835:gladiatorial combat 1734:colossal statue of 1130:on public toilets. 913:Titus (79–81) 840:The Flavian dynasty 693:, and with him the 567:Pisonian conspiracy 457:Domitilla the Elder 449:Titus Flavius Petro 403:Battle of Pharsalus 387:Titus Flavius Petro 362:Bust of Vespasian, 5659:Emperors of Nicaea 5635:Theodosian dynasty 5605:Britannic emperors 5329:Secondary material 4878:Syme (1930), p. 67 4018:2016-03-15 at the 3966:Jone (1992), p. 73 3260:Jones (1992), p. 7 3227:Jones (1992), p. 8 1731: 1327: 1202: 865: 783: 679: 507:(37–41) and 453: 399:Caesar's Civil War 389:, had served as a 368: 218:and his two sons, 5715:69 establishments 5687: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5591:Illyrian emperors 5573:Barracks emperors 5427: 5426: 5418:Succeeded by 5285:Life of Vespasian 5177:The Emperor Titus 5160:978-0-415-23620-1 4824:, pp. 84–88 3333:Suetonius. "44". 3121:Dynastic timeline 3118: 3117: 3109: 3108: 2726:Arrecina Tertulla 2153:Julia the Younger 1957:. His successors 1894:athletic displays 1792:Temple of Jupiter 1744:statue of himself 1697:Temple of Jupiter 1648:Helvidius Priscus 1554:Germania Inferior 1530:Germania Superior 1490:Temple of Jupiter 1410:Natural disasters 1346:, and across the 1259:Temple of Jupiter 1162:Military activity 1111:Financial reforms 1068:tribunician power 804:Temple of Concord 744:province of Egypt 615:fled the city to 561:and his daughter 467:(born in 39) and 200: 199: 167: 166: 153:the Four Emperors 16:(Redirected from 5737: 5497: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5432: 5412:Flavian dynasty 5403:Preceded by 5400: 5396: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5297:Life of Domitian 5209: 5190: 5164: 5145: 5108: 5079: 5042: 5002: 4981: 4955: 4945: 4926: 4907: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4797:, Life of Titus 4786: 4780: 4766: 4755: 4754: 4738: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4701: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4664: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4545: 4539: 4528: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4381:, Life of Titus 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4324: 4318: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4290:. Archived from 4283: 4277: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4082: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4052: 4043: 4037: 4028: 4022: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3631: 3625: 3621:, Life of Titus 3610: 3604: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3566: 3557: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 2907:Flavia Domitilla 2125:Vespasius Pollio 2014: 2013: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1977: 1890:Capitoline Games 1824:Capitoline Games 1542:Legio XIV Gemina 1498:Pompey's Theatre 1474:Great Fire of 64 1437:. The cities of 1388:Tettius Julianus 1380:Cornelius Fuscus 1376:counteroffensive 1332:Limes Germanicus 1323:Limes Germanicus 1279:, or modern day 1196:, including the 1123:Pecunia non olet 1084:Praetorian Guard 972:Praetorian Guard 796:Praetorian Guard 633:fifteenth legion 600:and defeated at 544: 541: 481:political career 312:Limes Germanicus 296:Jewish rebellion 192: 185: 178: 143: 142: 49: 37: 21: 18:Flavian emperors 5745: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5700:Flavian dynasty 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5640: 5610: 5599:Gallic emperors 5585:Gordian dynasty 5566: 5561:Severan dynasty 5543:Flavian dynasty 5490: 5489: 5465: 5459: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5391: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5345: 5343: 5334: 5331: 5221: 5219:Primary sources 5216: 5206: 5193: 5187: 5174: 5171: 5169:Further reading 5161: 5148: 5111: 5097:10.2307/1086912 5082: 5045: 5005: 4984: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4929: 4923: 4910: 4904: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4787: 4783: 4767: 4758: 4751: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4710: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4673: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4583:Natural History 4577:I.1; Josephus, 4572: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4529: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4338: 4327: 4319: 4310: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4269: 4265: 4254: 4250: 4239: 4235: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4149: 4145: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4085: 4074: 4070: 4059: 4055: 4044: 4040: 4029: 4025: 4020:Wayback Machine 4007: 4003: 3992: 3985: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3805:10.2307/1086720 3790: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3711: 3707: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3591: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3560: 3551: 3544: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3394: 3387: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3349: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3123: 3110: 2944:Domitia Longina 2933: 2766: 2719: 2508: 2494: 2345: 2296: 2007: 2004: 1975: 1967:Theodor Mommsen 1946:Pliny the Elder 1918: 1826: 1818:Main articles: 1816: 1796:Capitoline Hill 1782:, known as the 1762:, which was to 1719: 1709: 1701:Capitoline Hill 1680:Templum Divorum 1642:Natural History 1636:Pliny the Elder 1616:Temple of Peace 1603: 1598: 1596:Flavian culture 1558:Lappius Maximus 1546:Legio XXI Rapax 1514: 1426: 1414:Main articles: 1412: 1384:battle standard 1225:John of Giscala 1221:Simon Bar Giora 1182: 1166:Main articles: 1164: 1159: 1113: 1092:divine monarchy 1048:, known as the 1034: 1029: 968: 962: 921: 915: 907:Pliny the Elder 853: 847: 842: 808:Capitoline Hill 659: 643:Main articles: 641: 611:and his sister 579:Judaea Province 542: 529:Africa province 364:Vatican Museums 356: 351: 346: 212:Julio-Claudians 204:Flavian dynasty 196: 160: 152: 149: 137: 109: 106: 97: 94: 85: 82: 66:Flavian dynasty 59: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5743: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5650: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464:by time period 5462:Roman emperors 5460: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5271: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5214:External links 5212: 5211: 5210: 5204: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5146: 5109: 5080: 5060:10.2307/298836 5043: 5023:10.2307/297385 5003: 4982: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4781: 4756: 4749: 4723: 4708: 4686: 4671: 4646: 4637: 4622: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4566: 4553: 4540: 4523: 4510: 4489:10.2307/297187 4467: 4458: 4449: 4437: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4325: 4308: 4303:) and 25,000 ( 4278: 4263: 4248: 4233: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4143: 4122:10.2307/525804 4100: 4083: 4068: 4053: 4038: 4023: 4008:Philostratus, 4001: 3983: 3968: 3959: 3942: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3862:10.2307/292544 3856:(2): 162–175. 3840: 3827: 3818: 3783: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3705: 3684: 3675: 3655: 3648: 3626: 3605: 3589: 3574: 3558: 3542: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3385: 3370: 3358: 3343: 3325: 3313: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3220: 3199: 3190: 3175: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3132: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101:Flavius Caesar 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2741:Cassia Longina 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321:Aemilia Lepida 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2289:Vespasia Polla 2286: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1929:, or emperor. 1917: 1914: 1815: 1812: 1784:Flavian Palace 1738:, begun under 1708: 1705: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1513: 1510: 1411: 1408: 1392:client kingdom 1372:Oppius Sabinus 1362:. Led by King 1342:, against the 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1112: 1109: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1027:Administration 1025: 964:Main article: 961: 958: 917:Main article: 914: 911: 849:Main article: 846: 843: 841: 838: 685:and the army, 640: 637: 586:Cestius Gallus 423:Vespasia Polla 366:, Vatican City 355: 354:Family history 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 264:Mount Vesuvius 210:following the 198: 197: 195: 194: 187: 180: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 155: 139: 138: 136: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 111: 110: 107: 102: 99: 98: 95: 90: 87: 86: 83: 78: 75: 74: 70: 69: 61: 60: 50: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5742: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5291:Life of Titus 5289: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5230:Roman History 5226: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205:0-415-16618-7 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5186:0-312-24443-6 5182: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4941:1-85399-613-0 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4922:0-415-10195-6 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4903:0-415-28917-3 4899: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4774:Roman History 4770: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4750:0-19-288003-9 4746: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4709:0-06-430158-3 4705: 4700: 4699: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4672:1-85326-475-X 4668: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4609:Roman History 4607:Cassius Dio, 4604: 4601: 4597: 4596:Roman History 4594:Cassius Dio, 4591: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4549:Against Apion 4544: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341:Roman History 4339:Cassius Dio, 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4294:on 2008-07-08 4293: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272:Roman History 4270:Cassius Dio, 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4257:Roman History 4255:Cassius Dio, 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4242:Roman History 4240:Cassius Dio, 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4227:Roman History 4225:Cassius Dio, 4222: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4032:Roman History 4030:Cassius Dio, 4027: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938:Roman History 3936:Cassius Dio, 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668:Roman History 3664: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3649:0-06-430158-3 3645: 3640: 3639: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3336:Life of Titus 3329: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3055: 3052: 3031: 3002: 2982: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2945: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2855: 2847: 2795: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2709: 2702: 2690: 2687: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2661: 2659: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2601: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2533: 2522: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2472: 2469: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2442: 2393: 2369: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2322: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2154: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2066: 2064: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:chariot races 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855:chariot races 1852: 1848: 1847:naval battles 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1821: 1814:Entertainment 1813: 1811: 1809: 1808:Arch of Titus 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Palatine Hill 1777: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1764:bear his name 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Arch of Titus 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:imperial cult 1651: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:assassination 1522: 1519: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:relief effort 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:Bay of Naples 1432: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1266:Arch of Titus 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1229:Mediterranean 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1207:Second Temple 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:Arch of Titus 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Roman coinage 1131: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:Roman coinage 977: 973: 967: 959: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:imperial cult 935: 930: 926: 920: 912: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 862: 859:Set of three 857: 852: 844: 839: 837: 835: 831: 826: 821: 819: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 780: 776: 771: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752:city garrison 749: 745: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 676: 672: 668: 663: 658: 654: 650: 646: 639:Rise to power 638: 636: 634: 630: 626: 625:tenth legions 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 603: 602:the battle of 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 580: 575: 573: 568: 564: 560: 559:Barea Soranus 556: 552: 548: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 451:and Tertulla. 450: 445: 441: 439: 435: 431: 430:gens Vespasia 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:tax collector 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379: 374: 365: 360: 353: 349:Establishment 348: 343: 341: 338: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 193: 188: 186: 181: 179: 174: 173: 171: 170: 163: 159: 156: 154: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 118: 117: 112: 105: 101: 100: 93: 89: 88: 81: 77: 76: 71: 68: 67: 63: 62: 58: 54: 48: 44: 43: 38: 33: 19: 5542: 5480:Roman Empire 5428: 5411: 5382:. Retrieved 5378: 5363:. Retrieved 5359: 5344:. Retrieved 5340: 5318: 5310: 5277: 5266: 5228: 5195: 5176: 5150: 5117: 5113: 5088: 5084: 5051: 5047: 5014: 5010: 5007:Syme, Ronald 4990: 4986: 4961: 4957: 4931: 4912: 4893: 4874: 4865: 4858:Jones (1992) 4853: 4846:Jones (1992) 4841: 4834:Jones (1992) 4829: 4822:Jones (1992) 4817: 4810:Jones (1992) 4805: 4792: 4784: 4772: 4734: 4726: 4697: 4689: 4660: 4649: 4640: 4633:Jones (1992) 4616: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4548: 4543: 4538:218) and 931 4535: 4531: 4526: 4518: 4513: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4440: 4430: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4376: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4340: 4296:. Retrieved 4292:the original 4281: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4214:Jones (1992) 4209: 4202:Jones (1992) 4197: 4190:Jones (1992) 4185: 4178:Jones (1992) 4173: 4166:Jones (1992) 4161: 4151: 4146: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4096:Jones (1992) 4076: 4071: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4041: 4031: 4026: 4009: 4004: 3994: 3976: 3971: 3962: 3955:Jones (1992) 3937: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3835: 3830: 3821: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3779:Jones (1992) 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3716: 3708: 3695: 3687: 3678: 3666: 3658: 3637: 3629: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3585: 3577: 3569: 3553: 3536: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3487: 3478: 3468: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3396: 3378: 3373: 3366:Jones (1992) 3361: 3351: 3346: 3335: 3328: 3309:Jones (1992) 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3223: 3209: 3202: 3193: 3186:Jones (1992) 3171:Jones (1992) 3166: 3159:Jones (1992) 3154: 2928: 2920:Julia Flavia 2761: 2714: 2521:Junia Lepida 2509:(died young) 2489: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1906:gladiatorial 1879: 1873: 1871: 1827: 1768: 1756:Golden House 1732: 1707:Construction 1678: 1663:Julia Flavia 1652: 1640: 1620: 1607: 1604: 1574: 1523: 1515: 1512:Conspiracies 1502:Saepta Julia 1494:Diribitorium 1471: 1427: 1404:silver mines 1328: 1270: 1210: 1203: 1148: 1132: 1121: 1114: 1088: 1064: 1058: 1053: 1042:Roman Senate 1035: 1000:assassinated 969: 954:Roman Senate 922: 866: 822: 815: 787:house arrest 784: 740: 703:Roman Empire 680: 576: 572:Julia Flavia 537: 454: 429: 376: 369: 339: 327:assassinated 324: 316: 261: 256:Roman Senate 208:Roman Empire 203: 201: 157: 146: 128:Flavian tree 65: 64: 52: 5673:(1224–1246) 5667:(1204–1461) 5661:(1204–1261) 5655:(395–1453) 5617:Tetrarchies 5485:Family tree 5225:Cassius Dio 4769:Cassius Dio 4560:Suetonius, 4116:: 143–148. 3834:Suetonius, 3663:Cassius Dio 3568:Suetonius, 3552:Suetonius, 3140:Flavian art 1942:Cassius Dio 1851:horse races 1752:Jewish wars 1659:deification 1550:appeasement 1496:, parts of 1482:Cassius Dio 1443:Herculaneum 1424:Herculaneum 1289:auxiliaries 1143:devaluation 1072:consulships 521:Britannicus 378:gens Flavia 272:Herculaneum 158:Followed by 147:Preceded by 123:Gens Flavia 5694:Categories 5575:(235–284) 5502:Principate 5384:2007-02-10 5365:2008-06-30 5346:2008-06-30 4886:References 4585:, preface. 4547:Josephus, 4298:2009-03-10 4060:Josephus, 4045:Josephus, 3993:Josephus, 3975:Josephus, 3672:LXVI.22–24 3395:Josephus, 3377:Josephus, 3350:Josephus, 2343:Germanicus 1954:Pax Romana 1865:, or even 1760:bath-house 1601:Propaganda 1406:of Dacia. 1358:, and the 1356:Sarmatians 1297:Inchtuthil 1287:and a few 1157:Challenges 1105:equestrian 1076:censorship 1050:Principate 1032:Government 1017:Principate 830:Alexandria 764:Alexandria 689:committed 609:Agrippa II 605:Beth-Horon 513:propaganda 497:consulship 438:senatorial 411:equestrian 73:Chronology 5649:(395–476) 5637:(378–455) 5631:(364–392) 5625:(305–363) 5619:(293–313) 5607:(286–297) 5601:(260–274) 5593:(268–284) 5587:(238–244) 5563:(193–235) 5557:(192–193) 5415:69–96 CE 5319:Histories 5274:Suetonius 5142:170747190 5076:163868319 5039:163980436 5017:: 55–70. 4978:162211747 4789:Suetonius 4718:185448116 4655:Suetonius 4575:Histories 4573:Tacitus, 4534:vi, 1257( 4505:250344174 4483:: 54–62. 4429:Tacitus, 4373:Suetonius 4245:LXVIII.14 4150:Tacitus, 4138:164089455 4110:Britannia 4075:Tacitus, 3713:Suetonius 3692:Suetonius 3613:Suetonius 3582:Suetonius 3469:Histories 3467:Tacitus, 2491:Vespasian 2297:(praetor) 2295:Vespasius 1927:imperator 1881:congiaria 1839:elephants 1748:Colosseum 1727:Colosseum 1713:Colosseum 1667:mausoleum 1628:Suetonius 1570:Illyricum 1364:Decebalus 1313:Highlands 1303:, at the 1277:Caledonia 1263:triumphal 1212:imperator 1194:Jerusalem 1151:sestertii 1128:urine tax 990:, but in 929:Suetonius 899:Suetonius 891:Colosseum 882:Jerusalem 851:Vespasian 800:bodyguard 775:Vitellius 731:Lusitania 723:Jerusalem 719:Vespasian 715:Vitellius 675:Vitellius 657:Vitellius 629:Ptolemais 598:Jerusalem 555:Britannia 543: 57 525:proconsul 473:Domitilla 461:Ferentium 427:patrician 391:centurion 320:Colosseum 304:Decebalus 244:Vitellius 228:civil war 216:Vespasian 80:Vespasian 5551:(96–192) 5512:Dominate 5311:Agricola 5262:Josephus 4860:, p. 105 4848:, p. 103 4681:40184695 4521:, p. 251 4431:Agricola 4216:, p. 142 4204:, p. 141 4192:, p. 138 4180:, p. 131 4168:, p. 127 4152:Agricola 4098:, p. 132 4077:Agricola 4016:Archived 3940:, LXVI.2 3539:: 67–70. 3215:Archived 3134:See also 2930:Domitian 2763:Caligula 2755:Caesonia 2532:Vistilia 2120:Tertulla 1923:princeps 1886:banquets 1875:donativa 1859:clothing 1845:), mock 1788:Rabirius 1683:and the 1671:Quirinal 1632:Josephus 1500:and the 1486:Pantheon 1301:Calgacus 1281:Scotland 1249:and the 1242:Josephus 1139:denarius 1059:de facto 1054:de facto 1046:Augustus 1038:Republic 988:Scotland 976:Tiberius 966:Domitian 903:Josephus 870:Mucianus 773:Emperor 735:Germania 613:Berenice 563:Servilia 551:Germania 517:Claudius 505:Caligula 485:quaestor 419:Helvetia 373:Flavians 234:; after 224:Domitian 108:81–96 AD 104:Domitian 96:79–81 AD 84:69–79 AD 5545:(69–96) 5539:(68–69) 5305:Tacitus 5254:Book 67 5248:Book 66 5242:Book 65 5236:Book 64 5105:1086912 5085:Phoenix 4999:3293160 4836:, p. 74 4812:, p. 79 4778:LXVI.25 4741:276–282 4635:, p. 93 4611:LXVI.13 4598:LXVI.12 4344:LXVI.24 4275:LXVI.23 4260:LXVI.22 4230:LXVII.7 4065:VII.5.6 4050:VII.5.5 3957:, p. 75 3813:1086720 3793:Phoenix 3400:III.4.2 3382:III.1.2 3368:, p. 13 3355:II.19.9 3311:, p. 11 2950:Domitia 2934:(81–96) 2767:(37–41) 2720:(79–81) 2495:(69–79) 1902:oratory 1794:on the 1776:Stadium 1699:on the 1693:Jupiter 1624:Tacitus 1562:Rhaetia 1478:insulae 1439:Pompeii 1420:Pompeii 1360:Dacians 1309:marshes 1247:Menorah 1238:triumph 1198:Menorah 1118:proverb 1082:of the 1080:command 996:Dacians 952:by the 950:deified 895:Tacitus 834:treason 825:anarchy 705:— 691:suicide 617:Galilee 547:tribune 535:in 66. 527:of the 493:praetor 397:during 344:History 308:Dacians 268:Pompeii 248:legions 151:Year of 5500:Early 5202: 5183: 5157: 5140: 5134:636914 5132: 5103: 5074: 5068:298836 5066: 5037: 5031:297385 5029: 4997: 4976: 4938: 4919: 4900: 4747: 4716: 4706: 4679: 4669: 4503: 4497:297187 4495: 4136: 4130:525804 4128: 3998:VI.9.3 3980:VI.6.1 3870:292544 3868: 3811: 3646: 3472:III.34 3188:, p. 2 3173:, p. 1 3161:, p. 3 2507:Flavia 1963:Trajan 1944:, and 1916:Legacy 1867:slaves 1843:cranes 1806:, the 1800:gilded 1736:Apollo 1612:Vindex 1608:vindex 1506:plague 1492:, the 1488:, the 1457:, the 1422:, and 1396:Trajan 1368:Moesia 1354:, the 1348:Danube 1344:Chatti 1285:legion 1261:. The 1233:wreath 1178:, and 1100:edicts 1074:, the 1021:Trajan 817:Caesar 779:Louvre 683:Senate 655:, and 590:legate 588:, the 533:Greece 489:aedile 477:Caenis 440:rank. 395:Pompey 393:under 288:plague 286:and a 114:Family 5581:(238) 5138:S2CID 5130:JSTOR 5101:JSTOR 5072:S2CID 5064:JSTOR 5035:S2CID 5027:JSTOR 4995:JSTOR 4974:S2CID 4501:S2CID 4493:JSTOR 4134:S2CID 4126:JSTOR 4035:LXV.6 3866:JSTOR 3809:JSTOR 3146:Notes 2716:Titus 1959:Nerva 1910:dwarf 1878:, or 1772:Odeum 1742:as a 1538:Mainz 1459:baths 1455:Forum 1352:Suebi 1336:Rhine 1325:in 70 1293:Forth 1255:Forum 1251:Torah 1096:court 1004:Nerva 992:Dacia 946:fever 925:Titus 919:Titus 861:aurei 707:Galba 649:Galba 621:fifth 594:Syria 538:From 375:, or 236:Galba 220:Titus 92:Titus 55:, by 5519:and 5200:ISBN 5181:ISBN 5155:ISBN 4936:ISBN 4917:ISBN 4898:ISBN 4745:ISBN 4714:OCLC 4704:ISBN 4677:OCLC 4667:ISBN 4013:6.29 3644:ISBN 1961:and 1863:gold 1853:and 1841:and 1822:and 1774:, a 1740:Nero 1715:and 1634:and 1588:and 1544:and 1447:lava 1441:and 1402:and 1400:gold 1340:Gaul 1311:and 1223:and 905:and 886:Gaul 812:Isis 717:and 711:Otho 687:Nero 653:Otho 623:and 509:Nero 491:and 284:fire 280:lava 278:and 270:and 240:Otho 238:and 222:and 202:The 5122:doi 5093:doi 5056:doi 5019:doi 4966:doi 4962:133 4536:ILS 4532:CIL 4485:doi 4118:doi 3858:doi 3801:doi 592:of 549:in 276:ash 5696:: 5377:. 5358:. 5339:. 5276:, 5264:, 5227:, 5136:. 5128:. 5116:. 5099:. 5089:18 5087:. 5070:. 5062:. 5052:51 5050:. 5033:. 5025:. 5015:20 5013:. 4991:49 4989:. 4972:. 4960:. 4956:. 4791:, 4771:, 4759:^ 4743:. 4712:. 4675:. 4625:^ 4499:. 4491:. 4481:27 4479:. 4446:10 4434:45 4375:, 4328:^ 4311:^ 4155:29 4132:. 4124:. 4112:. 4086:^ 4080:24 3986:^ 3945:^ 3864:. 3854:72 3852:. 3807:. 3797:17 3795:. 3715:, 3694:, 3665:, 3615:, 3592:^ 3584:, 3561:^ 3545:^ 3496:^ 3433:^ 3388:^ 3316:^ 3301:^ 3178:^ 1940:, 1896:, 1861:, 1703:. 1630:, 1626:, 1584:, 1564:, 1556:, 1540:, 1532:, 1480:, 1418:, 1174:, 1170:, 956:. 901:, 897:, 713:, 709:, 651:, 647:, 584:. 540:c. 487:, 337:. 322:. 314:. 5454:e 5447:t 5440:v 5395:. 5387:. 5368:. 5349:. 5208:. 5189:. 5163:. 5144:. 5124:: 5118:6 5107:. 5095:: 5078:. 5058:: 5041:. 5021:: 5001:. 4980:. 4968:: 4944:. 4925:. 4906:. 4799:7 4753:. 4720:. 4683:. 4551:9 4507:. 4487:: 4383:9 4322:8 4301:. 4140:. 4120:: 4114:2 3872:. 3860:: 3815:. 3803:: 3723:2 3702:5 3652:. 3623:1 3339:. 3250:4 3238:1 1999:e 1992:t 1985:v 1120:" 781:) 777:( 677:. 191:e 184:t 177:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index