191:(inHg) are used. The altimeter is adjustable for local barometric pressure which must be set correctly to obtain accurate altitude readings, usually in either feet or meters. As the aircraft ascends, the capsules expand and the static pressure drops, causing the altimeter to indicate a higher altitude. The opposite effect occurs when descending. With the advancement in aviation and increased altitude ceiling, the altimeter dial had to be altered for use both at higher and lower altitudes. Hence when the needles were indicating lower altitudes i.e. the first 360-degree operation of the pointers was delineated by the appearance of a small window with oblique lines warning the pilot that he or she is nearer to the ground. This modification was introduced in the early sixties after the recurrence of air accidents caused by the confusion in the pilot's mind. At higher altitudes, the window will disappear.
329:
434:
38:
253:
546:(CDI), Omnibearing Selector (OBS), TO/FROM indicator, and Flags. The CDI shows an aircraft's lateral position in relation to a selected radial track. It is used for orientation, tracking to or from a station, and course interception. On the instrument, the vertical needle indicates the lateral position of the selected track. A horizontal needle allows the pilot to follow a glide slope when the instrument is used with an ILS.
357:
592:
287:
167:
208:
397:
534:
759:
563:
638:
Most US aircraft built since the 1940s have flight instruments arranged in a standardized pattern called the "T" arrangement. The attitude indicator is in the top center, airspeed to the left, altimeter to the right and heading indicator under the attitude indicator. The other two, turn-coordinator
776:
next to it or integrated with the PFD. The indicated airspeed, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator are displayed as moving "tapes" with the indicated airspeed to the left of the horizon and the altimeter and the vertical speed to the right in the same layout as in most older style "clock
299:, or the difference between magnetic and true direction, and Deviation, caused by the electrical wiring in the aircraft, which requires a Compass Correction Card. Additionally, the compass is subject to Dip Errors. While reliable in steady level flight it can give confusing indications when
579:(RMI). An RMI is remotely coupled to a gyrocompass so that it automatically rotates the azimuth card to represent aircraft heading. While simple ADF displays may have only one needle, a typical RMI has two, coupled to different ADF receivers, allowing for
353:(°). The attitude indicator is a primary instrument for instrument flight and is also useful in conditions of poor visibility. Pilots are trained to use other instruments in combination should this instrument or its power fail.
80:, heading and much more other crucial information in flight. They improve safety by allowing the pilot to fly the aircraft in level flight, and make turns, without a reference outside the aircraft such as the horizon.
736:
trainer, and minimized the type-conversion difficulties associated with blind flying, since a pilot trained on one aircraft could quickly become accustomed to any other if the instruments were identical.
413:, which must be periodically corrected by calibrating the instrument to the magnetic compass. In many advanced aircraft (including almost all jet aircraft), the heading indicator is replaced by a
639:
and vertical-speed, are usually found under the airspeed and altimeter, but are given more latitude in placement. The magnetic compass will be above the instrument panel, often on the
265:, or rate of climb indicator) senses changing air pressure, and displays that information to the pilot as a rate of climb or descent in feet per minute, meters per second or knots.
220:
is the currently most used unit, but kilometers per hour is sometimes used instead. The airspeed indicator works by measuring the ram-air pressure in the aircraft's
502:
These include the
Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) and Attitude Director Indicator (ADI). The HSI combines the magnetic compass with navigation signals and a
968:
1019:
744:
the arrangement was changed to: (top row) airspeed, artificial horizon, altimeter, (bottom row) turn and bank indicator, heading indicator, vertical speed.
983:
786:
908:
1169:
659:
became the first pilot to take off, fly and land an airplane using instruments alone, without a view outside the cockpit. In 1937, the
British
796:
1189:
664:
105:
1174:
709:
120:
104:), direction (directional gyro) and rate of turn indicator, plus a slip-skid indicator, adjustable altimeter, and a clock. Flight into
119:
as a whole, in which context it can include engine instruments, navigational and communication equipment. Many modern aircraft have
1164:
1012:
1240:
963:
1235:
1128:
1087:
891:
773:
491:
414:
232:(TAS). The instrument is color coded to indicate important airspeeds such as the stall speed, never-exceed airspeed, or safe
175:
The altimeter shows the aircraft's altitude above sea-level by measuring the difference between the pressure in a stack of
1225:
1230:
1005:
127:
1133:
1123:
791:
572:
543:
303:, climbing, descending, or accelerating due to the inclination of the Earth's magnetic field. For this reason, the
518:. The ADI is an Attitude Indicator with computer-driven steering bars, a task reliever during instrument flight.
507:
1148:
689:
663:(RAF) chose a set of six essential flight instruments which would remain the standard panel used for flying in
620:
245:
1036:
1092:
733:
683:
443:
426:
368:
97:
1194:
769:
762:
576:
555:
341:) shows the aircraft's relation to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the wings are level (
300:
916:
409:, and with respect to magnetic north when set with a compass. Bearing friction causes drift errors from
406:
42:
442:
These include the Turn-and-Slip
Indicator and the Turn Coordinator, which indicate rotation about the
405:
The heading indicator (also known as the directional gyro, or DG) displays the aircraft's heading in
1143:
729:
721:
176:
740:
This basic six set, also known as a "six pack", was also adopted by commercial aviation. After the
459:
455:
379:-driven computer with wind and glide data, driving two electronic variometer displays to the right.
360:
328:
147:
131:
81:
980:
A history of how aircraft instrumentation was developed with an emphasis on the gyro horizon. 2007
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37:
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188:
28:
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109:
772:, is given a central place on the panel, superseding the artificial horizon, often, with a
1184:
992:
660:
656:
580:
346:
342:
252:
180:
858:
630:
which give the pilot information about the aircraft's attitude, airspeed, and altitude.
356:
228:(IAS) must be corrected for nonstandard pressure and temperature in order to obtain the
1102:
861:, US Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards Service
725:
591:
467:
350:
307:
is also used for aircraft operation, but periodically calibrated against the compass.
286:
1219:
1179:
816:
811:
753:
644:
417:(HSI) which provides the same heading information, but also assists with navigation.
229:
184:
295:
The compass shows the aircraft's heading relative to magnetic north. Errors include
741:
713:
479:
447:
216:
The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft's speed relative to the surrounding air.
166:
207:
17:
503:
396:
217:
179:
capsules inside the altimeter and the atmospheric pressure obtained through the
977:
1204:
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410:
262:
221:
135:
77:
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159:
126:
Most regulated aircraft have these flight instruments as dictated by the US
89:
647:
instruments the layout of the displays conform to the basic T arrangement.
533:
1199:
870:
596:
73:
69:
61:
46:
49:. The flight instruments are visible on the left of the instrument panel
1138:
806:
708:
This panel arrangement was incorporated into all RAF aircraft built to
279:
116:
93:
57:
997:
475:
471:
183:
system. The most common unit for altimeter calibration worldwide is
909:"Instrument Planning: The New Service Blind-Flying Panel Described"
575:(ADF) indicator instrument can be a fixed-card, movable card, or a
562:
345:) and if the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon (
355:
65:
36:
787:
768:
In glass cockpits the flight instruments are shown on monitors.
515:
1001:
68:
with data about the flight situation of that aircraft, such as
758:
376:
150:
use air pressure differences to determine speed and altitude.
561:
532:
432:
395:
327:
285:
251:
206:
165:
993:
Current
Practice in Instrument Panel Layout – Aero Digest
732:
heavy bombers, but not the earlier light single-engined
34:
Aircraft instrument that gives information during flight
871:
Aviation's Crazy, Mixed Up Units of
Measure - AeroSavvy
498:
Attitude indicator § Attitude
Direction Indicator
466:. The turn rate is most commonly expressed in either
349:). Attitude is always presented to users in the unit
130:, Title 14, Part 91. They are grouped according to
115:
The term is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for
100:(IFR) additionally require a gyroscopic pitch-bank (
1157:
1111:
1068:
1035:
626:Most aircraft are equipped with a standard set of
367:Instrument panel equipped for "cloud flying". The
96:or other suitable magnetic direction indicator.
187:(hPa), except for North America and Japan where
859:Instrument Flying Handbook, 2001, FAA-H-8083-15
527:Very-High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
112:instruments for precise takeoffs and landings.
1013:
595:Six basic instruments in a light twin-engine
224:relative to the ambient static pressure. The
8:
939:"Six Pack - The Primary Flight Instruments"
506:. The navigation information comes from a
1020:
1006:
998:
978:The Gyro Horizon Enables Instrument Flying
970:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
337:The attitude indicator (also known as an
757:
667:(IMC) for the next 20 years. They were:
599:arranged in a "basic-T". From top left:
590:
542:The VOR indicator instrument includes a
886:. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. p. 46.
828:
854:
852:
797:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
7:
1190:Integrated standby instrument system
907:Williamson, G. W. (19 August 1937).
702:directional gyro / heading indicator
665:instrument meteorological conditions
121:electronic flight instrument systems
106:instrument meteorological conditions
989:, March 1944, pp. 116–123/192.
643:centerpost. In newer aircraft with
450:to indicate if the aircraft is in
25:
686:(turn direction and coordination)
550:Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)
261:The VSI (also sometimes called a
1165:Air data inertial reference unit
984:"How Aircraft Instruments Work."
964:Instrument Flying Handbook 2012
462:. Additional marks indicate a
1129:Horizontal situation indicator
1088:Horizontal situation indicator
941:. LearnToFly.ca. 13 March 2010
774:horizontal situation indicator
492:Horizontal situation indicator
415:horizontal situation indicator
1:
915:. p. 193. Archived from
763:Primary Flight Display (PFD)
128:Code of Federal Regulations
56:are the instruments in the
1257:
1134:Inertial navigation system
1124:Course deviation indicator
792:Index of aviation articles
751:
573:Automatic direction finder
553:
544:Course deviation indicator
495:
489:
424:
387:
319:
277:
243:
198:
157:
26:
882:Mark Natola, ed. (2002).
690:vertical speed indicator
621:vertical speed indicator
577:Radio magnetic indicator
246:Vertical speed indicator
240:Vertical speed indicator
27:Not to be confused with
1093:Turn and slip indicator
712:from 1938, such as the
684:turn and bank indicator
486:Flight director systems
427:Turn and slip indicator
369:turn and bank indicator
134:, compass systems, and
98:Instrument flight rules
1241:Navigational equipment
1195:Primary flight display
770:Primary flight display
765:
710:official specification
623:
583:using one instrument.
566:
556:Non-directional beacon
537:
437:
400:
380:
332:
290:
256:
211:
170:
146:Instruments which are
50:
1236:Measuring instruments
884:Boeing B-47 Stratojet
761:
698:(attitude indication)
594:
565:
536:
436:
399:
359:
331:
289:
255:
210:
169:
43:Slingsby T-67 Firefly
40:
1226:Aircraft instruments
1144:Satellite navigation
730:Handley Page Halifax
722:Supermarine Spitfire
522:Navigational systems
148:pitot-static systems
142:Pitot-static systems
748:Further development
446:. They include an
371:is top centre. The
361:Schempp-Hirth Janus
132:pitot-static system
117:cockpit instruments
82:Visual flight rules
54:Flight instruments
1231:Display technology
1119:Aircraft periscope
1078:Attitude indicator
1050:Airspeed indicator
1029:Flight instruments
766:
696:artificial horizon
678:airspeed indicator
628:flight instruments
624:
605:attitude indicator
601:airspeed indicator
567:
538:
464:Standard rate turn
452:Coordinated flight
438:
401:
381:
339:artificial horizon
333:
322:Attitude indicator
316:Attitude Indicator
311:Gyroscopic systems
291:
257:
236:operation speeds.
226:indicated airspeed
212:
201:Airspeed indicator
195:Airspeed indicator
171:
102:artificial horizon
86:airspeed indicator
51:
1213:
1212:
1083:Heading indicator
692:(feet per minute)
617:heading indicator
444:longitudinal axis
390:Heading indicator
384:Heading indicator
375:is replaced by a
373:heading indicator
305:heading indicator
189:inches of mercury
84:(VFR) require an
64:that provide the
41:The cockpit of a
29:Chosen instrument
18:Flight instrument
16:(Redirected from
1248:
1139:Magnetic compass
1098:Turn coordinator
1022:
1015:
1008:
999:
972:(FAA-H-8083-25A)
951:
950:
948:
946:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
904:
898:
897:
879:
873:
868:
862:
856:
742:Second World War
724:, and 4-engined
718:Hawker Hurricane
613:turn coordinator
274:Magnetic compass
110:radio navigation
21:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1185:Head-up display
1153:
1107:
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1031:
1026:
987:Popular Science
960:
955:
954:
944:
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937:
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920:
919:on 27 July 2014
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661:Royal Air Force
657:Jimmy Doolittle
653:
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589:
581:position fixing
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269:Compass systems
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45:two-seat light
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1158:Related topics
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1103:Turn indicator
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958:External links
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752:Main article:
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407:compass points
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108:(IMC) require
78:vertical speed
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817:Glass cockpit
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812:Control stand
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754:Glass cockpit
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651:Early history
650:
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645:glass cockpit
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634:T arrangement
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230:true airspeed
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138:instruments.
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39:
30:
19:
1112:Navigational
1037:Pitot-static
1028:
986:
969:
943:. Retrieved
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
912:
902:
883:
877:
866:
767:
739:
714:Miles Master
707:
654:
637:
627:
625:
570:
541:
501:
448:inclinometer
441:
404:
338:
336:
294:
260:
215:
185:hectopascals
174:
145:
125:
114:
53:
52:
777:cockpits".
504:Glide slope
474:(deg/s) or
1220:Categories
1205:Yaw string
1070:Gyroscopic
1060:Variometer
945:31 January
893:0764316702
823:References
734:Tiger Moth
641:windscreen
482:(min/tr).
454:, or in a
411:precession
263:variometer
222:pitot tube
136:gyroscopic
1055:Machmeter
1045:Altimeter
802:Dashboard
704:(degrees)
672:altimeter
655:In 1929,
609:altimeter
512:Localizer
297:Variation
160:Altimeter
154:Altimeter
90:altimeter
1200:V speeds
781:See also
597:airplane
92:, and a
74:airspeed
70:altitude
62:aircraft
47:airplane
807:Cockpit
680:(knots)
476:minutes
468:degrees
351:degrees
301:turning
280:Compass
177:aneroid
94:compass
58:cockpit
913:Flight
890:
674:(feet)
619:, and
587:Layout
472:second
365:glider
181:static
60:of an
923:3 May
514:, or
347:pitch
218:Knots
88:, an
66:pilot
1175:EFIS
1170:ECAM
1149:SIGI
974:2008
947:2011
925:2024
888:ISBN
728:and
571:The
516:GNSS
480:turn
478:per
470:per
460:Skid
456:Slip
343:roll
234:flap
508:VOR
458:or
377:GPS
363:-C
1222::
911:.
831:^
720:,
716:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
603:,
123:.
76:,
72:,
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
949:.
927:.
896:.
510:/
31:.
20:)
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