351:. The French scholar Dr. Poutrin praised this article for showing "the soul of the Indian hidden from strangers." Florence Shotridge claimed in this text that Chilkat society sharply discouraged girls from talking loudly and prized silence and decorum in women. She described how girls upon puberty underwent a period of training of four to twelve months during which they engaged in seclusion, fasting, training in manners, and instruction in making a ceremonial outfit or object. At the end of this period, females engaged in the custom of "coming out", dressed in a hooded leather robe, to signal entry into womanhood. Florence Shotridge concluded her essay by noting that with the appearance of Christian missionaries, who disapproved of these practices, the customs that she described were vanishing.
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peoples but also by promoting
English-language education and associated Anglo-American customs. These circumstances help to explain how Florence – who attended the mission school for four years, in contrast to Louis, who attended for only 17 months – developed a relatively strong command of both spoken and written English at a time when many Chilkat people did not know English.
387:, who outlived Florence by twenty-two years, published over a dozen ethnographic articles and went on to become the subject of many academic studies. And yet, in the words of the anthropologist Elizabeth P. Seaton, "It was in fact Florence's skill at weaving which initiated the Shotridges' relationship with the world of anthropological trade."
468:
Writing in 2001, the anthropologist
Elizabeth Seaton observed that Florence Shotridge, during her short career at the Penn Museum after 1912, had been a "'museum Indian' – a living ethnographic exhibit of sorts" who cultivated stereotypes about Native Americans as alternately primitive, exotic, and
205:
of 1896. The town enjoyed a position on the
Alaskan panhandle where the Chilkat Tlingit people could mediate between coastal and inland groups. During Florence's youth, Haines began to receive an influx of tourists, who were eager to buy Native Alaskan crafts; the economy of the town also relied on
469:
erotic. Her self-staging of abstract and generalized Native
American life for museum audiences, combined with her career as a collector of Native Alaskan artistic and cultural objects for a distant museum, has endowed her career as an ethnographer and performer with ambiguity and even controversy.
464:
that he produced about the Penn Museum in 2010, Florence
Shotridge's work largely catered to non-Native audiences. With her husband Louis, Helguera argued, Florence Shotridge was "playing to others' expectations as to what constitutes Indian-ness" and in that way that "enact Anglo-American desires
209:
The U.S. government, which bought Alaska from Russia in 1867, banned the use of the
Tlingit language and promoted English instead. Presbyterian missionaries, who started work in Haines in 1878, promoted the U.S. government's social objectives not only by trying to spread Christianity among native
409:
In 1911, Louis
Shotridge asked the Penn Museum's director, George Byron Gordon, to buy the Chilkat blanket which had taken Florence many months to weave, first, at the Lewis and Clark Exposition and later, in Los Angeles (where she completed it). Gordon declined, but in 1914, the anthropologist
306:
At a time when the Penn Museum was expanding its public outreach programs, Florence and Louis
Shotridge performed Native American folkways for Penn Museum visitors. Photographs show that Florence and Louis Shotridge sometimes wore Plains Indian outfits, with leather, beadwork, and feathered
343:
The article on "Indians of the
Northwest" cited Louis Shotridge as the first author. Yet on the basis of its prose, the anthropologist Maureen E. Milburn concluded that its actual writer was Florence Shotridge, "whose clear, expository style was different from that of her husband's."
226:
in
Portland, Oregon. He also needed someone who could speak English to visitors at this fair. Brady chose Florence Shotridge, one of the few Chilkat females who could weave and speak English fluently, a result of her having attended the Presbyterian mission school in Haines.
314:. The Shotridge Expedition was the first anthropological expedition led by Native Americans. The expedition entrusted Louis and Florence with the task of collecting ethnographic objects and gathering detailed information on myths and religious beliefs. Because of the
398:, and the vibrant yellow color was extracted from a yellow moss found only in Alaska. The moss is hard to extract and therefore the dye that comes from it is rare and expensive. The pattern on the blanket mimicked her father's family emblem, or
918:
426:. The same museum also preserves a description of the blanket, called "The Tina Blanket", that Florence wrote. In her account, she described its iconography, which included the grizzly bear crest of her father's house.
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in 1906, as well as a variety of other Indian craft fairs. They performed with a traveling Indian grand opera company in 1911, with Florence playing piano and Louis singing in baritone. They also attended the World in
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in Portland, Oregon. Brady recruited Florence Shotridge to demonstrate Chilkat weaving, as she was the only one in her tribe who spoke English, and invited her husband Louis along, to describe Tlingit masks and dyes.
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ended, Florence and Louis Shotridge took a series of temporary jobs during the years from 1906 to 1913 and hired a tutor to improve their English skills. They joined Antonio Apache's Indian Crafts Exhibition in
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decorations, which were quite different from the Tlingit clothing of Alaska. Florence, in particular, often led groups of schoolchildren through the museum while she dressed up in Native American outfits.
234:, director of the Penn Museum, who was planning a trip to Alaska to purchase materials. The Shotridges developed a rapport with Gordon, who bought 49 Alaskan objects from them for the Penn Museum.
336:. This French anthropological journal was the publication of the Société des Américanistes (Society of Americanists), founded in 1895, which continues to flourish today under the aegis of the
194:
In Haines, Scundoo attended the Presbyterian Mission School for four years. There she excelled in singing and piano and learned to speak English. At this school, Florence met fellow student
340:
in Paris. Poutrin praised their article for describing Tlingit material culture, including the construction of houses, and familial culture, including the organization of totemic clans.
230:
Florence Shotridge attended the Centennial Exposition with her husband Louis, who brought several Tlingit craft items with the idea of selling them to collectors. In Portland they met
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291:. Florence worked at the Museum in a voluntary capacity, helping Louis with his work and guiding groups of schoolchildren on tours of the museum. She often dressed in
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met Florence Shotridge in 1905 when she was living in Haines. At the time, he was looking for an Indian woman skilled in Chilkat weaving to represent Alaska at the
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Florence Shotridge began weaving the blanket in Portland, and finished the piece in Los Angeles at the Indian Crafts Exhibition. She made the blanket itself with
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With her husband Louis Shotridge, Florence Shotridge published a short ethnographic study entitled "Indians of the Northwest" in the University of Pennsylvania's
888:
406:, she reported that she spent eight months weaving the blanket, spending an average of six hours per day working on it. She also valued the blanket at $ 1,500.
198:, who also belonged to a high-ranking Chilkat family and to whom her parents had already betrothed her when she was a child. They married on December 25, 1902.
287:, hired Louis Shotridge on a temporary basis, and later in 1915 gave him a full-time job as an Assistant Curator and cataloguer of the American section of the
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The Penn Museum does hold an unfinished Chilkat blanket which Florence Shotridge started to weave. It is made of wool and cedar bark, and dates from 1912.
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687:
Poutrin, Dr. (1919). "Review of Louis and Florence Shotridge, Indians of the Northwest (University of Pennsylvania, The Museum Journal, 4 , pp. 70-103".
595:"Shotridge in Philadelphia: Representing Native Alaskan People to East Coast Audiences" in Sharing Our Knowledge: The Tlingit and Their Coastal Neighbors
318:
she had contracted years before, Florence spent this trip in ill health and ultimately died in Haines, Alaska, in a house that the Shotridges had built.
437:
By the time Florence and Louis Shotridge set out on the Wanamaker-funded expedition to Alaska in 1916, Florence Shotridge was struggling with a case of
147:. In the same issue, Florence Shotridge independently published an article entitled, "The Life of a Chilkat Indian Girl," in which she discussed both
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414:(who had been based in the Penn Museum until 1910) bought Florence's blanket instead. At the time, Sapir was head of the anthropology division in
627:"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)"
368:
255:
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117:
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In 1916, Florence and Louis Shotridge set out for Alaska on a collecting trip funded by the retail magnate and Philadelphia philanthropist,
367:(governor of Alaska from 1897 to 1906) who was looking for Native Alaskans to represent the cultural traditions of the state at the 1905
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Is Dead", declared an obituary that appeared in a Philadelphia newspaper, calling her by the name of the central female character in
139:
In 1913, Florence and Louis Shotridge co-authored an ethnographic article entitled, "Indians of the Northwest" which appeared in the
577:"Weaving the 'Tina' Blanket: The Journey of Florence and Louis Shotridge." In: Haa KusteeyĂ, Our Culture: Tlingit Life Stories
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Shotridge also published a short article entitled "The Life of a Chilkat Indian Girl" in the same 1913 issue of the
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given name, Kaatxwaaxsnéi, referred to a ceremony held on a special occasion,when clan elders would mix powdered
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customs for Tlingit girls as they transitioned into womanhood and Tlingit expectations for female behavior.
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clothing to appeal to visitors who called her the "Indian Princess". Meanwhile, Louis took classes in the
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in 1913. Their study attracted attention from the French scholar Poutrin, who published a review in the
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and with wool that she spun from five wild mountain goats. The black dye came from the bark of the
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499:
Seaton, Elizabeth (2001). "The Native Collector: Louis Shotridge and the Contests of Possession".
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The town of Haines, where Florence was born and raised, and where she later died, grew during the
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that she had contracted many years before. She died several months later, in Haines, in 1917. "
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Florence Shotridge was a skilled weaver, beader, and basket maker who learned traditional
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and clam shells with tobacco to be smoked. From her mother, Florence learned the arts of
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where he aimed to develop skills as an entrepreneur that he could use in Alaska.
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ethnographer, museum educator, and weaver. From 1911 to 1917, she worked for the
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Milburn, Maureen E. (1994). Dauenhauer, Nora Marks; Dauenhauer, Richard (eds.).
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Shotridge, Florence (September 1913). "The Life of a Chilkat Indian Girl".
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Shotridge, Louis; Shotridge, Florence (1913). "Indians of the Northwest".
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Canadian Museum of History/Musée Canadien de l'Histoire (March 3, 2020).
422:, this institution in Ottawa preserves Florence Shotridge's blanket as
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arts from her mother. In 1905, while living in Haines, Alaska, she met
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of the Mountain house clan of Chilkat, and she came from the Raven
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University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
803:"Penn Museum Blog | Understanding the Life of Florence Shotridge"
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University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
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Smith, Maude (January 1912). "A Little Chat with Katkwachsnea".
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In 1912, Florence and Louis Shotridge visited New York and then
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in Portland, Oregon. In 1916, she co-directed with her husband
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that was funded by the retail magnate and Penn Museum trustee
778:"Chilkat Robe, Blanket - NA3902 | Collections - Penn Museum"
35:
Florence Scundoo Shotridge sitting with her Chilkat blanket.
579:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 548–64.
16:
Tlingit ethnographer, museum educator, curator, and weaver
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canneries, which were depleting the local salmon stocks.
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Canadian Museum of History/Musée Canadien de l'Histoire
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Florence Shotridge with her husband, Louis, dressed in
597:. Omaha: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 41–78.
402:. Later, in an interview with the newspaper known as
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Florence "Suzie" Scundoo (Kaatxwaaxsnéi) was born in
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Florence Shotridge at 17 years old in Haines, Alaska.
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375:It was at this exposition that the Shotridges met
383:, who later hired Louis in Philadelphia in 1912.
801:Murad, Maria; Tiballi, Anne (December 7, 2021).
733:University of Pennsylvania, the Museum Journal
112:(the Penn Museum). In 1905, she demonstrated
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731:Poutrin (1913). "Indians of the Northwest".
418:'s Victoria Memorial Museum. Known today as
128:, ca. 1882–1937) a collecting expedition to
460:demonstrated in a video documentary called
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670:University of Pennsylvania Museum Journal
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689:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
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333:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
171:in 1882. Her father was a high-ranking
959:20th-century American textile artists
939:20th-century American women educators
884:20th-century American anthropologists
369:Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition
224:Louis and Clark Centennial Exposition
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954:20th-century women textile artists
944:People from Haines Borough, Alaska
424:"Chilkat Robe", Artifact VII-A-131
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924:University of Pennsylvania people
934:20th-century American educators
904:Native American textile artists
899:Native American anthropologists
964:American women anthropologists
826:"'Minnehaha' Dead in Alaska".
465:for a pure, unsullied order."
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275:, where they stayed with the
776:Shotridge, Florence (1912).
355:Weaving: The Chilkat Blanket
283:. The Penn Museum director,
254:Lacking employment when the
843:"What in the World, Part 2"
707:"Société des Américanistes"
593:Preucel, Robert W. (2015).
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447:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
420:Canadian Museum of History
301:Wharton School of Business
277:University of Pennsylvania
256:Lewis and Clark Exposition
141:University of Pennsylvania
98:Florence Scundoo Shotridge
23:Florence Scundoo Shotridge
974:Native American educators
513:10.1177/14661380122230812
456:As the Mexican filmmaker
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841:Helguera, Pablo (2010).
155:Early life and education
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969:Educators from Alaska
914:Tlingit women artists
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268:Exposition in 1912.
104:, 1882–1917) was an
979:Weavers from Alaska
894:Alaska Native women
609:"Louis V Shotridge"
449:'s 1855 epic poem,
377:George Byron Gordon
285:George Byron Gordon
232:George Byron Gordon
655:The North American
541:The Museum Journal
404:The North American
379:, director of the
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203:Klondike Gold Rush
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711:www.quaibranly.fr
462:What in the World
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62:(aged 34–35)
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312:John Wanamaker
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847:Penn Museum
713:(in French)
676:(3): 71–99.
631:www.loc.gov
501:Ethnography
396:spruce tree
381:Penn Museum
289:Penn Museum
281:Frank Speck
261:Los Angeles
73:Nationality
868:Categories
812:2022-01-07
787:2022-01-07
717:2020-03-04
636:2020-02-25
473:References
392:cedar bark
266:Cincinnati
220:John Brady
76:American,
828:Telegraph
739:: 70–103.
695:: 295–96.
521:145767237
443:Minnehaha
250:clothing.
852:March 3,
761:March 3,
451:Hiawatha
361:Chilkat
185:abalone
181:Tlingit
149:puberty
126:Tlingit
116:at the
102:Tlingit
78:Tlingit
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416:Ottawa
297:Indian
293:Plains
238:Career
179:. Her
177:moiety
173:shaman
91:weaver
517:S2CID
400:totem
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58:1917
55:Died
44:1882
41:Born
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