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817:
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745:(QRA) aircraft were kept piloted, fully fueled and armed, with the engines running at idle on the runway ready to take off. The aircraft being kept topped up with fuel via hoses from underground fuel tanks. If a possible intruder was identified, the aircraft would be ready to take off as soon as the external fuel lines were detached. However, keeping QRA aircraft at this state of readiness was physically and mentally draining to the pilots and was expensive in terms of fuel.
902:
140:
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672:
43:
486:. Hence, for a brief period of time they fared rapid development in both speed, range, and altitude. At the end of the 1960s, a nuclear attack became unstoppable with the introduction of ballistic missiles capable of approaching from outside the atmosphere at speeds as high as 3 to 4 miles per second (5 to 7 km/s). The doctrine of
1096:
was specifically designed for intercepting aircraft passing
Swedish airspace at high altitudes in the event of a war between the Soviet Union and NATO. With the advent of low flying cruise-missiles and high-altitude AA-missiles the flight profile was changed, but regained the interceptor profile with
944:
fighters, among their other roles. The F-16, however, was originally designed for air superiority while evolving into a versatile multirole fighter. The F-15, with its Mach 2.5 maximum speed enabling it to intercept the fastest enemy aircraft (namely the MiG-25 Foxbat), is also not a pure interceptor
497:
The interceptor mission is, by its nature, a difficult one. Consider the desire to protect a single target from attack by long-range bombers. The bombers have the advantage of being able to select the parameters of the mission – attack vector, speed and altitude. This results in an enormous area from
414:
The term "interceptor" was in use by 1929. Through the 1930s, bomber aircraft speeds increased so much that conventional interceptor tactics appeared impossible. Visual and acoustic detection from the ground had a range of only a few miles, which meant that an interceptor would have insufficient time
547:
In the spectrum of various interceptors, one design approach especially shows sacrifices necessary to achieve decisive benefit in a chosen aspect of performance. A "point defense interceptor" is of a lightweight design, intended to spend most of its time on the ground located at the defended target,
430:
made possible early, long-range detection of aircraft on the order of 100 miles (160 km), both day and night and in all weather. A typical bomber might take twenty minutes to cross the detection zone of early radar systems, time enough for interceptor fighters to start up, climb to altitude and
884:
devised a pair of proposals for interceptor aircraft, the first such designation in the US. One proposal was for a single-engine fighter, the other for a twin-engine. Both were required to reach an altitude of 20,000 feet (6,100 m) in six minutes as a defense against bomber attack. Kelsey said
736:
and the adoption of high speed, low level flight profiles, the time available between detection and interception dropped. Most advanced point defence interceptors combined with long-range radars were struggling to keep the reaction time down enough to be effective. Fixed times, like the time needed
454:
in the 1950s obviated the need for fast reaction time interceptors as the missile could launch almost instantly. Air forces increasingly turned to much larger interceptor designs, with enough fuel for longer endurance, leaving the point-defense role to the missiles. This led to the abandonment of a
442:
The introduction of jet power increased flight speeds from around 300 miles per hour (500 km/h) to around 600 miles per hour (1,000 km/h) in a step and roughly doubled operational altitudes. Although radars also improved in performance, the gap between offense and defense was dramatically
610:
speeds. Initial transonic and supersonic fighters had modest internal fuel tanks in their slim fuselages, but a very high fuel consumption. This led fighter prototypes emphasizing acceleration and operational ceiling, with a sacrifice on the loiter time, essentially limiting them to point defense
579:, which launched vertically and thus eliminated the need for an airbase. In general all these initial German designs proved difficult to operate, often becoming death traps for their pilots, and had little effect on the bombing raids. Rocket-boosted variants of both of Germany's jet fighters; the
889:
designation to sidestep a hard USAAC policy restricting fighters to 500 pounds (230 kg) of armament. He wished for at least 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of armament so that
American fighters could dominate their battles against all opponents, fighters included. The two aircraft resulting from
285:
created air force demand for highly capable interceptors; it is in regards to this period that the term is perhaps most recognized and used. Cold War-era interceptors became increasingly distinct from their air superiority counterparts, with the former often sacrificing range, endurance, and
756:
were in general larger designs intended to stay on lengthy patrol and protect a much larger area from attack, depending on greater detection capabilities, both in the aircraft themselves and operating with AWACS, rather than high speed to reach targets. The exemplar of this concept was the
976:
missiles. Like the USAF's F-15, the USN's F-14 was also designed primarily as an air superiority (fighter-to-fighter combat) and F-14s served the interceptor role until it received upgrades in the 1990s for ground attack. Both the fighter and the
Phoenix missile were retired in 2006.
568:, in the very-short-range interceptor role. The engine allowed about 7 minutes of powered flight, but offered such tremendous performance that they could fly right by the defending fighters. The Me 163 required an airbase, however, which were soon under constant attack. Following the
765:
was able to achieve long range in a smaller airframe through the use of more efficient engines. Rather than focusing on acceleration and climb rate, the design emphasis is on range and missile carrying capacity, which together translate into combat endurance,
498:
which the attack can originate. In the time it takes for the bombers to cross the distance from first detection to being on their targets, the interceptor must be able to start, take off, climb to altitude, maneuver for attack and then attack the bomber.
658:. In the case of ground radar systems this can be countered by placing radar systems on mountain tops to extend the radar horizon, or through placing high performance radars in interceptors or in AWACS aircraft used to direct point defense interceptors.
513:), by tuning their performance for either fast climbs or high speeds. The result is that interceptors often look very impressive on paper, typically outrunning, outclimbing and outgunning slower fighter designs. However, pure interceptors fare poorly in
250:
were part of a successful defensive strategy. However, dramatic improvements in both ground-based and airborne radar gave greater flexibility to existing fighters and few later designs were conceived as dedicated day interceptors. Exceptions include the
838:(VVS) in that they were by no means small or crudely simple, but huge and refined with large, sophisticated radars; they could not take off from grass, only concrete runways; they could not be disassembled and shipped back to a maintenance center in a
443:
reduced. Large attacks could so confuse the defense's ability to communicate with pilots that the classic method of manual ground controlled interception was increasingly seen as inadequate. In the United States, this led to the introduction of the
560:
s most critical requirement was for interceptors as the
Commonwealth and American air forces pounded German targets night and day. As the bombing effort grew, notably in early 1944, the Luftwaffe introduced a rocket-powered design, the
782:(AAM) against these targets. High speed and acceleration was put into long-range and medium-range AAMs, and agility into short range dog fighting AAMs, rather than into the aircraft themselves. They were first to introduce all-weather
1071:
Several other countries also introduced interceptor designs, although in the 1950s–1960s several planned interceptors never came to fruition, with the expectation that missiles would replace bombers.
861:, an area range interceptor, was notably the heaviest fighter aircraft ever to see service in the world. The latest and most advanced interceptor aircraft in the Soviet (now Russian) inventory is the
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933:
proposal during the 1960s, but came to nothing as the USSR strengthened their strategic force with ICBMs. Hence, the F-106 ended up serving as the primary USAF interceptor into the 1980s.
1142:, 6 December 1929, Page 1273: "the type of single-seater fighter known as an "Interceptor" is a class of aircraft designed, as the title suggests, for intercepting hostile aircraft."
953:
is the USA's latest combat aircraft that serves in part as an interceptor due to its super-cruise capabilities, however it was designed primarily as a stealth air superiority fighter.
865:"Foxhound". Improving on some of the flaws on the proceeding MiG-25, the MiG-31 has better low altitude and low speed performance, in addition to carrying an internal cannon.
490:
replaced the trend of defense strengthening, making interceptors less strategically logical. The utility of interceptors waned as the role merged with that of the heavy
1021:
231:(BVR) missile systems since the 1960s has allowed most frontline fighter designs to fill the roles once reserved for specialized night/all-weather fighters.
1299:
234:
For daytime operations, conventional light fighters have normally filled the interceptor role. Day interceptors have been used in a defensive role since
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and able to launch on demand, climb to altitude, manoeuvre and then attack the bomber in a very short time, before the bomber can deploy its weapons.
638:(SAMs)—which first reached an adequate level in 1954–1957. SAM advancements ended the concept of massed high-altitude bomber operations, in favor of
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190:
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for the pilot to climb into the cockpit, became an increasing portion of the overall mission time, there were few ways to reduce this. During the
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required constant contact between the interceptor and the ground until the bombers became visible to the pilots and nationwide networks like the
830:, an entire military service, not just an arm of the pre-existing air force, was designated for deployment of interceptors. The aircraft of the
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1226:
693:
60:
898:. Both aircraft were successful during World War II in standard fighter roles, not specifically assigned to point defense against bombers.
333:(ICBMs). Dedicated interceptor designs became increasingly rare, with the only widely used examples designed after the 1960s being the
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missiles for interception purposes. The PLAAF/PLANAF currently still operates approximately 300 or so J-8s of various configurations.
420:
330:
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were also related. None of these found practical use. Designs that depended solely on jet engines achieved more success with the
79:
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is a high-speed, high-altitude
Chinese-built single-seat interceptor. Initially designed in the early 1960s to counter US-built
913:, consisting primarily of dedicated interceptors. Many post-war designs were of limited performance, including designs like the
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as it has exceptional agility for dogfighting based upon the lessons learned from
Vietnam; the F-15E Strike Eagle variant adds
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329:, having the performance to take on the point defense interception role, and the strategic threat moved from bombers to
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and all-weather interceptor designs, the integration of mid-air refueling, satellite navigation, on-board radar and
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flight profiles the effective range, and therefore reaction time, of ground-based radar was limited to at best the
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259:, which had heavy armament specifically intended for anti-bomber missions, was also a specialized day interceptor.
252:
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against the same "less capable" designs due to limited maneuverability especially at low altitudes and speeds.
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planes, it still retains the ability to 'sprint' at Mach 2+ speeds, and later versions can carry medium-range
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Russia, despite merging the PVO into the VVS, continues to maintain its dedicated MiG-31 interceptor fleet.
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842:. Similarly, their pilots were given less training in combat maneuvers, and more in radio-directed pursuit.
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to computerize this task, while in the UK it led to enormously powerful radars to improve detection time.
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Countries that were strategically dependent on surface fleet, most notably US and UK, maintained also
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fleet air defense fighter, but this project was cancelled too. Finally, the role was assigned to the
767:
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255:, which was the only rocket-powered, crewed military aircraft to see combat. To a lesser degree, the
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was a prototype jet fighter developed during the 1950s. It never flew and was cancelled in 1960.
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being introduced in the 1980s. The
Tornado was eventually replaced with a multirole design, the
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646:) flying a combination of techniques colloquially known as "flying below the radar". By flying
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921:. In the late 1940s ADC started a project to build a much more advanced interceptor under the
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As capabilities continued to improve – especially through the widespread introduction of the
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399:. They were told about their target's location before take-off from a command centre in the
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As an alternative, longer-range designs with extended loiter times were considered. These
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while retaining the interception and air-to-air combat of other F-15s. Presently, the
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395:. Early units generally used aircraft withdrawn from front-line service, notably the
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after a lengthy development process. Further replacements were studied, notably the
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195:</ref> Aircraft that are capable of being or are employed as both "standard"
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The role of crewed point defense designs was reassigned to uncrewed interceptors—
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As the F-106 was retired, intercept missions were assigned to the contemporary
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designed specifically for the defensive interception role against an attacking
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Fighter aircraft specializing in the defensive interception of enemy aircraft
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type, although initially they were rarely referred to as such. In the early
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as it was the best means to defend against an unexpected nuclear attack by
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were possible but only at great cost. The conclusion at the time was that "
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building. The Pup proved to have too low performance to easily intercept
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to climb to altitude before the bombers reached their targets. Standing
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its own, highly adapted version of the McDonnell
Douglas F-4 Phantom
606:, bombers were expected to attack flying higher and faster, even at
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A dedicated interceptor aircraft sacrifices the capabilities of the
223:. While the second type was exemplified historically by specialized
786:, assuring successful operations during night, rain, snow, or fog.
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served in numbers through 1950s. Its supersonic replacement, the
1016:. Efforts to replace the Javelin with a supersonic design under
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In 1954 the first systems were deployed operationally, such as
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36:
1160:( ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp.
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From 1946 to 1980 the United States maintained a dedicated
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in its "C" subtype series, all nicknamed "home protector" (
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in favor of much larger and longer-ranged designs like the
294:. Examples of classic interceptors of this era include the
478:, a strong interceptor force was crucial for the opposing
439:
were built in the late 1930s to coordinate these efforts.
238:, and are perhaps best known from major actions like the
1024:
as its primary interceptor from the mid-1970s, with the
572:, the Germans developed even odder designs, such as the
1089:("Avro Arrow"), was controversially cancelled in 1959.
309:
Through the 1960s and 1970s, the rapid improvements in
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project. Later it launched the development of a large
207:, designed for high performance over short range; and
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1380:
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770:radars good enough to detect and track fast moving
379:The first interceptor squadrons were formed during
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1153:
1026:air defence variant (ADV) of the Panavia Tornado
845:The Soviets' main interceptor was initially the
203:. There are two general classes of interceptor:
1300:
593:BMW 003R turbojet/rocket "mixed-power" engine
587:, in four differing formats) and the planned
8:
778:, and the capability to provide guidance to
509:(i.e., countering enemy fighter aircraft in
290:, and armament dedicated to attacking large
211:, which are intended to operate over longer
700:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
611:role. Such were the mixed jet/rocket power
199:and as interceptors are sometimes known as
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1307:
1293:
1285:
1267:. Widewing Publications. pp. 14–17.
1249:. The year 1957 marked the deployment of
720:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1210:
1208:
599:, but were never produced in quantity.
391:and later against fixed-wing long-range
138:
1156:Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering
1128:
1004:operated a supersonic day fighter, the
925:effort, which eventually delivered the
890:these proposals were the single-engine
455:number of short-range designs like the
619:. The Soviet and Western trials with
450:The introduction of the first useful
7:
1185:Mladenov, Alexander (20 June 2014).
698:adding citations to reliable sources
551:At the end of Second World War, the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
834:(PVO-S) differed from those of the
474:In the 1950s and 1960’s during the
331:intercontinental ballistic missiles
180:
1388:Airborne early warning and control
1215:Danny S. Parker; S Parker (2007).
421:the bomber will always get through
25:
741:in times of heightened tensions,
591:E subtype, using one of the same
445:Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
147:, a principal interceptor of the
1020:came to naught. The UK operated
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41:
1221:. Da Capo Press, Incorporated.
52:needs additional citations for
433:Ground controlled interception
1:
1191:. : Random House. p. 5.
1018:Operational Requirement F.155
849:, which was followed by the
627:(initial A version) and the
488:mutually assured destruction
327:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
32:Interceptor (disambiguation)
1265:The Lockheed P-38 Lightning
876:In 1937, USAAC lieutenants
286:maneuverability for speed,
185:tag is missing the closing
1634:
1006:English Electric Lightning
809:
629:English Electric Lightning
541:English Electric Lightning
526:
521:Point-defense interceptors
407:bombers, and the superior
304:English Electric Lightning
253:Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
151:in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s
29:
1263:Bodie, Warren M. (1991).
1097:the final version J 35J.
1083:Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck
911:Aerospace Defense Command
832:Soviet Air Defence Forces
812:Soviet Air Defence Forces
750:area defense interceptors
570:Emergency Fighter Program
543:point defense interceptor
515:fighter-to-fighter combat
221:meteorological conditions
1152:Shaw, Robert L. (1985).
857:"Foxbat". The auxiliary
602:In the initial stage of
296:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
269:are interceptors of the
197:air superiority fighters
145:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
1188:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
896:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
885:later that he used the
806:Soviet Union and Russia
636:surface-to-air missiles
503:air superiority fighter
492:air superiority fighter
452:surface to air missiles
368:intercepting a Russian
366:air superiority fighter
277:era the combination of
257:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
177:reconnaissance aircraft
171:aircraft, particularly
1081:The Canadian subsonic
1014:night/all-weather role
997:
906:
823:
791:fleet defense fighters
544:
511:air combat manoeuvring
376:
152:
76:"Interceptor aircraft"
1613:Anti-aircraft weapons
1218:To Win The Winter Sky
1107:Anti-aircraft warfare
988:
904:
819:
810:Further information:
754:area defense fighters
536:
527:Further information:
360:
281:-powered bombers and
142:
18:Fleet defense fighter
1052:fighter-bombers and
960:led an unsuccessful
894:and the twin-engine
768:look-down/shoot-down
743:quick reaction alert
694:improve this section
563:Messerschmitt Me 163
465:North American F-108
431:engage the bombers.
244:Supermarine Spitfire
201:fighter-interceptors
157:interceptor aircraft
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1458:Electronic warfare
1030:Eurofighter Typhoon
991:Eurofighter Typhoon
892:Bell P-39 Airacobra
780:air-to-air missiles
763:Panavia Tornado ADV
387:against attacks by
335:Panavia Tornado ADV
323:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
229:beyond visual range
1399:Counter-insurgency
1050:F-105 Thunderchief
998:
958:United States Navy
956:In the 1950s, the
907:
882:Benjamin S. Kelsey
824:
621:zero-length launch
617:Saunders Roe SR.53
595:as the Me 262C-2b
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417:combat air patrols
377:
319:multirole fighters
217:contested airspace
153:
1600:
1599:
1596:
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1453:Close air support
1317:military aircraft
1274:978-0-9629359-5-4
1228:978-0-306-81689-5
1136:The Gloster S.S.8
1061:PL-12/SD-10 MRAAM
878:Gordon P. Saville
836:Soviet Air Forces
730:
729:
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625:F-104 Starfighter
597:HeimatschĂĽtzer II
507:multirole fighter
484:strategic bombers
426:The invention of
411:supplanted them.
292:strategic bombers
267:bomber destroyers
240:Battle of Britain
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16:(Redirected from
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1012:in the subsonic
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923:1954 interceptor
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652:nap-of-the-earth
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1010:Gloster Javelin
1002:Royal Air Force
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283:nuclear weapons
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1112:Escort fighter
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1074:The Argentine
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1057:reconnaissance
1037:
1034:
982:
981:United Kingdom
979:
974:AIM-54 Phoenix
873:
870:
821:Mikoyan MiG-31
807:
804:
802:
799:
793:, such as the
776:ground clutter
728:
727:
678:
676:
669:
663:
660:
613:Republic XF-91
585:HeimatschĂĽtzer
522:
519:
437:Dowding system
409:Sopwith Camels
354:
351:
343:Mikoyan MiG-31
339:Mikoyan MiG-25
321:, such as the
263:Night fighters
209:heavy fighters
205:light fighters
181:Cite error: A
149:U.S. Air Force
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1630:
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1589:
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1454:
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1449:
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1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:Medium bomber
1424:
1422:
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1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
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1190:
1189:
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1171:0-87021-059-9
1167:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1117:Point defense
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
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996:
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980:
978:
975:
971:
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963:
962:F6D Missileer
959:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:F-89 Scorpion
916:
912:
903:
899:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
872:United States
871:
869:
866:
864:
860:
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848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
818:
813:
805:
800:
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787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
759:Tupolev Tu-28
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
724:
721:
713:
703:
699:
695:
689:
688:
684:
679:This section
677:
673:
668:
667:
661:
659:
657:
656:radar horizon
653:
650:low-altitude
649:
645:
641:
637:
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626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
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594:
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582:
578:
575:
574:Bachem Ba 349
571:
567:
564:
556:
555:
549:
542:
539:
535:
530:
529:Point-defence
525:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:Convair F-102
458:
453:
448:
446:
440:
438:
434:
429:
424:
422:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
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367:
364:
359:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:rate of climb
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
225:night fighter
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
146:
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131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1561:Surveillance
1539:Experimental
1480:
1421:Light bomber
1416:Heavy bomber
1264:
1258:
1237:
1217:
1187:
1180:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1092:The Swedish
1091:
1087:CF-105 Arrow
1080:
1076:FMA I.Ae. 37
1073:
1070:
1054:Lockheed U-2
1046:B-58 Hustler
1042:Shenyang J-8
1039:
1000:The British
999:
955:
935:
908:
905:A USAF F-15C
886:
875:
867:
844:
825:
790:
788:
772:interdictors
761:. The later
753:
749:
747:
731:
716:
710:January 2018
707:
692:Please help
680:
662:Area defense
633:
601:
596:
584:
576:
565:
552:
550:
546:
524:
500:
496:
473:
449:
441:
425:
413:
401:Horse Guards
378:
347:Shenyang J-8
313:led to most
308:
300:Sukhoi Su-15
261:
233:
219:and adverse
200:
187:</ref>
160:
159:, or simply
156:
154:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1513:Interdictor
1481:Interceptor
1390:(AEW&C)
1251:SA-75 Dvina
1247:S-25 Berkut
972:, carrying
970:F-14 Tomcat
887:interceptor
826:During the
801:Development
795:F-14 Tomcat
642:(and later
640:penetrators
480:superpowers
397:Sopwith Pup
381:World War I
363:F-22 Raptor
242:, when the
236:World War I
183:<ref>
161:interceptor
1607:Categories
1532:Non-combat
1508:Multi-role
1441:Pathfinder
1436:Penetrator
1352:Helicopter
1342:Fixed-wing
1123:References
734:jet engine
457:Avro Arrow
405:Gotha G.IV
383:to defend
345:, and the
87:newspapers
1588:Transport
1486:Emergency
1431:Strategic
1357:Unmanned
1243:Nike Ajax
1048:bombers,
993:with the
681:does not
608:transonic
554:Luftwaffe
389:Zeppelins
191:help page
189:(see the
117:June 2020
1466:Intruder
1101:See also
853:and the
828:Cold War
784:avionics
774:against
739:Cold War
604:Cold War
476:Cold War
275:Cold War
1583:Trainer
1578:Testbed
1544:Liaison
1471:Fighter
1448:Carrier
1404:Gunship
1365:Stealth
1337:Balloon
1332:Airship
1315:Modern
702:removed
687:sources
393:bombers
361:A USAF
353:History
173:bombers
101:scholar
1573:Tanker
1491:Escort
1411:Bomber
1394:Attack
1381:Combat
1347:Glider
1271:
1225:
1195:
1168:
1164:–347.
1140:Flight
966:F-111B
931:NR-349
863:MiG-31
859:Tu-128
855:MiG-25
840:boxcar
589:He 162
581:Me 262
577:Natter
469:MiG-25
385:London
374:Alaska
311:design
302:, and
213:ranges
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1566:Scout
1554:Scout
1496:Night
1374:Roles
1359:(UAV)
1325:Types
1036:China
915:F-86D
851:Su-15
566:Komet
558:'
428:radar
372:near
370:Tu-95
271:heavy
215:, in
169:enemy
108:JSTOR
94:books
1460:(EW)
1269:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1040:The
951:F-22
942:F-16
940:and
938:F-15
917:and
880:and
847:Su-9
685:any
683:cite
505:and
467:and
459:and
325:and
317:and
265:and
246:and
175:and
143:The
80:news
1245:or
1162:346
995:RAF
752:or
696:by
615:or
538:RAF
471:.
423:".
279:jet
155:An
63:by
1609::
1207:^
1138:,
1032:.
989:A
797:.
631:.
494:.
349:.
341:,
337:,
306:.
298:,
193:).
1308:e
1301:t
1294:v
1277:.
1253:.
1231:.
1201:.
1174:.
723:)
717:(
712:)
708:(
704:.
690:.
179:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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