510:, and even a contingent of Franks. After two days of failing to break through the city's defenses, Wamba on the third day of the siege elected to personally lead an assault on Nîmes, bringing the majority of his army to the field. In surviving historical records of the siege, it is noteworthy that Paulus referred to Wamba and his army solely as 'Goths' and talks of them disparagingly, as if that label did not also apply to large components of his own forces. Though a majority of his leading supporters had Gothic names, this suggests that perhaps his forces consisted of a larger number of Hispano-Romans and Gallo-Romans than otherwise thought. It is possible that the very reason behind the revolt partly owed to Hispano-Roman wishes to be free from Visigothic rule. Among the provinces of the Visigothic kingdom, Septimania and Tarraconensis were the two that remained the most
514:. Wamba's final assault was successful, and as the Visigoths broke through the defenses of the rebels, Paulus and his men took refuge in a local amphitheatre, where they were again besieged by Wamba's forces. Before Wamba even needed to launch an assault, the forces of Paulus began to distrust each other to betray the cause, and his Frankish, Gothic and Roman soldiers turned on each other, beginning to fight among themselves. Seeing that his uprising was over, Paulus, Archbishop Argebad, and some of the other leaders, surrendered to Wamba on 3 September 673. Wamba's forces entered the amphitheatre and chained those of Paulus' supporters who surrendered and killed those who did not.
503:, capturing both Ranosindo and Hildigisio, before advancing on Narbonne, where Paulus waited with a second army. When Paulus heard of the size of Wamba's approaching army, he fled Narbonne, retreating to Nîmes and leaving Wittimir, a career soldier, in charge of Narbonne's defense. Wittimir managed to hold out against the royal forces for three hours until the walls were breached and then fought on ferociously despite the overwhelming numerical supriority of Wamba's army. After another three hours of fighting in the city, Wittimer withdrew to a church to rest, where he was captured by Wamba's men. Thereafter, Wamba began marching to Nîmes.
471:
have utterly defeated the goats at running, the deer at springing, and the bears and wild pigs in voracity, if you have already disgorged the venom of snakes and vipers, make this known to us, warrior, make this known to us, lord, friend of forests and crags. For if all these have collapsed before you and you are now hastening towards us in order to repeat for us at length the song of the nightingale, and on that account, splendid man, your heart rises in self-assurance, then come down to
Clausurae, for there you will find a mighty champion with whom you may legitimately fight.
269:, with the sons of previous kings usually inheriting power. Out of the majority of Visigothic kings, most either inherited power or took the throne through revolt. Though Romans were allowed significant posts in the military and in the civil administration, they were explicitly excluded from taking the Visigothic throne: Visigothic laws established that the king of the Visigoths had to be of Gothic noble origin. As in many other monarchies of its time, revolts by nobles aimed at deposing and replacing the Visigothic king were relatively common.
535:, but this is dubious considering these punishments not being mentioned in any contemporary accounts. Wamba replaced all the officials who had rebelled with new people and consolidated his control of Septimania by garrisoning troops in the larger cities. In order to deal with the Jews, who had shown considerably support for the uprising, Wamba expelled the Jews from Narbonne and went so far as to propose to end Judaism in his kingdom by mandating Jewish children to be baptised and taught Christianity.
133:, the northernmost and easternmost province of the kingdom, Paulus was dispatched with a considerable contingent of troops to put down the rebellion. Upon arrival in Septimania, Paulus not only completely disregarded his mission, but made himself the leader of the rebels and was anointed as king. Paulus managed to cement his authority over Septimania and the neighbouring province of
283:
378:
446:, and the coastal road. Aware that he could not defeat the Visigothic army alone, Paulus sent emissaries to foreign powers for aid. The Basques denied aid, as they were unwilling to incite further conflict with the Visigoths, and the Franks declined on account of internal division. Paulus even reached out to the
426:. Though he might have proclaimed himself as king earlier, Hilderic for unknown reasons joined Paulus and accepted him as his ruler. Perhaps the most simple possible explanation for the wide support of Paulus was that the army he had brought with him was the only considerable military force in the region.
470:
In the name of the Lord, Flavius Paulus, anointed king of the East, sends greetings to Wamba, king of the South. If you have already traversed the harsh and uninhabitable cliffs of the mountains, if you have already broken deep into the forest by narrow passes, like the lion of mighty breast, if you
316:
649–672) on account of his great prestige in the kingdom. Little is known of Wamba before he became king, but he must have been a distinguished courtier under
Recceswinth and possibly a member of some important faction in the Visigothic nobility. Since Wamba lacked connections to previous Visigothic
321:, who often descended from their mountains to plunder the northern lands of the kingdom. Alternatively, it is possible that the Basques had already began plundering Visigothic lands, in which case Wamba's campaign was a defensive engagement. While away on this campaign, Wamba learnt of rebellion in
406:, Paulus summoned the heads of his army and prominent locals and induced them to elect him as king, owing to Wamba's "tyranny". The coronation of Paulus was carried out completely in-line with Visigothic coronation formalities. It was important that he was crowned at Narbonne, since this city was
401:
in the early 6th century, and the last recorded Roman rebel in the kingdom's history. Given his non-Gothic origin, the revolt threatened the future of
Visigothic rule in Hispania. It is unknown what motivated Paulus to betray Wamba. The uprising was strengthened through Paulus being joined by the
348:
Given that
Hilderic did not control all of Septimania, and was thus not an immediate threat, Wamba and his advisors agreed that it was not necessary for them to halt their campaign against the Basques, but that the matter could be resolved by sending a smaller expeditionary force to deal with the
498:
569–586) divided power, with Liuva ruling
Septimania and Tarraconensis. It is also possible that attempting to be accepted as king in the east was simply the first step towards becoming king of the entire kingdom, and that Paulus thus still intended to depose Wamba and take control of all of
475:
Paulus' offer could be interpreted as him ceasing to challenge Wamba's power as king of
Hispania, as it acts as a proposal to divide the kingdom, rather than overthrowing Wamba. The provinces of Septimania and Tarraconensis had been ruled by a separate king before: from 569 to 572, the kings
563:
680–687) pardoned all those who had been convicted of the revolt against Wamba. It is possible that Paulus benefitted from this and was freed, but considering that he must have been old, seemingly having been a prominent noble already in the 650s, it is more likely that he died during his
396:
Upon arriving in
Septimania, Paulus not only disobeyed Wamba's orders, but managed to become the leader of the rebels, being proclaimed king in opposition to Wamba, despite the laws against non-Gothic kings. Paulus was the first Roman to revolt against Visigothic rule since
429:
Wamba, who learned of Paulus' rebellion while still campaigned against the
Basques, did not act against Paulus for a week, busy defeating the Basques, which allowed Paulus to consolidate his power further. Wamba divided his army into three groups, attacking over the
333:, who might have proclaimed himself king. The reasons for this uprising are not entirely clear, but it might have simply had to with wishing to break free from Visigothic central control. Hilderic, like Wamba, was a Visigoth, and his main supporters were Gunhild,
237:
had previously been a nearly completely Roman civil administration and aristocracy and a near-completely barbarian military, individuals identified as Romans could at this time be generals in the armies of the
Visigothic Kingdom. In the 580s, the
522:
On 6 September 673, Paulus and his most prominent followers were judged by Wamba. Paulus was charged with the crimes of inciting the people to rebellion and of violating his oath of fealty to the king. The punishment of these crimes was normally
543:
in Toledo, wherein they were paraded through the streets. The heads of the rebels were shaved and their beards were cut off, they were dressed in dirty robes and were forced to be barefoot, mounted on chariots drawn by
538:
Although Paulus was thus spared from the worst punishments, he did not go completely unpunished. Paulus and his most prominent supporters were subjected to ritual humiliation, being forced to participate in Wamba's
606:
Considering when he first appears, Paulus must also have initially accompanied Wamba on the campaign against the
Basques. It is also possible that a count by the name of Paulus, attested as a signatory at both the
349:
uprising. They selected Paulus to lead the army to defeat Hilderic, the earliest surviving reference to Paulus' existence. Paulus was selected on account of his fighting expertise and bravery, and was appointed as
527:
and death, but Wamba spared the lives of Paulus and his men after they acknowledged that they were guilty. Paulus and his followers were also spared other traditional punishments, such as
454:. Wamba swiftly recaptured Barcelona and camped by the Pyrenees, resting there for two days. At the Pyrenees, Wamba received a defiant letter from Paulus, wherein he proclaimed himself as
341:
minority, eager to aid in fighting against the oppressive religious policies imposed upon them by the Visigothic kings. Hilderic may also have reached out to the Basques, and possibly the
1516:
172:. After ruling in the northeast in opposition to Wamba for several months, Paulus was defeated and captured on 3 September 673. Wamba spared him the legal punishment for his actions,
1456:
Pohl, Walter (2018). "Introduction: Early medieval Romanness - a multiple identity". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Grifoni, Cinzia; Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Marianne (eds.).
597:, though he would have self-identified and been identified by others simply as 'Roman'. Paulus being a Roman is assumed considering that his name was Roman and not Gothic.
1368:
Halsall, Guy (2018). "Transformations of Romanness: The northern Gallic case". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Grifoni, Cinzia; Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Marianne (eds.).
548:. As Paulus had been the leader of the revolt, and had been proclaimed king, his head was adorned with a mock crown, either made of black leather or the bones of
325:, the remaining territories held by the Visigoths in Gaul. The situation was serious given that it was not just a simple peasant revolt, but an uprising led by
233:, although the Romans are at this point in time mentioned less frequently in the sources than in earlier periods. Though the common societal structure in the
1316:
Arce, Javier (2018). "Goths and Romans in Visigothic Hispania". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Grifoni, Cinzia; Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Marianne (eds.).
552:, depending on the account. After this, Paulus and his followers were imprisoned. In 683, ten years after Paulus' defeat, Wamba's successor as king,
1511:
451:
1467:
1379:
1358:
1327:
365:. The later rebellion of Paulus is among the best-recorded revolts in the Visigothic Kingdom, owing to detailed contemporary accounts by
1438:
1406:
317:
royalty, he wished to solidify his position on the throne with a military success, and thus in the spring of 673 marched against the
499:
Hispania. Wamba did not accept Paulus' challenge to single combat. Wamba's forces fought and defeated an army led by Ranosindo near
184:, the Visigothic capital, and keeping him imprisoned. The nobles convicted of the 673 revolt were pardoned by Wamba's successor
168:
minority, Paulus' revolt threatened the future of the Visigothic Kingdom as he may have intended to eventually take over all of
353:. Leading a force of some thousands of men, Paulus left the Basque provinces for Septimania. On his way there, he met with the
1353:] (in Spanish). AsociaciĂłn Veritas para el Estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones y Omnia Mutantur S. L.
462:(the "southern king"), challenged Wamba to enter his domain and take his crown, and even challenged the Visigothic king to
1521:
1338:
338:
165:
638:
407:
584:
preceded Paulus as the leader of the uprising in Septimania, but it is not clear whether he proclaimed himself king.
466:. Paulus' letter to Wamba has an unclear sarcastic tone, with numerous animal comparisons, and reads as follows:
608:
612:
511:
265:
The Visigothic monarchy was formally and traditionally elective, though in practice it most often abided by
138:
1390:
722:
528:
305:
672–680). Wamba, an elderly man, became king of the Visigoths in 672, being elected after the death of
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218:
126:
60:
137:
through the size of his army, and possibly through the two provinces being among the last properly
20:
1444:
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234:
230:
107:
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415:
414:. Paulus was crowned with a golden votive crown that had been dedicated to the body of Saint
1426:
447:
366:
342:
726:
524:
398:
173:
294:
Paulus was a general in service of the Visigothic Kingdom. He served the Visigothic king
531:. Some later accounts claim that Wamba had one of Paulus' hands cut off, or that he was
1345:. In Fernández RodrĂguez, Manuela; Prado Rubio, Erika; MartĂnez Peñas, Leandro (eds.).
226:
222:
152:
Supported by not only his contingent of Visigothic troops, but also the local Gothic,
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229:. In Paulus' time, the Goths and Romans formed two parallel populations within the
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71:
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37:
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42:
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by the Visigothic king Reccared I, most likely being anointed by Archbishop
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243:
1448:
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377:
721:", adopted by early medieval kings to establish symbolic continuity with
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500:
439:
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403:
330:
169:
146:
1430:
637:
He could be the same person as a Paulus mentioned as a signatory of the
410:, and thus in religious terms of equal status as the Visigothic capital
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717:
549:
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318:
122:
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247:
Claudius, explicitly identified as a Roman, aided the Visigothic king
419:
153:
1478:
1459:
Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities
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Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities
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Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities
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545:
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and death, instead only subjecting him to ritual humiliation in a
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680–687) in 683, but Paulus may already have died by that point.
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792:
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684:
682:
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443:
217:, origin. Paulus lived two centuries after the collapse of the
141:
regions of the kingdom. Titling himself as 'king of the east' (
337:, local Visigothic garrisons and forces, as well as the local
240:
402:
palace official Hildigisio and by Ranosindo of Barcelona. At
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775:
773:
811:
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807:
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in the east, though no aid could be sent on account of an
149:
and sought to break away from Visigothic central control.
125:, but when news reached them of a revolt led by the count
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729:, had been used by Visigothic royalty since the days of
506:
At Nîmes, Paulus led a defense consisting of Visigoths,
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Especialidad y excepcionalidad como recursos jurĂdicos
1000:
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615:(655) Councils of Toledo is the same person as Paulus.
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209:Given his name, it is probable that Paulus was of
110:. In 673, Paulus accompanied the Visigothic king
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1351:Specialty and Exceptionality as Legal Resources
468:
1517:7th-century people from the Visigothic Kingdom
1397:. In Kleijn, G. de; Benoist, Stéphane (eds.).
458:(the "eastern king") and referred to Wamba as
164:populace in Septimania, as well as the local
8:
781:
1399:Integration in Rome and in the Roman World
27:
1425:. Catholic University of America Press.
258:586–601) in putting down a rebellion in
1419:The Story of Wamba: Julian of Toledo's
851:
827:
725:, who in turn had borrowed it from the
653:
573:
452:impending Arab attack on Constantinople
1341:[The Treason of Duke Paulus]
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977:
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7:
1477:Ribas, Alberto RaĂşl Esteban (2013).
870:
839:
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745:
1481:[The Rebellion of Paulus].
1337:Gallegos Vázquez, Federico (2017).
345:to the north, for further support.
121:672–680) on a campaign against the
16:7th-century Roman general and rebel
1416:MartĂnez Pizarro, JoaquĂn (2005).
1389:Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G. (2014).
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205:Roman people § Later history
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1:
1339:"La traiciĂłn del duque Paulo"
715:, p. 175. "The title "
639:Sixteenth Council of Toledo
290:and its provinces in AD 700
1538:
624:A stronghold located near
202:
106:general in service of the
18:
1483:Revista de Claseshistoria
1391:"Goths and Romans in the
408:the seat of an Archbishop
385:, king of the Visigoths (
361:, Ranosindo, probably in
225:was rapidly declining in
52:Spring – 3 September 673
19:Not to be confused with
1479:"La rebeliĂłn de Paulus"
473:
393:
373:Rebellion and kingship
291:
1421:Historia Wambae regis
1301:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1289:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1274:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1259:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1247:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1212:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1200:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1188:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1155:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1143:MartĂnez Pizarro 2005
1131:MartĂnez Pizarro 2005
1077:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1065:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1029:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
1017:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
966:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
934:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
910:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
898:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
799:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
713:MartĂnez Pizarro 2005
701:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
689:Gallegos Vázquez 2017
580:The Visigothic count
438:(then the capital of
380:
285:
145:), Paulus ruled from
1522:Romans from Hispania
335:Bishop of Maguelonne
219:Western Roman Empire
76:(Visigothic Kingdom)
1431:10.2307/j.ctt2850dh
1133:, pp. 175–176.
818:, pp. 373–374.
21:Paulus (consul 496)
1393:leges visigothorum
394:
329:, the governor of
292:
288:Visigothic Kingdom
235:barbarian kingdoms
231:Visigothic Kingdom
108:Visigothic Kingdom
102:was a 7th-century
1469:978-3-11-059838-4
1381:978-3-11-059838-4
1360:978-84-697-5004-9
1329:978-3-11-059838-4
1303:, pp. 33–34.
1261:, pp. 31–32.
1237:, pp. 29–30.
1190:, pp. 25–26.
1178:, pp. 23–28.
1118:, pp. 21–22.
782:Liebeschuetz 2014
221:, in a time when
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520:
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351:dux Septimaniae
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174:excommunication
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1485:(in Spanish).
1474:
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1462:. De Gruyter.
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1440:978-0813221076
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1408:978-9004256675
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1374:. De Gruyter.
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1322:. De Gruyter.
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1145:, p. 176.
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873:, p. 374.
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748:, p. 373.
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456:rex orientalis
416:Felix of Nîmes
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227:Western Europe
223:Roman identity
213:, rather than
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143:rex orientalis
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1510:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1291:, p. 33.
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:, p. 32.
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:, p. 31.
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:, p. 30.
1213:
1208:
1205:
1202:, p. 28.
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:, p. 24.
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:, p. 20.
1102:
1097:
1094:
1091:, p. 19.
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:, p. 20.
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:, p. 19.
1066:
1061:
1058:
1055:, p. 17.
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:, p. 21.
1030:
1025:
1022:
1019:, p. 15.
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:, p. 16.
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
992:, p. 15.
991:
986:
983:
980:, p. 14.
979:
974:
971:
968:, p. 17.
967:
962:
960:
958:
954:
951:, p. 13.
950:
945:
943:
939:
936:, p. 13.
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
906:
903:
900:, p. 10.
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
876:
872:
867:
865:
863:
861:
857:
854:, p. 51.
853:
848:
845:
842:, p. 38.
841:
836:
833:
830:, p. 53.
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
810:
808:
804:
801:, p. 14.
800:
795:
793:
791:
787:
784:, p. 99.
783:
778:
776:
774:
770:
767:, p. 11.
766:
761:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
706:
703:, p. 34.
702:
697:
694:
691:, p. 23.
690:
685:
683:
681:
677:
674:, p. 18.
673:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
654:
648:
640:
634:
631:
627:
621:
618:
614:
610:
603:
600:
596:
595:Hispano-Roman
593:Specifically
590:
587:
583:
577:
574:
567:
565:
555:
551:
547:
542:
536:
534:
530:
526:
517:
515:
513:
509:
504:
502:
490:
487:568–572) and
479:
472:
467:
465:
464:single combat
461:
460:rex australis
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
384:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
359:Tarraconensis
356:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
308:
297:
289:
284:
277:
272:
270:
268:
267:primogeniture
263:
261:
250:
246:
245:
242:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Hispano-Roman
206:
198:
196:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Hispano-Roman
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Tarraconensis
132:
128:
124:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
88:
84:
80:
73:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1486:
1482:
1458:
1422:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1370:
1350:
1346:
1318:
1310:Bibliography
1296:
1254:
1242:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1150:
1138:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1043:, p. 2.
1036:
1024:
1012:
985:
973:
929:
924:, p. 9.
917:
912:, p. 9.
905:
885:, p. 4.
878:
852:Halsall 2018
847:
835:
828:Halsall 2018
823:
716:
708:
696:
633:
620:
602:
589:
576:
537:
521:
508:Gallo-Romans
505:
474:
469:
459:
455:
428:
395:
354:
350:
347:
293:
264:
239:
208:
151:
142:
99:
95:
94:
36:
25:
1449:j.ctt2850dh
733:(531–548)".
723:Constantine
369:(642–690).
307:Recceswinth
158:Gallo-Roman
89:Before 683?
57:Predecessor
1506:Categories
1235:Ribas 2013
1176:Ribas 2013
1116:Ribas 2013
1101:Ribas 2013
1089:Ribas 2013
1053:Ribas 2013
1041:Ribas 2013
1005:Ribas 2013
990:Ribas 2013
978:Ribas 2013
949:Ribas 2013
922:Ribas 2013
883:Ribas 2013
765:Ribas 2013
672:Ribas 2013
649:References
626:Le Perthus
611:(653) and
518:Later life
434:by way of
323:Septimania
278:Background
260:Septimania
249:Reccared I
244:Lusitaniae
203:See also:
199:Background
131:Septimania
43:Septimania
1495:1989-4988
1401:. BRILL.
871:Arce 2018
840:Pohl 2018
816:Arce 2018
746:Arce 2018
512:Romanised
489:Liuvigild
363:Barcelona
273:Biography
139:Romanised
68:Successor
582:Hilderic
550:herrings
529:blinding
440:Cerdanya
432:Pyrenees
404:Narbonne
392:672–680)
381:Coin of
327:Hilderic
170:Hispania
154:Frankish
147:Narbonne
127:Hilderic
61:Hilderic
731:Theudis
718:Flavius
561:
541:triumph
533:scalped
496:
485:
478:Liuva I
424:Argebad
390:
319:Basques
314:
303:
256:
193:
178:triumph
123:Basques
119:
1493:
1466:
1447:
1437:
1405:
1378:
1357:
1326:
641:(693).
609:Eighth
546:camels
436:LlĂvia
420:Girona
412:Toledo
399:Petrus
339:Jewish
215:Gothic
182:Toledo
166:Jewish
96:Paulus
31:Paulus
1445:JSTOR
1349:[
1343:(PDF)
613:Ninth
568:Notes
554:Erwig
501:CĂ©ret
383:Wamba
331:Nîmes
296:Wamba
186:Erwig
112:Wamba
104:Roman
72:Wamba
49:Reign
1491:ISSN
1464:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1324:ISBN
444:Auch
286:The
160:and
100:Paul
86:Died
1487:388
1427:doi
442:),
418:in
357:of
355:dux
241:dux
180:in
129:in
98:or
41:of
38:Rex
1508::
1489:.
1443:.
1433:.
1281:^
1266:^
1219:^
1162:^
1123:^
1108:^
997:^
956:^
941:^
890:^
859:^
806:^
789:^
772:^
753:^
738:^
679:^
656:^
559:r.
494:r.
483:r.
388:r.
312:r.
301:r.
262:.
254:r.
191:r.
156:,
117:r.
1497:.
1472:.
1451:.
1429::
1411:.
1395:"
1384:.
1363:.
1332:.
628:.
556:(
491:(
480:(
309:(
298:(
251:(
188:(
114:(
63:?
23:.
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