Flood control - Knowledge (XXG)

644: 530: 276: 1361: 36: 663:, and recreation. Reservoir and dam construction and design is based upon standards, typically set out by the government. In the United States, dam and reservoir design is regulated by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Design of a dam and reservoir follows guidelines set by the USACE and covers topics such as design flow rates in consideration to meteorological, topographic, streamflow, and soil data for the watershed above the structure. 853: 618:. It includes making buildings less prone to flooding. It also aims to make specific problems encountered during and after the storm less likely to recur. These include weeks-long fuel shortages even in unaffected areas due to legal and transportation problems, flooded health care facilities, insurance premium increases, damage to electricity and steam generation and distribution networks, and flooding of subway and roadway tunnels. 1252: 696: 940:. Instead of trucking in sandbag material for a flood, stacking it, then trucking it out to a hazmat disposal site, flood control can be accomplished by using the on site water. However, these are not fool proof. A 8 feet (2.4 m) high 2,000 feet (610 m) long water filled rubber flood berm that surrounded portions of the plant was punctured by a 377: 865: 454:(dark blue), the predicted floodplain for a 1 in 1000 year flood (light blue) and low-lying areas in need of flood defence (purple). The most sustainable way of reducing risk is to prevent further development in flood-prone areas and old waterways. It is important for at-risk communities to develop a comprehensive Floodplain Management plan. 76: 1004:, and urban topography to reproduce the evolution of a flood in order to identify the different levels of flooding risks associated with each element exposed. The modelling can be carried out using hydraulic models, conceptual models, or geomorphic methods. Nowadays, there is a growing attention also in the production of maps obtained with 196:, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. It also involves the management of people, through measures such as evacuation and flood proofing properties. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities. 835:. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters from moving upland, and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain out via the culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is driven by a difference in water level on either side of the gate. 1292:, it was found that forests would not have prevented or significantly reduced flooding in the case of an extreme weather event. However, more general or overview studies agree on the negative impacts that deforestation has on flood safety - and the positive effects of wise land use and reforestation. 1024:

goals, interactions of land-use planning with the integration of flood risks and required policies. In flood management, stakeholder engagement is seen as an important way to achieve greater cohesion and consensus. Integrating stakeholder engagement into flood management often provides a more complex

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In 1988, a method of using water to control flooding was discovered. This was accomplished by containing 2 parallel tubes within a third outer tube. When filled, this structure formed a non-rolling wall of water that can control 80 percent of its height in external water depth, with dry ground behind

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include for example land-use planning, advanced warning systems and flood insurance. Further examples for this type of flood control are: "zoning ordinances and codes, flood forecasting, flood proofing, evacuation and channel clearing, flood fight activities, and upstream land treatment or management

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This relationship examines management methods which includes a wide range of flood management methods including but are not limited to flood mapping and physical implication measures. FRM looks at how to reduce flood risk and how to appropriately manage risks that are associated with flooding. Flood

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Flood mapping is a tool used by governments and policy makers to delineate the borders of potential flooding events, allowing educated decisions to prevent extreme flooding events. Flood maps are useful to create documentation that allows policy makers to make informed decisions about flood hazards.

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Many dams and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to aid in flood protection and control. Many large dams have flood-control reservations in which the level of a reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the rainy/summer melt season to allow a

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Flooding has many impacts. It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and other species. Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant sediment deposition elsewhere (such as further downstream or down a coast). The spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats can become

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The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB) is a flood defense system designed to protect people and property from inland waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall, gales, or rapid melting snow. The SCFB can be built to protect residential properties and whole communities, as well as industrial or other

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to both the public and private sectors with information about flooding hazards. Flood mapping has been criticized in many areas around the world, due to the absence of public accessibility, technical writing and data, and lack of easy-to-understand information. However, revived attention towards

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When more homes, shops and infrastructure are threatened by the effects of flooding, then the benefits of protection are worth the additional cost. Temporary flood defenses can be constructed in certain locations which are prone to floods and provide protection from rising flood waters. Rivers

1135:. As is the case with all north-flowing rivers in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, snow melt in southern sections may cause river levels to rise before northern sections have had a chance to completely thaw. This can lead to devastating flooding, as occurred in Winnipeg during the 999:

Flood modelling is a tool used to model flood hazard and the effects on humans and the physical environment. Flood modelling takes into consideration how flood hazards, external and internal processes and factors, and the main drivers of floods interact with each other. Flood modelling combines

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by diversion onto land that can absorb the water. This technique can reduce the impact of later droughts by using the ground as a natural reservoir. It is being used in California, where orchards and vineyards can be flooded without damaging crops, or in other places wilderness areas have been

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Buildings and other urban infrastructure can be designed so that even if a flood does happen, the city can recover quickly and costs are minimized. For example, homes can be put on stilts, electrical and HVAC equipment can be put on the roof instead of in the basement, and subway entrances and

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Flood mitigation at the property level may also involve preventative measures focused on the building site, including scour protection for shoreline developments, improving rainwater in filtration through the use of permeable paving materials and grading away from structures, and inclusion of

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strategies. These can involve policy that reduces the amount of urban structures built around floodplains or flood prone areas through land zoning regulations. This helps to reduce the amount of mitigation needed to protect humans and buildings from flooding events. Similarly,

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offered to buy out flood-prone properties in the United States in order to prevent repeated disasters after the 1993 flood across the Midwest. Several communities accepted and the government, in partnership with the state, bought 25,000 properties which they converted into

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The Netherlands has one of the best flood control systems in the world, notably through its construction of dykes. The country faces high flooding risk due to the country's low-lying landscapes. The largest and most elaborate flood defenses are referred to as the

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Many have proposed that loss of vegetation (deforestation) will lead to an increased risk of flooding. With natural forest cover the flood duration should decrease. Reducing the rate of deforestation should improve the incidents and severity of floods.

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One way of reducing the damage caused by flooding is to remove buildings from flood-prone areas, leaving them as parks or returning them to wilderness. Floodplain buyout programs have been operated in places like New Jersey (both before and after

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polluted or completely destroyed. Some prolonged high floods can delay traffic in areas which lack elevated roadways. Floods can interfere with drainage and economical use of lands, such as interfering with farming. Structural damage can occur in

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This has been exacerbated by human activities such as draining wetlands that naturally store large amounts of water and building paved surfaces that do not absorb any water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within

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Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing. Also a flood has recently hit Pakistan which is said to be more devastating than the Tsunami of 2005".

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Crawford-Flett, Kaley; Blake, Daniel M.; Pascoal, Eduardo; Wilson, Matthew; Wotherspoon, Liam (2022). "A standardised inventory for New Zealand's stopbank (levee) network and its application for natural hazard exposure assessments".

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are all terms that mean "the detention and/or diversion of water during flood events for the purpose of reducing discharge or downstream inundation". They include methods that are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of

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is a useful tool for flood risk management that allows enhanced public engagement for agreements to be reached on policy discussions. Different management considerations can be taken into account including emergency management and

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as its crowning achievement. These works in the southwestern part of the country were built in response to the North Sea flood of 1953. The Dutch had already built one of the world's largest dams in the north of the country. The

321:, or other structures that retained the water. Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires, which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall. 573:

to deal with increased run-off from rainfall. This includes reducing paved areas or changing to water-permeable pavements, adding water-buffering vegetation, adding underground storage tanks, and subsidizing household

3804: 1211:(2005) in the city proper and in eastern sections of the Metro Area, resulting in the inundation of approximately 50 percent of the metropolitan area, ranging from a few inches to twenty feet in coastal communities. 947:

In 1999, a group of Norwegian engineers patented a transportable, removable, and reusable flood barrier which uses the water's weight against itself. This removable flood panels protect cities and public utilities.

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The most effective way of reducing the risk to people and property is through the production of flood risk maps. Most countries have produced maps which show areas prone to flooding based on flood data. In the

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using a deployable fabric cover system called Flex-Gate, a system that protects the subway entrances against 14 feet (4.3 m) of water. Extreme storm flood protection levels have been revised based on new

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and tries to create understanding and action about the risks posed by flooding. The relationships cover a wide range of topics, from drivers and natural processes, to models and socio-economic consequences.

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can be integrated into flood risk management plans. Flood risk management strategy diversification is needed to ensure that management strategies cover several different scenarios and ensure best practices.

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and other major cities on the lower Mississippi. It is the largest of a system of spillways and floodways along the Mississippi. Completed in 1954, the spillway has been opened twice, in 1973 and in 2011.

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The Leeds flood alleviation scheme uses movable weirs which are lowered during periods of high water to reduce the chances of flooding upstream. Two such weirs, the first in the UK, were installed on the

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hillsides to slow flow downhill, and the construction of floodways (man-made channels to divert floodwater). Other techniques include the construction of levees, lakes, dams, reservoirs,

261:, risk management involves "plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks". 1056:

risk management includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, analyzing risk, and providing a risk analysis system to mitigate the negative impacts caused by flooding.

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and areas of the community, which causes damage. Defenses (both long-term and short-term) can be constructed to minimize damage, which involves raising the edge of the water with

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Floods are caused by many factors or a combination of any of these generally prolonged heavy rainfall (locally concentrated or throughout a catchment area), highly accelerated

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are often impaired. Financial losses due to floods are typically millions of dollars each year, with the worst floods in recent U.S. history having cost billions of dollars.

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Ajmar, Andrea; Boccardo, Piero; Broglia, Marco; Kucera, Jan; Giulio-Tonolo, Fabio; Wania, Annett (2017-07-07), Molinari, Daniela; Menoni, Scira; Ballio, Francesco (eds.),

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closing an entire river, are being developed or used around the world. Regular maintenance of hydraulic structures, however, is another crucial part of flood control.

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During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as

1139:. To protect the city from future floods, the Manitoba government undertook the construction of a massive system of diversions, dikes, and flood ways (including the 916:

strategic areas. The barrier system is constantly ready to deploy in a flood situation, it can be installed in any length and uses the rising flood water to deploy.

3515: 2900: 2684: 2452: 1486:, while gravel extraction to lower river water levels is also a popular flood control technique. The management of flooding in the country is shifting towards 1454:, Rotterdam started a project to construct a floating housing development of 120 acres (0.49 km) to deal with rising sea levels. Several approaches, from 2562: 3244:"Multidimensional flood risk management under climate changes: Bibliometric analysis, trends and strategic guidelines for decision-making in urban dynamics" 2819: 1964: 3668: 2914:

Gomes Miguez, Marcelo; Peres Battemarco, Bruna; Martins De Sousa, Matheus; Moura Rezende, Osvaldo; Pires Veról, Aline; Gusmaroli, Giancarlo (2017-06-21).

1008:. Flood modelling is helpful for determining building development practices and hazard mitigation methods that reduce the risks associated with flooding. 3789: 1950: 1025:

analysis of the situation; this generally adds more demand in determining collective solutions and increases the time it takes to determine solutions.

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New ways to deal with water are constantly being developed and tested, such as the underground storage of water, storing water in reservoirs in large

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Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world".

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Hamilton, Lawrence S (1987). "What Are the Impacts of Himalayan Deforestation on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands and Delta? Assumptions and Facts".

3152: 2149: 429:, embankments or walls. The high population and value of infrastructure at risk often justifies the high cost of mitigation in larger urban areas. 253:) is a broader term that includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, and providing risk analysis for example through the practice of 4582: 1288:

and changing land use on the risk and severity of flooding are subjects of discussion. In assessing the impacts of Himalayan deforestation on the

1243:. These wetlands act as a sponge in storms and in 1995, when the floods returned, the government did not have to expend resources in those areas. 1235: 933: 2488: 2470: 1270:, Japan, the Hata clan successfully controlled floods on the Katsura River in around 500 A.D and also constructed a sluice on the Kazuno River. 2033: 659:

certain amount of space in which floodwaters can fill. Other beneficial uses of dam created reservoirs include hydroelectric power generation,

3427: 3015: 2876: 2608: 1759: 1482:), and its control is primarily managed and funded by local councils. Throughout the country there is a network of more than 5284 km of 1180: 896:

from flooding the protected area behind the barrier. A surge barrier is almost always part of a larger flood protection system consisting of

3969: 3297: 2996:"Response to Flood Events: The Role of Satellite-based Emergency Mapping and the Experience of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service" 2532: 1097: 1567:

Paoletti, Michele; Pellegrini, Marco; Belli, Alberto; Pierleoni, Paola; Sini, Francesca; Pezzotta, Nicola; Palma, Lorenzo (January 2023).

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Some methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times. These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water,

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tunnels can have built-in movable water barriers. New York City began a substantial effort to plan and build for flood resilience after

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Kelly, D.; McKerchar, A.; Hicks, M. (2005). "Making concrete: ecological implications of gravel extraction in New Zealand rivers".

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Flood barrier may also refer to barriers placed around or at individual buildings to keep floodwaters from entering the buildings.

529: 512:. Flood resilience technologies support the fast recovery of individuals and communities affected, but their use remains limited. 5208: 3805:"$ 1.5 billion urgently needed to protect New Zealanders from floods – investment support from government falling woefully short" 458: 3332: 2051: 4739: 2583:

Hegger, D.; Driessen, P.; Bakker, M. (2018). "Diversification of Flood Risk Management Strategies – Necessity and Importance".

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In 2023 it was found that over 4,000 flood defence schemes in England were ‘almost useless’ with many of them in areas hit by

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are important for reducing risks. Following the occurrence of flooding events, other measures such as rebuilding plans and

1200: 3526: 2711:"Flood-Risk Management, Mapping, and Planning: The Institutional Politics of Decision Support in England | EndNote Click" 235:

is the reduction of the effects of a flood using physical solutions, such as reservoirs, levees, dredging and diversions.

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US Army Corps of Engineers. (1997). Hydrologic engineering requirements for reservoirs. EM 1110-2-1420. Retrieved from

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are used in conjunction with dykes and culverts. They can be placed at the mouth of streams or small rivers, where an

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around Saint Petersburg. Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometres (15.8 mi) and stand 8 metres (26 ft) above

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flood mapping has renewed the interest in enhancing current flood mapping for use as a flood risk management method.

339:. About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow. 1047:. Flood risk management analyzes the relationships between physical systems and socio-economic environments through 4409: 2015: 1183:(MTA) initiated multiple flood barrier projects to protect the transit assets in Manhattan. In one case, the MTA's 3153:"Partnership Funding in flood risk management: multi-level stakeholder engagement – a question of roles and power" 5239: 5193: 5145: 5028: 3739:

http://water.dhv.com/EN/Water_management/Documents/2008%20Leaflet%20Innovative%20water%20storage%20techniques.pdf

3112:. Participatory and Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Flood Risk Management: An emerging research agenda. 3106:"Multi-level stakeholder engagement in flood risk management—A question of roles and power: Lessons from England" 1780: 1523: 1334: 1152: 1068: 937: 746: 522: 481: 185: 174: 1972: 1839:

Barendrecht, M. H.; Sairam, N.; Cumiskey, L.; Metin, A. D.; Holz, F.; Priest, S. J.; Kreibich, H. (2020-12-01).

275: 5178: 4895: 4860: 4702: 2360:"Uncertainty in the Himalayan energy–water nexus: estimating regional exposure to glacial lake outburst floods" 2270:

Menéndez, Pelayo; Losada, Iñigo J.; Torres-Ortega, Saul; Narayan, Siddharth; Beck, Michael W. (10 March 2020).

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the edges of the building. Private precautionary measures are increasingly important in flood risk management.

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Raadgever, G. T. (Tom); Booister, Nikéh; Steenstra, Martijn K. (2018), Raadgever, Tom; Hegger, Dries (eds.),

1707: 1683: 5188: 4880: 4645: 1508: 1383: 1021: 736:. Flood channels are sometimes built on the former courses of natural waterways as a way to reduce flooding. 188:. It involves the management of flood water movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of 5229: 5130: 4988: 4539: 4424: 1487: 1227: 1116: 1016: 771: 139: 84: 122:

type. Structural methods hold back floodwaters physically, while non-structural methods do not. Building

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In many countries, rivers are prone to floods and are often carefully managed. Defenses such as levees,

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Schwanghart, Wolfgang; Worni, Raphael; Huggel, Christian; Stoffel, Markus; Korup, Oliver (2016-07-01).

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Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-10-15).

2820:"Modeling urban floods at submeter resolution: challenges or opportunities for flood risk management?" 2764: 2763:

Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-01-01).

2633: 1840: 5198: 4920: 4744: 4504: 4311: 4105: 3835: 3604: 3560: 3255: 3208: 3117: 3049: 2956: 2776: 2645: 2371: 2283: 2191: 1852: 1580: 1402: 1343: 1148: 1136: 709: 3463: 1841:"Needed: A systems approach to improve flood risk mitigation through private precautionary measures" 5094: 5089: 4890: 4734: 4356: 4209: 4130: 4037: 3442: 2121: 1435: 1360: 857: 795: 365: 280: 135: 123: 417:

running through large urban developments are often controlled and channeled. Water rising above a

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upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood control methods can be either of the

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New York City produced a comprehensive report for its Rebuilding and Resiliency initiative after

605: 443: 178: 158: 53: 4840: 2765:"A coupled flood-agent-institution modelling (CLAIM) framework for urban flood risk management" 1894: 1281:

areas are rural areas that are deliberately flooded in emergencies in order to protect cities.

328:. Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. 5099: 4938: 4930: 4870: 4830: 4719: 4534: 4296: 4286: 4072: 3660: 3271: 3242:

da Silva, Lucas Borges Leal; Alencar, Marcelo Hazin; de Almeida, Adiel Teixeira (2020-11-01).

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Grimaldi, Salvatore; Petroselli, Andrea; Arcangeletti, Ettore; Nardi, Fernando (2013-04-22).

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refers to a dam that serves purely for flood control without any conservation storage (e.g.

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replaced with concrete dams to provide protection. This may also provide hydroelectric power

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Property owners may fit their homes to stop water entering by blocking doors and air vents,

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The costs of flood protection rise as more people and property are to be protected. The US

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has produced maps which show areas at risk. The map to the right shows a flood map for the

5018: 4978: 4973: 4764: 4577: 4464: 4459: 4243: 4180: 4150: 4115: 4110: 4077: 4042: 4013: 3038:"Flood risk management in Sint Maarten – A coupled agent-based and flood modelling method" 2749: 2156: 1447: 1188: 1172: 1060: 1044: 973: 964: 779: 733: 615: 509: 477: 470: 364:, bank lines, sewer lines, and other structures within floodways. Waterway navigation and 361: 111: 3764: 2514: 1039:

Flood risk management (FRM) aims to reduce the human and socio-economic losses caused by

3839: 3608: 3564: 3406: 3259: 3212: 3121: 3053: 2780: 2649: 2384: 2375: 2359: 2287: 1856: 1584: 545:. Sea level rise can make coastal flooding worse. In some areas there are also risks of 5234: 5079: 4963: 4943: 4825: 4810: 4697: 4682: 4677: 4637: 4617: 4529: 4371: 4361: 4351: 4316: 4248: 4233: 4140: 4062: 4022: 2634:"Flood mapping in ungauged basins using fully continuous hydrologic–hydraulic modeling" 2312: 2271: 1611: 1568: 1463: 1375: 1313: 1064: 1005: 869: 818: 675: 632: 538: 451: 439: 332: 325: 318: 284: 170: 166: 3220: 5223: 5160: 5155: 5140: 5125: 5074: 5069: 4835: 4800: 4754: 4709: 4469: 4341: 4301: 4047: 4027: 3916:

Aotearoa New Zealand's first emissions reduction plan: Chapter 4: Working with Nature

3855: 3721: 3616: 3572: 3318: 3283: 3087: 2728: 2618: 2401: 1880: 1805: 1539: 1513: 1309: 1285: 1278: 1176: 1132: 1120: 1083:, for example, estimates that for every $ 1.00 spent on mitigation, $ 4.00 is saved. 881: 845: 824: 806: 775: 713: 557: 385: 3624: 3580: 2851: 2804: 2105: 1569:"Discharge Monitoring in Open-Channels: An Operational Rating Curve Management Tool" 5150: 4900: 4885: 4875: 4724: 4655: 4524: 4489: 4404: 4346: 4221: 4120: 4082: 4057: 2416: 1379: 1365: 955:, are polypropylene exteriors with wood pulp within, though they are one-time use. 699: 648: 609: 3169: 3062: 3037: 2788: 2657: 1918: 1787:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930, 963:

There are several methods of non-structural flood control that form part of flood

904:(also known as dikes), and other constructions and natural geographical features. 608:, so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers. One example is the 3129: 5059: 4983: 4687: 4650: 4597: 4321: 4306: 4281: 4155: 3428:"Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Wildfires, Earthquakes... Why We Don't Prepare." 3385: 3267: 2592: 2558: 1864: 1819: 1751: 1641: 1475: 1451: 1440: 1431: 1418: 1410: 1390: 1223: 893: 889: 791: 762:, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. A 725: 600:

More frequent drenching rains may make it necessary to increase the capacity of

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A distinction is made between structural and non-structural flood mitigation:

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methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels.

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waters. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as

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Eijgenraam, Carel; Brekelmans, Ruud; Hertog, Dick den; Roos, Kees (2017).

695: 4805: 4772: 4449: 4291: 4258: 3870: 3653:"More than 4,000 English flood defences 'almost useless', analysis finds" 3639:

Paris Under Water: How the City of Light Survived the Great Flood of 1910

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As Waters Rise, Miami Beach Builds Higher Streets And Political Willpower

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Installing devices to prevent seawater from backflowing into storm drains

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that identify areas of future risk, enabling local governments to apply

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Manfreda, Salvatore; Di Leo, Margherita; Sole, Aurelia (October 2011).

2835: 2600: 2471:"Where Levees Fail In California, Nature Can Step In To Nurture Rivers" 2453:"As Rains Soak California, Farmers Test How To Store Water Underground" 2337:"Many hydroelectric plants in Himalayas are at risk from glacial lakes" 2089: 2034:"To Flood-Proof Subways, N.Y. Looks At Everything From Plugs To Sheets" 1414: 925: 828: 759: 667: 593: 389: 310: 204:

There are a number of similar terms that are all used interchangeably:

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to control flood damages without physically restraining flood waters".

4910: 4782: 4607: 4602: 4554: 4544: 4514: 4439: 4194: 4125: 4097: 3996: 2932: 2915: 2515:"Nebraska Nuclear Plant's Vital Equipment Remains Dry, Officials Say" 2166: 2164: 1371: 721: 496: 426: 418: 314: 3492: 2069:

White, I.; Connelly, A.; Garvin, S.; Lawson, N.; O'Hare, P. (2018).

3002:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 211–228, 2719: 2710: 2246:"New Jersey homeowners to get buyout offers after Superstorm Sandy" 1151:

which devastated many communities upriver from Winnipeg, including

720:), or dry channels that run below the street levels of some larger 130:, is effective at managing flooding. However, best practice within 106:) methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of 5008: 4993: 4948: 4692: 4665: 4612: 4479: 4474: 4444: 4429: 4238: 4008: 3992: 1919:"Floodplain Management: Sound Techniques to Improve Your Recovery" 1659:"Strengthening climate resilience through better flood management" 1483: 1459: 1349: 1305: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1040: 901: 863: 851: 831:

begins or where tributary streams, or drainage ditches connect to

729: 728:

occurs the excess water can drain out along these channels into a

717: 694: 642: 528: 375: 354: 298: 274: 222: 143: 107: 74: 5038: 5003: 4559: 4519: 4484: 1544: 1317: 932:

it. Eight foot tall water filled barriers were used to surround

763: 447: 397: 162: 80: 3965: 2957:"Detection of Flood-Prone Areas Using Digital Elevation Models" 2818:

Almeida, Gustavo De; Bates, Paul; Ozdemir, Hasan (2016-11-07).

4958: 4399: 3525:. London: James & James Science Publishers. Archived from 2016:"Federal Insurance & Mitigation Administration - FEMA.gov" 1196:

guidelines for 100-year and 500-year design flood elevations.

1107:

An elaborate system of flood way defenses can be found in the

29: 2415:

NYC Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (2013).

1316:(1976) have controlled various amounts of flooding along the 884:, surge barrier or storm surge barrier is a specific type of 1746:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–100, 1708:"UNTERM, search term: non-structural flood control measures" 1337:, the French government built a series of reservoirs called 766:, also known as a lowhead dam, is most often used to create 592:

Glacial lakes in danger of outburst flooding can have their

1059:

Flooding and flood risk are especially important with more

3360:"Anti-flood system rolled out in a lower Manhattan subway" 860:

contains 62 steel doors, each 42 metres (138 ft) wide

3516:"The Hydrology of Disastrous floods in Asia: An Overview" 1413:. It also has a main traffic function, as it completes a 924:

When permanent defenses fail, emergency measures such as

461:

must agree to regulate development in flood-prone areas.

3783:

Meeting the Challenges of Future Flooding in New Zealand

3765:"In Europe, High-Tech Flood Control, With Nature's Help" 27:

Methods for reducing detrimental effects of flood waters

2551:"Rosyth residents' fears over 'useless' flood measures" 2122:"All Climate Is Local: How Mayors Fight Global Warming" 1352:

during floods, especially the regular winter flooding.

533:

Flood protection for town of Ybbs along the river Donau

47: 1348:(or Great Lakes) which helps remove pressure from the 790:

in October 2017 at Crown Point, Leeds city centre and

778:

to prevent a recurrence of the flood damage caused by

944:

and it collapsed flooding a portion of the facility.

44:

A request that this article title be changed to

3487:(3). Bern: International Mountain Society: 256–263. 716:

can flow through but is not retained (except during

499:

regulations to prevent or minimize property damage.

421:

full capacity may cause flooding to spread to other

335:

or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and human-made

5108: 5047: 4929: 4791: 4763: 4664: 4636: 4568: 4390: 4257: 4174: 4096: 4007: 2685:"Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report" 2272:"The Global Flood Protection Benefits of Mangroves" 1333:Following the misery and destruction caused by the 3104:Thaler, Thomas; Levin-Keitel, Meike (2016-01-01). 2120: 809:has been addressed with coastal defenses, such as 702:is an example of a concrete flood control channel. 3722:"In pictures: Rotterdam strengthens sea defences" 3464:"China blows up seventh dike to divert flooding." 433:Protection of wider areas such as towns or cities 3248:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 552:There are many adaptation options for flooding: 161:practices have to handle natural processes like 87:to prevent a recurrence of a catastrophic flood. 2585:Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance 2192:"A City Prepares for a Warm Long-Term Forecast" 1744:Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance 457:In the US, communities that participate in the 309:, severe winds over water, unusual high tides, 3751:"Dutch Architects Plan for a Floating Future." 2533:"New weapon in the fight against flood damage" 1579:(4). MDPI (published 10 February 2023): 2035. 1234:In an act of successful flood prevention, the 1218:provides a method of diverting water from the 1071:as more areas will be effected by flood risk. 635:to hold extra water during times of flooding. 3977: 3317:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. 2052:"Sustainable Communities - Climate Resiience" 8: 3362:. Reuters. November 19, 2015. Archived from 1147:). The system kept Winnipeg safe during the 794:. The Knostrop weir was operated during the 580:Raising pumps at wastewater treatment plants 61:this article until the discussion is closed. 3333:"New York Today: In Hurricane Sandy's Wake" 2489:"Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme: Phase One" 1474:Flooding is the greatest natural hazard in 3984: 3970: 3962: 3790:Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand) 3300:. Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency 2899:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2225:"Cities Embrace the Adaptation Imperative" 928:or inflatable impermeable sacks are used. 583:Buying out homeowners in flood-prone areas 3692:"Optimal Strategies for Flood Prevention" 3331:Schlossberg, Tatiana (October 29, 2015). 3168: 3061: 2931: 2868:Flood modeling, prediction and mitigation 2718: 2383: 2311: 1610: 1592: 741:Floodplains and groundwater replenishment 556:Installing better flood defences such as 537:Flooding can occur in cities or towns as 3523:Hydrology and Water Resources Department 1359: 1171:is the lead flood control agency. After 604:systems. This separates stormwater from 586:Raising street level to prevent flooding 173:. Flood control is an important part of 4583:International scale of river difficulty 1556: 1378:, a huge mechanical barrier across the 934:Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station 541:. It can also take place by the sea as 150:, for handling the increase in water. 3875:Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3763:Broad, William J. (6 September 2005). 3753:National Public Radio, Washington, DC. 2892: 2769:Environmental Modelling & Software 2745: 2734: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2441:http://www.publications.usace.army.mil 1834: 1832: 450:, including the floodplain for a 1 in 3914:Ministry for the Environment (2022). 3641:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). 3190: 3188: 3151:Thale, Thomas; Priest, Sally (2016). 3099: 3097: 2417:"A Stronger, More Resilient New York" 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1181:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 750:re-engineered to act as floodplains. 7: 1994:"Missouri Buyout Program - FEMA.gov" 1823: 1684:"UNTERM, search term: flood control" 1645: 1562: 1560: 1098:Lists of floods in the United States 523:Climate change adaptation § Flooding 491:In the United States, FEMA produces 3942:. Forest and Bird. 2022. p. 3. 3042:Journal of Environmental Management 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1194:Federal Emergency Management Agency 1043:and is part of the larger field of 372:Protection of individual properties 3651:Halliday, Josh (30 October 2023). 3110:Environmental Science & Policy 2973:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000367 2513:Wald, Matthew L. (June 27, 2011). 1900:. BC Housing Management Commission 1740:"Flood Risk Management Strategies" 1187:(NYCT) sealed subway entrances in 774:in Toronto, a weir was built near 25: 3481:Mountain Research and Development 3197:"Flood risk and flood management" 2961:Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 2223:Revkin, Andrew C. (23 May 2011). 1405:was completed in 2008 to protect 3828:Journal of Flood Risk Management 3617:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x 3573:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x 2824:Journal of Flood Risk Management 2078:Journal of Flood Risk Management 1464:movable semi-circular structures 872:closes the main entrance to the 844:This section is an excerpt from 687:This section is an excerpt from 521:This section is an excerpt from 459:National Flood Insurance Program 297:This section is an excerpt from 34: 4740:Flooded grasslands and savannas 1207:, with numerous breaks, during 1185:New York City Transit Authority 3803:Ko Tatou LGNZ (6 April 2022). 3203:. Advances in Flood Research. 3195:Plate, Erich J. (2002-10-01). 2364:Environmental Research Letters 2190:Kaufman, Leslie (2011-05-23). 2173:"Cities combat climate change" 2171:Koch, Wendy (15 August 2011). 1490:, such as the widening of the 1374:is protected from flooding by 1123:, passing through the city of 589:Using and protecting mangroves 564:and increased pumping capacity 349:Reducing the impacts of floods 292:Coastal flooding § Causes 70:Flood control (communications) 1: 3918:. The New Zealand Government. 3869:McSaveney, E (12 June 2006). 3426:Ripley, Amanda (2006-08-28). 3221:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00135-X 3063:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109317 2789:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.10.015 2658:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.023 2385:10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074005 1222:when a river flood threatens 1201:New Orleans Metropolitan Area 876:, the largest port in Europe. 745:Excess water can be used for 259:natural hazards and disasters 126:to prevent flooding, such as 4906:Universal Soil Loss Equation 4856:Hydrological transport model 4750:Storm Water Management Model 3298:"What is Hazard Mitigation?" 3130:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.007 3000:Geophysical Monograph Series 2561:. 2013-06-12. Archived from 1969:City of Charlotte Government 1169:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 986:Flood mapping also provides 938:2011 Missouri River Flooding 920:Temporary perimeter barriers 547:glacial lake outburst floods 239:Non-structural flood control 134:is more and more to rely on 68:For the protocol issue, see 3268:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101865 3170:10.1051/e3sconf/20160720009 2709:Demeritt, J. Porter and D. 2593:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_2 2244:Hillary Russ (2013-07-03). 1924:. Disaster Management Today 1865:10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100080 1752:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_8 1458:sensors detecting imminent 1290:Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands 5256: 4410:Antecedent drainage stream 3445:. Kyoto City Council. 2004 3008:10.1002/9781119217930.ch14 2296:10.1038/s41598-020-61136-6 1443:closing occurred in 1932. 1167:In the United States, the 1095: 1032: 911:Self-closing flood barrier 843: 686: 520: 468: 352: 296: 289: 67: 5174: 5146:River valley civilization 5029:Riparian-zone restoration 3871:"'Floods'- Flood control" 3749:Palca, Joe (2008-01-28). 3514:Semi, Naginder S (1989). 3407:"How to Read a Flood Map" 2129:. No. September 2011 1793:10.1017/9781009325844.029 1524:Flood Control Act of 1936 1335:1910 Great Flood of Paris 1119:flows northward from the 1000:factors such as terrain, 951:Other solutions, such as 747:groundwater replenishment 516:Climate change adaptation 493:flood insurance rate maps 412:Protection of communities 186:environmental engineering 184:Flood control is part of 175:climate change adaptation 5209:Countries without rivers 5184:Rivers by discharge rate 4896:Runoff model (reservoir) 4861:Infiltration (hydrology) 3637:See Jeffrey H. Jackson, 2341:environmentalresearchweb 1339:Les Grands Lacs de Seine 888:, designed to prevent a 233:Structural flood control 4881:River Continuum Concept 4646:Agricultural wastewater 2335:Kate Ravilious (2016). 2155:8 December 2016 at the 1509:Disaster risk reduction 1384:North Sea flood of 1953 1022:disaster risk reduction 380:Emergency flood barrier 5204:River name etymologies 5131:Hydraulic civilization 4989:Floodplain restoration 4765:Point source pollution 4540:Sedimentary structures 3936:Making Room for Rivers 3931:Tukua Ngā Awa Kei Rere 3897:Water & Atmosphere 3708:10.1287/mnsc.2015.2395 3157:E3S Web of Conferences 2744:Cite journal requires 1804:Basic Biology (2016). 1488:nature based solutions 1368: 1263: 1017:Stakeholder engagement 1012:Stakeholder engagement 959:Non-structural methods 877: 861: 706:Flood control channels 703: 655: 534: 484:, North Carolina, and 381: 313:, or failure of dams, 287: 88: 85:Humber River (Ontario) 4816:Discharge (hydrology) 4778:Industrial wastewater 4259:Sedimentary processes 3597:Global Change Biology 3553:Global Change Biology 2871:. Cham, Switzerland. 2119:Rosenzweig, Cynthia. 1364:Flood barrier on the 1363: 1254: 1049:flood risk assessment 1035:Flood risk assessment 1029:Flood risk assessment 970:flood warning systems 867: 855: 698: 689:Flood control channel 647:Flood Discharging at 646: 532: 379: 290:Further information: 279:Relationship between 278: 255:flood risk assessment 251:flood risk management 153:To prevent or manage 132:landscape engineering 78: 4921:Volumetric flow rate 4505:Riffle-pool sequence 3321:Accessed 2014-01-24. 3201:Journal of Hydrology 2638:Journal of Hydrology 1403:Saint Petersburg Dam 1284:The consequences of 1127:(where it meets the 708:are large and empty 388:important areas and 355:Flood § Effects 257:. In the context of 5095:Whitewater kayaking 5090:Whitewater canoeing 4891:Runoff curve number 4735:Flood pulse concept 3840:2022JFRM...15E2777C 3728:. 27 November 2009. 3609:2007GCBio..13.2379B 3565:2007GCBio..13.2379B 3366:on December 8, 2015 3260:2020IJDRR..5001865D 3213:2002JHyd..267....2P 3122:2016ESPol..55..292T 3054:2019JEnvM.24809317A 2865:Şen, Zekâi (2018). 2781:2019EnvMS.111..483A 2650:2013JHyd..487...39G 2376:2016ERL....11g4005S 2288:2020NatSR..10.4404M 2127:Scientific American 1857:2020WatSe..1100080B 1822:, 2008 (see below: 1644:, 2008 (see below: 1585:2023Senso..23.2035P 1436:Oosterscheldekering 1155:, North Dakota and 1087:Examples by country 858:Oosterscheldekering 796:2019 England floods 366:hydroelectric power 281:impervious surfaces 136:soft infrastructure 124:hard infrastructure 5121:Aquatic toxicology 5034:Stream restoration 4999:Infiltration basin 4851:Hydrological model 4367:Sediment transport 4190:Estavelle/Inversac 4068:Subterranean river 3848:10.1111/jfr3.12777 3792:. 2008. p. v. 3769:The New York Times 3696:Management Science 3671:on 30 October 2023 3443:"History of Kyoto" 3338:The New York Times 2836:10.1111/jfr3.12276 2689:Geneva Association 2587:. pp. 25–33. 2519:The New York Times 2276:Scientific Reports 2230:The New York Times 2196:The New York Times 2090:10.1111/jfr3.12239 1781:Annex II: Glossary 1530:Coastal management 1369: 1264: 1236:federal government 1141:Red River Floodway 878: 862: 704: 661:water conservation 656: 623:Structural methods 535: 444:Environment Agency 408:in the landscape. 382: 288: 271:Causes of flooding 179:climate resilience 159:coastal management 89: 5217: 5216: 5194:Whitewater rivers 5100:Whitewater slalom 4931:River engineering 4831:Groundwater model 4792:River measurement 4720:Flood forecasting 4535:Sedimentary basin 4392:Fluvial landforms 4297:Bed material load 4073:River bifurcation 3603:(11): 2379–2395. 3559:(11): 2379–2395. 3017:978-1-119-21793-0 2878:978-3-319-52356-9 2610:978-3-319-67698-2 2555:Dunfermline Press 1818:"Flood Control", 1761:978-3-319-67699-9 1640:"Flood Control", 1594:10.3390/s23042035 1220:Mississippi River 1216:Morganza Spillway 1209:Hurricane Katrina 1145:Portage Diversion 1129:Assiniboine River 1109:Canadian province 1069:by climate change 988:conceptual models 942:skid-steer loader 874:Port of Rotterdam 815:beach nourishment 782:in October 1954. 653:2020 China floods 612:in Kuala Lumpur. 571:Rainwater storage 465:Strategic retreat 218:flood alleviation 83:was built on the 66: 65: 16:(Redirected from 5247: 5240:Water management 5179:Rivers by length 5014:River morphology 4916:Wetted perimeter 4821:Drainage density 4332:Headward erosion 4161:Perennial stream 4033:Blackwater river 3986: 3979: 3972: 3963: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3760: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3702:(5): 1644–1656. 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3667:. 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1656: 1652: 1646:Further reading 1639: 1628: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1504: 1472: 1448:parking garages 1427: 1425:The Netherlands 1399: 1358: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1312:(1902) and the 1302: 1249: 1189:lower Manhattan 1173:Hurricane Sandy 1165: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1089: 1077: 1061:extreme weather 1045:risk management 1037: 1031: 1014: 997: 995:Flood modelling 983: 965:risk management 961: 922: 913: 908: 907: 849: 841: 819:barrier islands 804: 780:Hurricane Hazel 756: 743: 738: 737: 734:bodies of water 724:, so that if a 692: 684: 641: 633:retention ponds 625: 620: 619: 616:Hurricane Sandy 526: 518: 510:Hurricane Sandy 505: 478:Hurricane Sandy 473: 471:Managed retreat 467: 435: 414: 374: 357: 351: 346: 341: 340: 333:stream channels 319:retention ponds 302: 294: 273: 202: 140:natural systems 112:extreme weather 73: 62: 46: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5253: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 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4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4530:Rock-cut basin 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4372:Suspended load 4369: 4364: 4362:Secondary flow 4359: 4354: 4352:Retrogradation 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4317:Dissolved load 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4249:Spring horizon 4246: 4241: 4236: 4234:Mineral spring 4231: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4215:list in the US 4212: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Stream channel 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4063:Drainage basin 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Alluvial river 4019: 4017: 4005: 4004: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3956:Flood articles 3951: 3950:External links 3948: 3946: 3945: 3921: 3906: 3887: 3861: 3817: 3795: 3774: 3755: 3742: 3731: 3713: 3682: 3643: 3630: 3586: 3543: 3506: 3471: 3456: 3434: 3419: 3398: 3377: 3351: 3323: 3319:"Civil Works." 3310: 3289: 3234: 3184: 3143: 3093: 3028: 3016: 2986: 2947: 2906: 2877: 2857: 2810: 2755: 2746:|journal= 2720:10.1068/a44660 2701: 2671: 2624: 2609: 2575: 2542: 2524: 2505: 2480: 2462: 2444: 2432: 2421:nyc Government 2407: 2327: 2262: 2236: 2215: 2182: 2160: 2139: 2111: 2061: 2043: 2025: 2007: 1985: 1956: 1934: 1910: 1895:"Flood Events" 1886: 1845:Water Security 1828: 1811: 1796: 1772: 1760: 1723: 1699: 1675: 1665:. 30 July 2021 1650: 1626: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1471: 1468: 1426: 1423: 1398: 1395: 1376:Thames Barrier 1357: 1356:United Kingdom 1354: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1314:Aswan High Dam 1301: 1298: 1255:Floodgates in 1248: 1245: 1164: 1161: 1137:spring of 1950 1104: 1101: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1073: 1065:sea level rise 1033:Main article: 1030: 1027: 1013: 1010: 1006:remote sensing 996: 993: 982: 979: 960: 957: 921: 918: 912: 909: 870:Maeslantkering 850: 842: 840: 837: 803: 800: 755: 754:River defenses 752: 742: 739: 693: 685: 683: 680: 676:Seven Oaks Dam 640: 637: 624: 621: 598: 597: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 568: 565: 558:flood barriers 539:urban flooding 527: 519: 517: 514: 504: 501: 469:Main article: 466: 463: 452:100-year flood 434: 431: 413: 410: 373: 370: 353:Main article: 350: 347: 345: 342: 326:surface runoff 303: 299:Flood § Causes 295: 285:surface runoff 272: 269: 244: 243: 236: 201: 198: 171:climate change 167:sea level rise 120:non-structural 64: 63: 60: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5252: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5230:Flood control 5228: 5227: 5225: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Surface water 5159: 5157: 5156:Sacred waters 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5141:Riparian zone 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5126:Body of water 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5075:Riverboarding 5073: 5071: 5070:River surfing 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794:and modelling 4790: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4755:Return period 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Flood control 4713: 4711: 4710:Flood barrier 4708: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4342:Palaeochannel 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302:Granular flow 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4048:Channel types 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4028:Braided river 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834:(2): e12777. 3833: 3829: 3821: 3818: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830:: S855–S865. 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2565:on 2014-07-14 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2370:(7): 074005. 2369: 2365: 2361: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2128: 2123: 2115: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2084:: S468–S478. 2083: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1975:on 2017-04-16 1974: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1713: 1712:unterm.un.org 1709: 1703: 1700: 1689: 1688:unterm.un.org 1685: 1679: 1676: 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1114: 1110: 1102: 1099: 1092:North America 1091: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 994: 992: 989: 981:Flood mapping 980: 978: 975: 971: 966: 958: 956: 954: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 929: 927: 919: 917: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882:flood barrier 875: 871: 866: 859: 854: 847: 846:Flood barrier 839:Flood barrier 838: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 801: 799: 797: 793: 789: 783: 781: 777: 776:Raymore Drive 773: 770:, but on the 769: 765: 761: 753: 751: 748: 740: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 714:surface water 711: 707: 701: 697: 690: 681: 679: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 654: 650: 645: 638: 636: 634: 630: 622: 617: 613: 611: 607: 603: 595: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 577: 572: 569: 566: 563: 559: 555: 554: 553: 550: 548: 544: 540: 531: 524: 515: 513: 511: 502: 500: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 472: 464: 462: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 432: 430: 428: 424: 420: 411: 409: 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Retrieved 3874: 3864: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3808:. Retrieved 3798: 3777: 3768: 3758: 3745: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3673:. Retrieved 3669:the original 3657:The Guardian 3656: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3536:15 September 3534:. Retrieved 3527:the original 3522: 3509: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3467:China Daily. 3466: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3437: 3430: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3401: 3389:. Retrieved 3386:"Flood Maps" 3380: 3368:. Retrieved 3364:the original 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3336: 3326: 3313: 3302:. Retrieved 3292: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3204: 3200: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3113: 3109: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3021:, retrieved 2999: 2989: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2867: 2860: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2737:cite journal 2704: 2693:. Retrieved 2691:. 2020-11-24 2688: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2584: 2578: 2567:. Retrieved 2563:the original 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2508: 2496:. Retrieved 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2435: 2424:. 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