382:
27:
480:
448:). The cattlemen were said to have received their nickname from the distinctive cracking of their whips, though modern etymology actually traces the term to a mostly obsolete word for 'braggart' or 'loudmouth'. The name was transferred to both the horses they rode and the cattle they herded. Through their primary use as
490:
The breed's survival during the 20th century is owed to a few families who continued to breed the
Cracker horse and kept distinct bloodlines alive. John Law Ayers was one such breeder; in 1984, he donated his herd of pure-bred Cracker horses to the state of Florida. With them, the state started three
522:
declared the
Florida Cracker Horse the official state horse. As of 2009 there are three main bloodlines of Cracker stock, as well as a few smaller lines. The state of Florida still maintains two groups of Ayers-line horses in Tallahassee and Withlacoochee for breeding purposes and a display group in
409:. By the late 16th century, horses were used extensively in the local cattle business, and by the late 17th century the industry was flourishing, especially in what is now northern Florida and southern Georgia. The horses brought to North America by the Spanish and subsequently bred there included
459:(1861–1865), both belligerents purchased large amounts of beef from Florida, and the Spanish horses bred there were highly desired as riding horses. During this time, there was also a continual introduction of new Spanish blood from Cuba, as horses were traded between the two areas. During the
467:. Cattle with this parasite needed to be treated frequently, being roped and held while the rider was on horseback. The cowboys found that the Florida Cracker horses, bred for working smaller cattle, were not able to hold the western cattle. They replaced the smaller horses with
172:. As a result, the population numbers of the Florida Cracker Horse declined precipitously. Through the efforts of several private families and the Florida government, the breed was saved from extinction, but there is still concern about its low numbers. Both
231:
The
Florida Cracker Horse is also known by a variety of other names and descriptions, including "Chickasaw pony", "Seminole pony", "Prairie pony", "Florida horse", "Florida cow pony", and "grass-gut". The modern breed retains the size of its
599:
of the
Chickasaw horse as "a short head, short fine ears, wide between the eyes, short back, square blocky hips, dock set low, short neck, wide chest, high deep shoulders, strong short pasterns, and a slight bend in the hock".
594:
In the 1970s, there was interest in re-creating the
Chickasaw horse, using horses bearing strong resemblances to the original breed, but the breed association no longer exists. The Chickasaw Horse Association Inc. listed the
1202:
1224:
considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those
1647:
452:, the type developed into the Florida Cracker horse, known for its speed, endurance and agility. From the mid-16th century to the 1930s, this type was the predominant horse in the southeastern United States.
527:
considers the breed to be at "critical" status, meaning that the estimated global population of the breed is fewer than 2,000 and there are fewer than 200 registrations annually in the United States. The
563:
descendants. The typical
Chickasaw horse stood at about 13 hands high, described as "short and chunky, quick to action, but not distance runners...the best utility and all-rounder horses of their time".
503:. By 1989, however, these three herds and around 100 other horses owned by private families were all that remained of the breed. In 1989 the Florida Cracker Horse Association was founded and in 1991 a
1662:
1195:
157:
first brought horses to
Florida with their expeditions in the early 16th century; as colonial settlement progressed, they used the horses for herding cattle. These horses developed into the
655:
1657:
1188:
433:. Overall, they were relatively small and had physical traits distinctive of Spanish breeds, including short backs, sloping shoulders, low set tails, and wide foreheads.
1044:
515:
by breed experts – partbred horses were denied entry to the registry. As of 2009, around 900 horses had been registered since the foundation of the registry.
949:
1026:
405:
on his second trip to the region, where they were used by officers, scouts, and livestock herders. Later expeditions brought more horses and cattle to
315:, in addition to the regular walk, trot, canter and gallop. The single-footed ambling gait is known as the "coon rack" by some breed enthusiasts.
686:
523:
the Paynes
Prairie Preserve. The state annually sells excess horses from all three herds, and individual breeders also send horses to the sale.
511:" and 14 of their offspring were immediately registered. These horses came mainly from four lines of Cracker bloodstock and were designated as
920:
825:
208:
200:
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1211:
484:
32:
878:
787:
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184:
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240:(54 to 60 inches, 137 to 152 cm) high and weighing 750 to 1,000 pounds (340 to 450 kg). They are found mainly in
817:
The
Official Horse Breeds Standards Guide: The Complete Guide to the Standards of All North American Equine Breed Associations
1427:
1054:
894:
500:
815:
1667:
559:
The
Chickasaw horse was originally bred for speed over short distances, traits found in its Florida Cracker Horse and
161:
type seen today, and continued to be used by Florida cattlemen (known as "crackers" or "cowhunters") until the 1930s.
552:'s expedition, became extinct after being used to create the Florida Cracker Horse, and having some influence on the
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also considers the population to be "critical," meaning that there are between 100 and 300 active breeding
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126:. It is genetically and physically similar to many other Spanish-style horses, especially those from the
1642:
1347:
1312:
1267:
1237:
656:"A microsatellite analysis of five Colonial Spanish horse populations of the southeastern United States"
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112:
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1387:
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1287:
1262:
596:
216:
924:
1608:
1527:
1422:
1372:
1317:
456:
386:
168:, the latter of which were needed to work the larger cattle breeds brought to Florida during the
1180:
1171:
1477:
1392:
1332:
874:
821:
783:
678:
584:
288:
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545:
463:(1930–1940), large western cattle were moved into Florida, bringing with them the parasitic
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212:
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119:
1112:
1593:
1547:
1382:
1352:
556:. Some sources still use the Chickasaw name to describe the Florida Crackers of today.
504:
418:
284:
192:
154:
43:
Chickasaw Pony, Seminole Pony, Prairie Pony, Florida Horse, Florida Cow Pony, Grass Gut
275:
Florida Crackers have straight or slightly concave profiles, strong backs and sloping
1636:
1517:
1432:
1397:
737:
674:
430:
370:
346:
338:
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51:
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1342:
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410:
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150:
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Horses first arrived on the southeast North American mainland in 1521, brought by
1567:
1221:
492:
449:
394:
326:
304:
292:
269:
241:
237:
115:
79:
26:
1327:
1002:"SB 230 - State Symbols/Fla. Cracker Horse/Loggerhead Turtle [RPCC]"
464:
460:
342:
283:, and are also used extensively as stock horses. They are sometimes seen in
169:
682:
479:
507:
was established. After the registry was created, 75 horses designated as "
444:, used these Spanish-ancestry horses to drive cattle (eventually known as
923:. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Archived from
512:
322:
257:
1467:
422:
414:
312:
308:
1577:
1507:
870:
America's Horses: A Celebration of the Horse Breeds Born in the U.S.A
253:
279:. They are known for their speed and agility and excel at trail and
536:
in existence today. However, breed numbers are slowly on the rise.
1447:
478:
380:
94:
533:
353:. The Cracker horse is very similar in type and genetics to the
1184:
780:
Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
471:. This resulted in the Florida breed almost becoming extinct.
373:, but DNA testing has proven that these are separate breeds.
1648:
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
164:
By this point, Florida Cracker Horses were superseded by
1045:"Parameters of Breeds on the Conservation Priority List"
654:
Conant, E.K.; Juras, R.; Cothran, E.G. (February 2012).
846:"Official designation for the Florida Cracker Horse"
713:"Official designation for the Florida Cracker Horse"
1586:
1230:
70:
62:
57:
47:
39:
1663:Horse breeds originating from Indigenous Americans
191:. The Florida Cracker is also associated with the
1080:"Equus Survival Trust Equine Conservation List"
66:Spanish-style gaited horse found in many colors
977:"NORTH AMERICAN COLONIAL SPANISH HORSE UPDATE"
839:
837:
1658:Horse breeds originating in the United States
1196:
483:Group of three Florida Cracker Horses in the
369:, both Spanish-style breeds from the eastern
303:, with the breed association recognizing two
8:
1212:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States
1132:
1130:
1102:
1100:
19:
952:. The Livestock Conservancy. Archived from
329:are the same as many others developed from
1203:
1189:
1181:
921:"Florida Cracker Cattle and Horse Program"
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
544:The original Chickasaw horse, bred by the
25:
18:
895:"Historic horse breed may not be history"
975:Sponenberg, D. Phillip (16 March 2011).
867:Harris, Moira C.; Langrish, Bob (2006).
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
944:
942:
844:McAllister, Toni (September 18, 2007).
782:. Storey Publishing. pp. 106–108.
621:
187:declared the Florida Cracker Horse the
1111:. The Chickasaw Nation. Archived from
711:McAllister, Toni (18 September 2007).
1167:The Florida Cracker Horse Association
153:known for its agility and speed. The
7:
1598:
436:The early cattle drivers, nicknamed
1004:. Florida House of Representatives
901:. Associated Press. April 20, 2008
820:. Voyageur Press. pp. 73–78.
14:
742:Florida Cracker Trail Association
80:Florida Cracker Horse Association
981:Center for America's First Horse
675:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02210.x
520:Florida House of Representatives
185:Florida House of Representatives
272:colors are occasionally found.
211:tribe that originally lived in
149:The Florida Cracker Horse is a
1428:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
1:
501:Paynes Prairie State Preserve
485:Paynes Prairie State Preserve
203:in the state, as well as the
33:Paynes Prairie State Preserve
31:Florida Cracker Horse in the
1176:Florida-Backroads-Travel.com
1027:"Conservation Priority List"
873:. Globe Pequot. p. 98.
630:"Conservation Priority List"
518:Effective July 1, 2008, the
548:using horses captured from
299:. The Florida Cracker is a
236:, standing 13.2 to 15
180:consider breed endangered.
1684:
497:Withlacoochee State Forest
1617:
1218:
1050:The Livestock Conservancy
1032:The Livestock Conservancy
634:The Livestock Conservancy
525:The Livestock Conservancy
174:The Livestock Conservancy
88:
75:
24:
1493:North American Sportpony
1438:Lac La Croix Indian Pony
1298:American Sorraia Mustang
1273:American Miniature Horse
1653:Florida cracker culture
1563:Tennessee Walking Horse
1463:Mountain Pleasure Horse
950:"Florida Cracker Horse"
814:Lynghaug, Fran (2009).
778:Judith, Dutson (2005).
469:American Quarter Horses
199:, a prominent group of
166:American Quarter Horses
63:Distinguishing features
1503:Pryor Mountain mustang
1293:American Shetland Pony
1283:American Quarter Horse
1248:American Belgian Draft
1243:American Bashkir Curly
1172:Florida Cracker Horses
1107:Lemon, Holmes Willis.
1085:. Equus Survival Trust
610:Agriculture in Florida
561:American Quarter Horse
554:American Quarter Horse
487:
446:Florida Cracker cattle
398:
221:Southern United States
128:Spanish Colonial horse
1418:Florida Cracker Horse
1348:Camarillo White Horse
1313:American Walking Pony
1308:American Spotted Paso
1268:American Indian Horse
1138:"The Chickasaw Horse"
482:
384:
183:On July 1, 2008, the
130:group, including the
113:critically endangered
109:Florida Cracker Horse
20:Florida Cracker Horse
1621:List of horse breeds
1553:Spotted Saddle Horse
1533:Spanish Jennet Horse
1523:Rocky Mountain Horse
1498:Pony of the Americas
1443:Missouri Fox Trotter
1378:Carolina Marsh Tacky
1368:Canadian Sport Horse
1363:Canadian Rustic Pony
1323:American White Horse
1278:American Paint Horse
1258:American Crème Horse
1253:American Cream Draft
1115:on December 14, 2010
956:on September 6, 2015
577:Carolina Marsh Tacky
567:They influenced the
530:Equus Survival Trust
355:Carolina Marsh Tacky
189:official state horse
178:Equus Survival Trust
140:Carolina Marsh Tacky
95:Equus ferus caballus
16:American horse breed
1573:Virginia Highlander
1473:National Show Horse
1288:American Saddlebred
1263:American Drum Horse
1057:on December 1, 2023
1039:on August 15, 2024.
385:An 1895 drawing by
21:
1668:Symbols of Florida
1609:Narragansett Pacer
1373:Canadian Warmblood
1318:American Warmblood
1238:Alberta Wild Horse
488:
457:American Civil War
399:
387:Frederic Remington
118:from the state of
1628:
1627:
1413:Cumberland Island
1393:Chincoteague Pony
1144:. 3 February 2017
1109:"Chickasaw Horse"
827:978-0-7603-3499-7
744:. 14 October 2018
717:Horse Illustrated
585:Chincoteague Pony
509:foundation horses
289:working cow horse
234:Spanish ancestors
105:
104:
48:Country of origin
1675:
1403:Colonial Spanish
1303:American Spotted
1205:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1142:Western Horseman
1134:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1053:. Archived from
1040:
1035:. Archived from
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
998:
992:
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989:
987:
972:
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685:. Archived from
660:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
626:
550:Hernando de Soto
546:Chickasaw Nation
442:Georgia crackers
438:Florida crackers
341:, including the
281:endurance riding
205:Chickasaw Nation
201:Native Americans
97:
29:
22:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1613:
1604:Conestoga Horse
1582:
1543:Spanish Mustang
1483:Nez Perce Horse
1458:Morocco Spotted
1408:Colorado Ranger
1333:Assateague Pony
1226:
1214:
1209:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1136:
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1128:
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927:on May 15, 2011
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663:Animal Genetics
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623:
618:
606:
542:
540:Chickasaw horse
491:small herds in
477:
419:Spanish Jennets
407:Spanish Florida
391:Florida cracker
379:
287:sports such as
264:are also seen.
229:
227:Characteristics
209:Native American
159:Florida Cracker
101:
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84:
71:Breed standards
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1594:Canadian Pacer
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1388:Cherokee Horse
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1383:Cerbat mustang
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359:South Carolina
285:Western riding
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1538:Spanish Barb
1528:Sable Island
1513:Quarter Pony
1478:Newfoundland
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1231:Contemporary
1222:horse breeds
1175:
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852:October 11,
493:Tallahassee
455:During the
427:Andalusians
397:(1863–1921)
395:Bone Mizell
327:horse breed
293:team roping
252:, although
217:Mississippi
116:horse breed
40:Other names
1637:Categories
1225:countries.
1089:October 5,
1061:August 19,
960:October 5,
931:October 9,
616:References
583:; and the
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320:foundation
138:, and the
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1328:Appaloosa
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170:Dust Bowl
1353:Canadian
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683:22221025
604:See also
589:Virginia
505:registry
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415:Garranos
393:cowboy,
361:and the
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262:chestnut
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1468:Mustang
1148:23 June
986:24 June
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748:23 June
722:23 June
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639:23 June
377:History
351:Criollo
325:of the
219:in the
213:Alabama
197:Florida
155:Spanish
122:in the
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1488:Nokota
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1343:Blazer
1338:Banker
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389:of a
313:amble
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270:pinto
246:black
238:hands
111:is a
1150:2023
1121:2010
1091:2010
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1010:2012
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679:PMID
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